know where food exists, can build and tear down
2025학년도 1학기 2회 고사 연습 문제 shelters with ease. Diamond, who had never spent
time in such places, has no ⑤ ability to pay
문항 수: 객관식 12문항 attention to these things. Were he to be tested on
such tasks, he also would perform poorly.
* profoundly: 심오하게 ** subtle: 미묘한
1. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
① predict: to say that an event or action will
Studies of experts provide insight into happen in the future
what it means to have deep and flexible ② describe: to say or write what someone or
understanding. Experts in a particular domain are something is like
people who have deep, richly interconnected ideas ③ train: a railway engine connected to carriages
about the world. They are not just good thinkers or ④ predator: an animal that hunts, kills, and eats
people who are exceptionally smart. Rather, experts other animals
have knowledge in a specific domain — such as ⑤ ability: the physical or mental power or skill
chess, chemistry, or tennis — and are not needed to do something
generalists. However, experts do not just know “a
bunch of facts.” In fact, having expertise in a 3. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
topic means that knowledge is organized into
coherent frameworks, and the expert understands
In the 1930s, subjects in a study of the British
the interrelationship between facts and can
psychologist Sir Frederic Bartlett ① were asked to
distinguish which ideas are most central. This kind
listen to folktales from other countries and then
of deep but organized understanding allows for
recall these stories at a later date. As you might
greater flexibility in learning and facilitate
guess, unfamiliar stories were not ② remembered
application across multiple contexts.
as well as familiar stories. Surprisingly, however,
errors in memory were not random. Rather,
* coherent: 일관성 있는
subjects often rewrote ③ similar parts of the stories
in their own minds — particularly the parts which
① 전문가들의 연구는 유연한 사고에 대한 통찰력을
made the least sense to them. Bartlett concluded
제공한다.
that when humans ④ face problems, they draw
② 전문가들은 단순히 똑똑한 사람들이 아니다.
upon mental schemata, or shelves of stored
③ 전문가들은 모든 분야의 지식을 갖고 있다.
knowledge in our brains, to fill in any minor gaps
④ 전문가들은 사실 간의 관계를 파악할 수 있다.
in our memories. Therefore, remembering is an
⑤ 전문가들의 이해 방식은 학습의 유연성과도 관련이
imaginative process ⑤ involves building upon past
있다.
experiences.
2. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 낱말 중, 영영풀이가 적절하지 않은 * folktale: 민간 설화
것은?
4. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이
In everyday life, we use to ① predict where we
적절하지 않은 것은?
should pay attention. Different environments create
different expectations. This was profoundly
Most entrepreneurs put in tremendous amounts of
illustrated by the scientist Jared Diamond in his
time and effort in creating and launching ① novel
book Guns, Germs, and Steel. He ② describes an
products and services and then make the mistake
adventure wandering through the New Guinea jungle
of overpricing them. They have created something
with native New Guineans. He relates that these
they care deeply about, it’s theirs, and this powerful
natives tend to perform poorly at tasks Westerners
sense of ownership ② clarify their perception of
have been ③ trained to do since childhood. But
value which causes them to overprice their
they are hardly stupid. They can detect the most
products. While many of them are quick to realize
subtle changes in the jungle, good for following the
that their initial prices are too high, not all these
tracks of a ④ predator or for finding the way back
people are happy or ③ agreeable to drop their
home. They know which insects to leave alone,
prices to make their products more attractive. And Dweck calls a “growth mindset.” They learn that
this can be a very costly mistake that may lead to their effort is what led to their success, and if they
the failure of their new business. When you launch continue to try, over time they’ll improve and
a new product or service, your priority should be to achieve more things. These kids end up taking on
get ④ adequate market adoption as soon as possible tougher things, and feel better about themselves.
and you should be ready to sacrifice your initial “Emphasizing effort gives a child a variable that
prices and profits to achieve this aim. Once you they can control,” Dweck has explained.
have strong sales volumes, you can ⑤ raise your
prices to maximize your profits. * persevere: 인내하다 ** variable: 변수
* entrepreneur: 기업가 ** tremendous: 엄청난 ① Growth Mindset: The Key to Learners’
Development.
5. 글의 흐름으로 보아, 주어진 문장이 들어가기에 가장 ② The Rise and Fall of Psychology
적절한 곳을 고르시오. ③ A timeline of the Life of Dr. Carol Dweck
④ Tasks Assigned to Kids: Don’t Be Arrogant!
However, the vast majority of her pups die young. ⑤ Is It True that, "Effort Will Never Betray You"?
In most respects, humans are one of a relatively
7. 다음 글의 내용을 한 문장으로 요약하고자 한다. 빈칸
small number of species that evolved a very
(A), (B)에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것은?
different strategy of investing more energy to
reproduce more slowly. (①) Like apes and
elephants, we mature at a leisurely pace, grow large To monitor our surroundings is to focus on what’s
bodies, and have few babies but devote much time outside of ourselves: what we see, hear, smell, feel, and
and energy to raising them well. (②) This unusual perhaps even taste. But sometimes what really marks a
strategy succeeds because while apes and elephants place is something less specific — a feeling within us.
produce fewer babies than mice, a larger An interesting example emerged from a study of subway
percentage of their offspring survive to then passenger behavior. Researchers trying to understand
reproduce. (③) A house mouse can become a why people sit where they sit or stand where they stand
mother when she is just five weeks old, has four to in subway and metro trains examined the factors that
ten pups per litter, and can have a new litter every shape the way riders used and navigated that space in
two months over the course of her different situations. One of their findings involved the
approximately twelvemonth life. (④) In contrast, a reasons many riders like to plant themselves close to
chimp or elephant mother does not reproduce until the train’s doors. Partly this was the obvious
she is at least twelve years old, and she gives birth convenience of being able to exit more quickly. But it
to only one infant every five or six years over the was shaped partly by a more abstract sensation — the
next thirty or so years. (⑤) About half of these desire to avoid the sometimes uncomfortable feeling of
offspring make it to becoming parents. accidentally making eye contact with seated
passengers. We can’t see feelings — but they’re very
* ape: 유인원 ** offspring: 자손 *** litter: 한 배에서 real, and they influence our experience of the world.
난 새끼 ê
Monitoring what surrounds us emphasizes not only
6. 다음 글의 제목으로 가장 적절한 것은?
( A ) objects but also an abstract feeling because it is
( B ).
Stanford psychology professor Dr. Carol Dweck is
the internationally recognized pioneer of the
(A) (B)
concept of “growth mindset” as a way to continually
① invisible …… genuine
grow, learn, and persevere in our efforts. Dweck
② invisible …… fake
found that kids who are told they’re “smart”
③ concrete …… trifling
actually underperform in future tasks, by choosing
④ concrete …… authentic
easier tasks to avoid evidence that they are not
⑤ attractive …… trivial
smart, which Dweck calls having a “fixed mindset.”
In contrast, Dweck found, kids who are praised not
for their smarts but for their effort develop what
8. 다음 글의 내용과 일치하지 않는 것은?
misers,” which means we typically don’t expend
We have a ‘diving reflex’, like other marine more mental effort than seems necessary in a given
mammals. This means that special nerve endings on situation. It makes sense then, that when we see
our faces, around the mouth and nose, trigger this something online, even if it is fake, our default is to
reflex only when the facial region goes under water. believe it, at least at first.
If we are in the water, with our head out in the air,
there is no diving reflex. But if we sink just our * expend: 들이다 ** default: 기본값
face in a bowl of water, while the whole of the rest
of our body is in the dry air, the diving reflex is ① deny
triggered. It automatically closes down the airway, ② doubt
reducing the risk of swallowing water, and it ③ suggest
narrows the small airpassages in the lungs. At the ④ blame
same time the heart rate is slowed down to half ⑤ accept
speed and blood is shunted to the vital organs,
protecting them from the effects of the brief stop in 10. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 문맥상 낱말의 쓰임이
breathing. By contrast, if a chimpanzee or a gorilla 적절하지 않은 것은?
found itself in water with its face below the surface,
it would panic, its heart would race and it would History, people often say, repeats itself. And
quickly drown. looking at the historical records of the ancient
civilizations, some things do seem to happen
* reflex: 반사 ** trigger: 유발하다 *** shunt: 방향을 ①repeatedly. Civilizations expand, get overextended,
돌리다 and then ②fall as in the cases of Rome, which went
under in 476 AD, and the British Empire, which fell
① We humans have a ‘diving reflex’ that apart more than a thousand years later in the
chimpanzees and other marine mammals don’t post‐World War II era. But is this always the case?
have. If so, archaeology would be pretty ③tedious; one
② Humans are born with special nerve endings on thing would happen again and again. But that’s not
the front of the head what archaeologists see. Some civilizations end
② When our face is under the water, the diving ④abruptly, like the Aztec and Inca, conquered by
reflex is activated. invaders in the 1520s AD. Those empires never had
③ The diving reflex closes down the passage the chance to collapse as a result of ⑤colonization.
through the mouth and throat that carries air to So in the case of civilizations, “history repeats
the lungs. itself” seems to be an oversimplification.
⑤ Gorillas would be too panic to slow down their
heart rate when sunken.
11. 다음 글의 밑줄 친 부분 중, 어법상 틀린 것은?
9. 다음 빈칸에 공통으로 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을
When scientists make an important new discovery
고르시오. or ① experimentally prove some hypothesis, they do
not, in general, keep that information to themselves
There is a natural assumption of truth, or a truth so that they alone can consider its meaning and
bias when humans communicate with one another. derive additional theories from it. Instead, they
In other words, when we’re listening to others or publish their results and make their data available
reading their words, our automatic assumption is for inspection. This makes scientists reconsider
that the other person is telling the truth. This their data and ② possible refute their conclusions.
usually works out fine. If you ask someone where More important, though, it makes it possible for
the restroom is located or if it’s raining outside, other scientists to use that data to construct new
you can safely assume that most people will not lie hypotheses and ③ to perform new experiments. The
in their responses. Imagine how difficult it would be assumptionis that society as a whole will end up
to converse with someone if you assumed that knowing more if information ④ spreads as widely
everything they were telling you was false! Indeed, as possible, rather than being limited to a few
questioning the truth of a statement and then people. In a strict sense, every
choosing not to believe it requires additional mental scientist ⑤ depends on the work of other scientists.
steps. For the most part, humans are “cognitive
* derive: 도출하다 ** refute: 반박하다
12. 주어진 글 다음에 이어질 글의 순서로 가장 적절한
것을 고르시오.
It is natural for people to observe happenings
and then seek explanations for why those
happenings occurred.
(A) For example, in the 1950s it was found that
crime rates were the highest in neighborhoods
where immigrants were most numerous. Some
people used this “co‐occurrence” to argue that
immigrants were a cause of crime.
(B) Immigrants themselves committed very few of
the crimes. Unless you analyze the claim carefully,
you would misinterpret the relationship and
thereby construct a faulty belief.
(C) But a careful analysis of this situation revealed
that immigrants were forced to live in
neighborhoods where crime rates were already low;
they could not afford more expensive housing in
safer neighborhoods.
(D) But sometimes the reasoning is wrong because
of one or more misconceptions. One of these is the
ecological fallacy, where an argument claims that
there is a causal relationship between two things
merely because they occur together.
* immigrant: 이민자
① (A) - (C) - (B) - (D)
② (A) - (D) - (B) - (C)
③ (D) - (A) - (C) - (B)
④ (D) - (A) - (B) - (C)
⑤ (D) - (B) - (A) - (C)
