18. 다음 글의 목적으로 가장 적절한 것은?

Dear Miranda,
Thank you for participating in our Crafts Art Fair.

Since we’ve chosen you as one of the ‘Artists of This Year’, we are looking forward to introducing your unique
handmade baskets to our community.

As part of organizing the exhibition plan, we are happy to inform you that your artworks will be exhibited at
the assigned table, number seven.

Visitors can easily find your artworks located near the entrance.

If you have any special requirements or need further assistance, feel free to contact us in advance.
Sincerely,
Helen Dwyer

① 공예품 구매 희망자를 소개하려고

② 비상시 박람회장 대피 동선을 안내하려고
③ 작품이 전시될 지정 테이블을 알려 주려고
④ 올해의 공예가 선정 투표 방식을 공지하려고
⑤ 박람회에 참여할 새로운 공예가를 모집하려고
19. 다음 글에 드러난 ‘I’의 심경 변화로 가장 적절한 것은?

The shed is cold and damp, the air thick with the smell of old wood and earth.

It’s dark, and I can’t make out what’s moving in the shadows.

“Who’s there?” I ask, my voice shaking with fear.

The shadow moves closer, and my heart is beating fast—until the figure steps into a faint beam of light
breaking through a crack in the wall.

A rabbit. A laugh escapes my lips as it stares at me with wide, curious eyes.

“You scared me,” I say, feeling much better.

The rabbit pauses for a moment, then hops away, disappearing back into the shadows.

I’m left smiling. I start to feel at ease.

*shed: 헛간
① envious → hopeful ② anxious → angry
③ frightened → relieved ④ curious → regretful
⑤ excited → disappointed
 20. 다음 글에서 필자가 주장하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은?

Improving your gestural communication involves more than just knowing when to nod or shake hands.

It’s about using gestures to complement your spoken messages, adding layers of meaning to your words.

Openhanded gestures, for example, can indicate honesty, creating an atmosphere of trust.

You invite openness and collaboration when you speak with your palms facing up.

This simple yet powerful gesture can make others feel more comfortable and willing to engage in conversation.

But be careful of the trap of overgesturing.

Too many hand movements can distract from your message, drawing attention away from your words.

Imagine a speaker whose hands move quickly like birds, their message lost in the chaos of their gestures.

Balance is key. Your gestures should highlight your words, not overshadow them.

①메시지를 잘 전달하기 위해서 열린 마음을 지녀야 한다.

②효과적인 의사소통을 위해 몸짓을 적절히 사용해야 한다.
③청중의 반응을 파악하기 위해 그들의 몸짓에 주목해야 한다.
④전달하고자 하는 것을 감추기보다 직접적으로 표현해야 한다.
⑤상대방을 설득하기 위해서는 메시지를 반복적으로 강조해야 한다
21. 밑줄 친 start down this slippery slope이 다음 글에서 의미 하는 바로 가장 적절한 것은? [3점]

Assuming gene editing in humans proves to be safe and effective, it might seem logical, even preferable, to
correct disease­causing mutations at the earliest possible stage of life, before harmful genes begin causing
serious problems.

Yet once it becomes possible to transform an embryo’s mutated genes into “normal” ones, there will certainly
be temptations to upgrade normal genes to superior versions.

Should we begin editing genes in unborn children to lower their lifetime risk of heart disease or cancer?

What about giving unborn children beneficial features, like greater strength and increased mental abilities, or
changing physical characteristics, like eye and hair color?

The pursuit for perfection seems almost natural to human nature, but if we start down this slippery slope, we
may not like where we end up.
* mutation: 돌연변이 ** embryo: 배아

① allow genetic alterations to upgrade humans

② stick to the traditional beliefs in human nature
③ resist the temptation to change genes in humans
④ fail to reduce the risk of suffering from diseases
⑤ consider more about the moral issues of genetics
22. 다음 글의 요지로 가장 적절한 것은?
The science we learn in grade school is a collection of certainties about the natural world — the earth goes
around the sun, DNA carries the information of an organism, and so on.
Only when you start to learn the practice of science do you realize that each of these “facts” was hard won
through a succession of logical inferences based upon many observations or experiments.
The process of science is less about collecting pieces of knowledge than it is about reducing the uncertainties
in what we know.
Our uncertainties can be greater or lesser for any given piece of knowledge depending upon where we are in
that process — today we are quite certain of how an apple will fall from a tree, but our understanding of the
turbulent fluid flow remains a work in progress after more than a century of effort.
* inference: 추론 ** turbulent fluid flow: 난류 유동
① 과학은 현재의 지식에 대한 불확실함을 줄이는 과정이다.
② 관찰과 실험 과정에서 우연히 얻어진 과학적 사실이 많다.
③ 학생들에게 다양한 연구 방법을 가르치는 것이 중요하다.
④ 과학 연구에서는 정확한 실험 과정 설계가 핵심이다.
⑤ 과학은 분산된 지식을 수집하여 통합하는 학문이다.
23. 다음 글의 주제로 가장 적절한 것은?
There is a wealth of evidence that when parents, teachers, supervisors, and coaches are perceived as involved
and caring, people feel happier and more motivated.

And it is not just those people with power — we need to feel valued and respected by peers and coworkers.

Thus, when the need for relatedness is met, motivation and internalization are fueled, provided that support for
autonomy and competence are also there.

If we are trying to motivate others, a caring relationship is a crucial basis from which to begin.

And when we are trying to motivate ourselves, doing things to enhance a sense of connectedness to others
can be crucial to long­term persistence.

So exercise with a friend, call someone when you have a difficult decision to make, and be there as a support
for others as they take on challenges.

* autonomy: 자율성 ** persistence: 지속

① ways of getting out of dependent relationships
② necessity of independent decision­making for happier life
③ key factors required for boosting a competitive atmosphere
④ challenges in maintaining lasting bonds with family members
⑤ importance of building connected relationships in motivation
24. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
Modern brain­scanning techniques such as fMRI (functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging) have revealed that
reading aloud lights up many areas of the brain.

There is intense activity in areas associated with pronunciation and hearing the sound of the spoken response,
which strengthens the connective structures of your brain cells for more brainpower.

This leads to an overall improvement in concentration. Reading aloud is also a good way to develop your
public speaking skills because it forces you to read each and every word — something people don’t often do
when reading quickly, or reading in silence.

Children, in particular, should be encouraged to read aloud because the brain is wired for learning through
connections that are created by positive stimulation, such as singing, touching, and reading aloud.
* stimulation: 자극

① Reading Aloud: Improving Brainpower and Speaking Skills

② Reading Practices: Shortcuts to Academic Achievements
③ Improve Your Writing Skills Through Reading Aloud
④ How Your Brain Changes When You Read in Silence
⑤ Techniques for Faster and More Effective Reading
26. Robert E. Lucas, Jr.에 관한 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
Robert E. Lucas, Jr. was born on September 15, 1937, in Yakima, Washington.

During World War II, his family moved to Seattle, where he graduated from Roosevelt High School.

At the University of Chicago, he majored in history.

After taking economic history courses at University of California, Berkeley, he developed an interest in
economics.

He earned a doctoral degree in economics from the University of Chicago in 1964.

He taught at Carnegie Mellon University from 1963 to 1974 before returning to the University of Chicago to
become a professor of economics.

He was known as a very influential economist and, in 1995, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Economic
Sciences.

① 제2차 세계대전 중에 그의 가족이 Seattle로 이주했다.

② 경제사를 수강한 후에 경제학에 대한 흥미를 키웠다.
③ University of Chicago에서 경제학 박사 학위를 받았다.
④ 1963년부터 1974년까지 University of Chicago에서 가르쳤다.
⑤ 1995년에 노벨상을 수상했다.
29. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
Routines enable athletes to evaluate competition conditions.

For example, bouncing a ball in a volleyball service routine ① supplies the server with information about the
ball, the floor, and the state of her muscles.

This information can then be used to ② properly prepare for her serve.

Routines also enable athletes to adjust and fine­tune their preparations ③ based on those evaluations or in
pursuit of a particular competitive goal.

This adaptation can involve adjustment to the conditions, rivals, competitive situation, or internal influences ④
what can affect performance.

Just like adjusting a race­car engine to the conditions of the track, air temperature, and weather, routines
adjust all competitive components ⑤ to achieve proper performance.
* component: 구성 요소
30. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? [3점]
Promotion deals with consumer psychology.

We can’t ① force people to think one way or another, and the clever marketer knows that promotion is used
to provide information in the most clear, honest, and simple fashion possible.

By doing so, the possibility of increasing sales goes up.

Gone are the days when promotions were done in order to ② fool the consumer into purchasing something.

The long‐term effect of getting a consumer to buy something they did not really want or need wasn’t good.

In fact, consumers fooled once can do ③ damage to sales as they relate their experience to others.

Instead, marketers now know that their goal is to ④ identify the consumers who are most likely to appreciate
a good or service, and to promote that good or service in a way that makes the value clear to the consumer.

Therefore, marketers must know where the ⑤ uninterested consumers are, and how to reach them.
[31 ~ 34] 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
31. Plato argued that when you see something that strikes you as beautiful, you are really just seeing a partial
reflection of true beauty, just as a painting or even a photograph only captures part of the real thing.

True beauty, or what Plato calls the Form of Beauty, has no particular color, shape, or size.

Rather, it is a(n) idea, like the number five.

You can make drawings of the number five in blue or red ink, big or small, but the number five itself is none
of those things.

It has no physical form.

Think of the idea of a triangle, for example.

Although it has no particular color or size, it somehow lies within each and every triangle you see.

Plato thought the same was true of beauty.

The Form of Beauty somehow lies within each and every beautiful thing you see.
① abstract
② practical
③ imperfect
④ visualized
⑤ changeable
32.
As you listen to your child in an emotional moment, be aware that usually works better
than asking questions to get a conversation rolling.

You may ask your child “Why do you feel sad?” and she may not have a clue.

As a child, she may not have an answer on the tip of her tongue.

Maybe she’s feeling sad about her parents’ arguments, or because she feels overtired, or she’s worried about a
piano recital.

But she may or may not be able to explain any of this. And even when she does come up with an answer,
she might be worried that the answer is not good enough to justify the feeling.

Under these circumstances, a series of questions can just make a child silent.

It’s better to simply reflect what you notice.

You can say, “You seem a little tired today,” or, “I noticed that you frowned when I mentioned the recital,”
and wait for her response.

① giving quick advice

② pushing her for answers
③ sharing simple observations
④ telling your own life stories
⑤ leaving her alone to cool down
3.
Our skin conducts electricity more or less efficiently, depending on our emotions.

We know that when we’re emotionally stimulated — stressed, sad, any intense emotion, really — our bodies
sweat a tiny bit, so little we might not even notice.

And when those tiny drops of sweat appear, our skin gets more electrically conductive.

This change in sweat gland activity happens completely without your conscious mind having much say in the
matter.

If you feel emotionally intense, you’re going to notice an increase in sweat gland activity.

This is particularly useful from a scientific viewpoint, because it allows us to put an objective value on a
subjective state of mind.

We can actually by tracking how your body subconsciously sweats, by running a

bit of electricity through your skin.

We can then turn the subjective, subconscious experience of emotional intensity into an objective number by
figuring out how good your skin gets at transferring an electrical current. [3점]
* sweat gland: 땀샘
① limit reactions of hormones
② control the electrical current
③ improve your skin conditions
④ measure your emotional state
⑤ diversify emotional experiences
34.
Plants can communicate, although not in the same way we do.

Some express their discontent through scents.

You know that smell that hangs in the air after you’ve mowed the lawn?

Yeah, that’s actually an SOS. Some plants use sound.

Yes, sound, though at a frequency that we can’t hear.

Researchers experimented with plants and microphones to see if they could record any trouble calls.

They found that plants produce a high­frequency clicking noise when stressed and can make different sounds
for different stressors.

The sound a plant makes when it’s not getting watered differs from the one it’ll make when a leaf is cut.

However, it’s worth noting that experts don’t think plants are crying out in pain.

It’s more likely that these reactions are knee­jerk survival actions.

Plants are living organisms, and their main objective is to survive.

Scents and sounds are their tools for . [3점]

* scent: 냄새 ** mow: (잔디를) 깎다 *** knee­jerk: 자동적인

① defending against things that might harm them
② showing their support for neighboring plants
③ hiding their pains and dissatisfaction
④ sharing nutrients with other plants
⑤ changing their genetic structure
35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?
What does it mean for a character to be a hero as opposed to a villain?

In artistic and entertainment descriptions, it’s essential for the author to establish a positive relationship
between a protagonist and the audience.

① In order for tragedy or misfortune to draw out an emotional response in viewers, the character must be
adjusted so as to be recognizable as either friend or enemy.

② Likewise, the line between friends and enemies is not clear in reality.

③ Whether the portrayal is fictional or documentary, we must feel that the protagonist is someone whose
actions benefit us; the protagonist is, or would be, a worthy companion or valued ally.

④ Violent action films are often filled with dozens of incidental deaths of minor characters that draw out little
response in the audience.

⑤ In order to feel strong emotions, the audience must be emotionally invested in a character as either ally or
enemy.
* villain: 악당 ** protagonist: 주인공
[36 ~ 37] 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오.
36.
Let’s assume that at least some animals are capable of thinking despite lacking a language.

(A) This doesn’t imply that squirrels lack concepts, simply that they don’t need them for this concrete form of
thinking.

For us to be able to say that an animal has concepts, we have to show not just that she’s capable of thinking,
but also that she has certain specific abilities.

(B) To do this, in principle she doesn’t need a concept of branch nor a concept of tree.

It might be enough for her to have, for example, the ability to think in images; to make a mental map of the
tree where she can imagine and try out different routes.

(C) This doesn’t necessarily mean that they possess concepts, for some forms of thought may be
nonconceptual.

We can imagine, for instance, a squirrel who is planning how to get from the branch she’s currently standing
on to a branch from the tree in front. [3점]
* squirrel: 다람쥐

① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
37.
Cartilage is extremely important for the healthy functioning of a joint, especially if that joint bears weight,
like your knee.

(A) This squeezing of joint fluid into and out of the cartilage helps it respond to the off­and­on pressure of
walking without breaking under the pressure.

(B) The cartilage in your left knee then “drinks in” synovial fluid, in much the same way that a sponge soaks
up liquid when put in water.

When you take another step and transfer the weight back onto your left leg, much of the fluid squeezes out
of the cartilage.

(C) Imagine for a moment that you’re looking into the inner workings of your left knee as you walk down the
street.
When you shift your weight from your left leg to your right, the pressure on your left knee is released. [3점]
*cartilage: 연골 ** synovial fluid: 윤활액

① (A) - (C) - (B) ② (B) - (A) - (C)

③ (B) - (C) - (A) ④ (C) - (A) - (B)
⑤ (C) - (B) - (A)
[38 ~ 39] 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 적절한 곳을 고르시오.
38.
Piaget argued that children’s understanding of morality is like their understanding of those water glasses: we
can’t say that it is innate or kids learn it directly from adults.

Piaget put the same amount of water into two different glasses: a tall narrow glass and a wide glass, then
asked kids to compare two glasses.

( ① ) Kids younger than six or seven usually say that the tall narrow glass now holds more water, because the
level is higher.

( ② ) And when they are ready, they figure out the conservation of volume for themselves just by playing
with cups of water.

( ③ ) Rather, it is self­constructed as kids play with other kids.

( ④ ) Taking turns in a game is like pouring water back and forth between glasses.

( ⑤ ) Once kids have reached the age of five or six, then playing games and working things out together will
help them learn about fairness far more effectively than any teaching from adults.

* innate: 타고난 ** conservation: 보존

39.
But all this wisdom about how to deal with heat, accumulated over centuries of practical experience, is all
too often ignored.

The rise of air­conditioning accelerated the construction of sealed boxes, where the building’s only airflow is
through the filtered ducts of the air­conditioning unit.

It doesn’t have to be this way. Look at any old building in a hot climate, whether it’s in Sicily or Marrakesh or
Tehran.

( ① ) Architects understood the importance of shade, airflow, light colors.

( ② ) They oriented buildings to capture cool breezes and block the worst heat of the afternoon.

( ③ ) They built with thick walls and white roofs and transoms over doors to encourage airflow.

( ④ ) Anyone who has ever spent a few minutes in a mudbrick house in Tucson, or walked on the narrow
streets of old Seville, knows how well these construction methods work.

( ⑤ ) In this sense, air­conditioning is not just a technology of personal comfort; it is also a technology of
forgetting.
* accumulate: 축적하다 ** duct: (배)관 *** transom: 채광창
40. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하려 한다. 빈칸 (A), (B) 에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
In the course of trying to solve a problem with an invention, you may encounter a brick wall of resistance
when you try to think your way logically through the problem.

Such logical thinking is a linear type of process, which uses our reasoning skills.

This works fine when we’re operating in the area of what we know or have experienced.

However, when we need to deal with new information, ideas, and viewpoints, linear thinking will often come
up short.

On the other hand, creativity by definition involves the application of new information to old problems and the
conception of new viewpoints and ideas.

For this you will be most effective if you learn to operate in a nonlinear manner; that is, use your creative
brain.

Stated differently, if you think in a linear manner, you’ll tend to be conservative and keep coming up with
techniques which are already known.

This, of course, is just what you don’t want.

* linear: 선형의 ** conservative: 보수적인

(A) thinking works well with familiar problems but falls short in dealing with new ideas, for which creative
thinking is needed to come up with (B) solutions.

(A) (B)
① Logical ······ innovative
② Flexible ······ instant
③ Logical ······ proven
④ Flexible ······ superior
⑤ Logical ······ collaborative
[41 ~ 42] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.

Some researchers view spoken languages as incomplete devices for capturing precise differences.

They think numbers represent the most neutral language of description.

However, when our language of description is changed to numbers, we do not move toward greater (a)
accuracy.

Numbers are no more appropriate ‘pictures of the world’ than words, music, or painting.

While useful for specific purposes (e.g. census taking, income distribution), they (b) include information of
enormous value.

For example, the future lives of young students are tied to their scores on national tests.

In effect, whether they can continue with their education, where, and at what cost depends importantly on a
handful of numbers.

These numbers do not account for the (c) quality of schools they have attended, whether they have been
tutored, have supportive parents, have test anxiety, and so on.

Finally, putting aside the many ways in which statistical results can be manipulated, there are ways in which
turning people’s lives into numbers is (d) morally insulating.

Statistics on crime, homelessness, or the spread of a disease say nothing of people’s suffering.

We read the statistics as reports on events at a distance, thus allowing us to (e) escape without being
disturbed. Statistics are human beings with the tears wiped off. Quantify with caution.
* statistical: 통계의 ** manipulate: 조작하다 *** insulating: 차단하는
41. 윗글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① Numbers Don’t Tell Us Everything
② Human Stories Uncovered by the Numbers
③ Data: A Framework for Understanding Humans
④ The Limitations of Language in Conveying Truth
⑤ The Advantages of Quantifying Human Experiences

42. 밑줄 친 (a)~(e) 중에서 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이 적절하지 않은 것은? [3점]

① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
[43 ~ 45] 다음 글을 읽고, 물음에 답하시오.
(A)
Jack, an Arkansas farmer, was unhappy because he couldn’t make enough money from his farm. He worked
hard for many years, but things didn’t improve. He sold his farm to his neighbor, Victor, who was by no
means wealthy. Hoping for a fresh start, he left for the big city to find better opportunities. Years passed, but
Jack still couldn’t find the fortune he was looking for. Tired and broke, (a) he returned to the area where his
old farm was.
* broke: 무일푼의 (B)
“How did you do all this?” he asked. And he continued, “When you bought the farm, you barely had any
money.
How did you get so rich?” Victor smiled and said, “I owe it all to (b) you. There were diamonds on this land
— acres and acres of diamonds! I got rich because I discovered those diamonds.” “Diamonds?” Jack said in
disbelief. And he said, “I knew every part of that land, and there were no diamonds! ”
* acres of: 대량의
(C)
Victor reached into his pocket and carefully pulled out something small and shiny. Holding it between (c) his
fingers, he let it catch the light. He said, “This is a diamond.” Jack was amazed and said, “I saw so many rocks
like that and thought they were useless. They made farming so hard! ” Victor laughed and said, “(d) You didn’t
know what diamonds look like. Sometimes, treasures are hidden right in front of us.”
(D)
One day, he drove past his old land and was shocked by what he saw. Victor, the man who had bought the
farm with very little money, now seemed to be living a life of great success. He had torn down the farmhouse
and built a massive house in its place. New buildings, trees, and
flowers adorned the well ­ kept property. Jack could hardly
believe that (e) he had ever worked on this same land.
Curious, he stopped to talk to Victor.
* adorn: 꾸미다
43. 주어진 글 (A)에 이어질 내용을 순서에 맞게 배열한 것으로 가장 적절한 것은?
① (B) - (D) - (C) ② (C) - (B) - (D)
③ (C) - (D) - (B) ④ (D) - (B) - (C)
⑤ (D) - (C) - (B)
44. 밑줄 친 (a)～(e) 중에서 가리키는 대상이 나머지 넷과 다른 것은?
① (a) ② (b) ③ (c) ④ (d) ⑤ (e)
45. 윗글에 관한 내용으로 적절하지 않은 것은?
① Jack은 자신의 농장에서 충분한 돈을 벌지 못했다.
② Jack은 자신의 이웃인 Victor에게서 농장을 샀다.
③ Victor는 다이아몬드를 발견해서 부자가 되었다.
④ Victor는 자신의 주머니에서 작고 반짝이는 것을 꺼냈다.
⑤ Victor는 농가가 있던 자리에 거대한 집을 지었다.