; ATONGIC STRUCTURE 4
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i ib OD Vang 1 He Babin 800%. Mysto)
t ONS Thora debarines te en LV ORS OSA
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othe yassige s Wabily tan
Iw Oe ne eas Ea
7 iret o tegh witage Oh the bdo Into Voie oeemee vine
iropnaseed et eames ret a
toutes Seem Ah ative clocbeds 46 the Positive slecherde
9, tp coed 4% othode. Tay hawd mekue ko Ww, tu eb:
UO thete_vay taneitin 6f destiane Pancuitd by the
—__!teponsible fox the Ffow cument-
+
Note :~
At Tow pressure, there ia enough spaco_bel voen
Cuating moe positive aNd Free elections.
ae
atome go tok jone cn accoimwale tp Sinha high nga 4
when atrike. another adom can eject Llectrone
Jageous
dalale
B| Properties ef proton +
4
thode 4
(
>| Proto was cliscpverred by Ginldesteio
+
a} Pron _Careicih 0. hanege of e600 210°", 1: ong > unit-tve
| ines of Panton ig betawinMg ey
Characteristics ef anode Trays Nolek- ‘RA. Milikan —y diacouered Charge onthe elertsonf |
Leiug Oi Diop expucimevt [me = arixin”?! kg
The ays, travel in edeaig hk linee_and Cast a shadow
—__»)| Ray Poawege _Kincle enengy =
{ofthe Yobject placed tn sbeit pal):
3! The cays produces floaheg Of light on Zinc
| Nd. mf fh ected ot ee [ipa 28 light
| Ls independent of Fequenufl igi ght
— ee she im
—____ vy
S dh
bel hich Photoelecteesic. Offer t (2 ok Obserrs
Higher intensify
us | Kinedic enerqy oF fhe
ejected 29 “depend apon NOP Fone
the Bequency of th light ef | A 3
uRed: eee
Fregquencey
te
Vo=“Threghet |
keler WA Erequenry
Seater | Med KEE]
< Hag
Frequents e .
\ of hebt “CV) Lid eugite ef
d le,
Greater _the energy. Pose erced Sy “he Photon
| aaeater_witt be the Shaner f enettgy tothe €O
aod greater Will be the ke pos
a. bg the
p efrrongy - : :
|
rc :
hv = hve FL Mev | quokic. Rud
The Juio Phenomercn_i-€ black- becky radiation |
Land Photelecteeie effet Conflict | the Faxticle
Aabeurce of Leght:
| To explain. the Phenemenn &b diPfrochkion. and
Rnfertenence, the wave aterre Of ght ip, tequived.
‘Conclusion + Lig haw as
ticle.
luhen tadiation toferact With matter, it Aisplows
[paxh cle Uke pr bhi
— Prsharleh elle bent paopagalea, —
Hit Alsplag —woue ike prepesticg,
°
AH
Quant zation ;- Rethiction- op one i ey a
| Valuiep is
Co nbinuowe Sperbrura: -
.
Wwhen a_lhifte light iat? foam Sourceg Uke funon
bial passed —thinugh_a- pia then ile ight
Split up into ‘oven clifferrent Wide bands of .
Coloure from violet to rec) Called Spoelrreim.
re nar ora
Light oF higherc wavelength deviates legs. while
hE i lows
a | pte Ing gy y «
LL §
uae naw _ gg
FH —Specbra ef Sunlight :- Codinucue ‘
| Speclra _of atom i-_discontinuous. am ———
| The spceba ¢P atoms Consish of sharp wel ‘
|. defined lines pre bande Cowwoe ponding_to depint
| frequencies: Tie ig Called line 41
7 ‘
| Specka ig oP dup Le r
1 Emission Spa frou ‘
—_—3s)_Absorphion Spectrum
Emission Spectrenm ' ~
cgenia
each 2 —Absorphion pocdctun :-
. , ——
,
,
; Gnkinvones ‘pee bretuna S
,
a ;
=
)
)
iy
} Eneroy Of On ole tian tn porcticwtax Oeil ie
| 2
. 4 it
; sited. Neither i ozo ov a 4 02.
Heaseticutat —Oncbtt—teihila evolving “nich __ pws
|The _[tne Spethea_o} of atom OP evens element is
Unique. _ Tretjone lint sparta lth, elpain
TT
JL
Ang —_
lan Momenhum Of an atectacn in an Orbit
| The. MGulaK Momentum ef a0 clecteon tna fixed
Orbit iaC UxXpKeRed ag
Mer = Xb khere N=1,2,3, -
OT
> Mase oP lector
Vim Speed of eleathzon
% > Radiue af- Onbrt-
| me
Angtay _an_integnop &
7 ae momenta ofa ah elertuon Ia. 00 inkegreot
4
4
r
(
4
é
(
4
4
—d
€
=
of tt ee =
= €
| ce tan i Aleo. know0 as. Bohte —quootigation €
ie Emission pectra.
- oer»
AHA KAR RK
HII
Studiging the clectreonic I. Lip Obtained by an clecPtcée. chart
—the_line Spectrum of hy dingen is, ‘on cxrarnple of —
line_emission Specie — —— :
=
sthmugh higdnogen qe “alow preegeetre.
“electrens_ Absorb eneng! | Geb_oxcilecd A. a
=O
jwhen these emitted tactiations are_patec od_ through _
____| Lprigm-then_ctiscanl-inuous tne spectrum of seven
iAdladed sharp ines is Observed |
: Dy Do
| DiFerent line Spvolveg :— Legmnan 12,3.
Spectral ttww—< B, er 2 4y,
Region ;
i Visible 7 Prackett Yop.
inGored- 2 PBurcd. 5 6,4
[nFrored
inProref — V
Faw tnared
Y= 109678 (i =a) cm
LNofe. + -
Thore ane ON. of Wowelenath associated ith an
& in | £000 Dnt. _Circeng Ontrt_Wyisl bo
i From A= h \
® Qt, = OA { a) ASS,
r
n= oxho
_ = mv -
——— 08 JM = Mh foo
— _—___ = Pi
or
7| “The Stationary Gletea_or the
= —|M=[12; 3, ...- “ese Oumberg ato aleo
cle Princ par Quanfurn Nebo +
-EM_tabicb_ane_electrong Move axe. ousGowod
AL
|
“-
KAAS MAAS
beadee
known
=>| Kosliru of tho Onpite
By = Oh» whore Q,-5A-4 po
As @ increages 5 Vale of A creeper .
Bobu. Onbik += let Oubit with radius 82-4 pm
c A >
aaqceeneananaace:
¢ "Sie . Change _olo,
| chang Fi :
Enengy of an oloctenn in the Orcbit doer not
ae
2 ee
—_______|plece tn a Contenuote monogxn. ~ et
Ot
Ee el)
=| Freq wency of Gadiation absonbed/ omilled ©
| urhen trek&nsition cue blu) 2 i =
._trortiti on Stale, @d
ee
h
popaep: LL—
a > Angular. momentum. 6£ an olecton i quantésed.
| ve =Hb
i an
ke Lpeciep iz {iver bye
| >_En the _Stadh
: Spy ote Slay alt 2 Tylon
Eq = 2: exo Be Slatem
(uhere Z= alomic NO.
Oo Brome 10: Ep = Ru (Z, )
Kil = Ryabexag Gnalank
= loge tic.
| SE al pats te tbat the Uelad
jlechons moving to these Dxebitie —_~_
A
ae Vez]
i. a]
of it Ene ; bekueen tuto onbile of line
[spadand de Th agen ig qisien_byy
E AE = Ey =F
sa- Ry —[—Ry
oF { aE] | Th { ne ae/
— 2|_9n tare of absorption 0 oad. Energy
1% abeorched - f 4
Png te _teleased. —______________
Qn tare of Lrniasion Ai7N, , AE ia ve ane «
+ Brigntnegs ov Intensity oP spertal Line depend, a
lupocl the n= $F Photo, OF same eguenty oa.
imitabe Bohw’s Model :- :
Limitations ob. Boles Model ‘
= ot Fail i lin eo _«
osome - i
e
i
Caun war unable tp explain the 2 pling of
Spectral Lines both io i Sf
Leeman OR a
!
;
r
'
mpleruor by chemical bonds. pe eid nt
ee chor ee ee
| Land wiowe like pimpentieg j-e- dual behavioun.
it Maatten_inetuding 27 bhould have Wavelength th
& Momenkum:
Wavelenst As ( i
rAY Wavelenath A
momenhim Aut.
mvs KE madeseial Particles)
[A= ah {
[ f@mre |
Mis the Mase of the particle
hz bb2b X10" 46 or] 7% DP a¥Ip eI.
AX & the Unculainity in Poaition
APs tha _tincescainih ja mnomentian {et velo)
Of tho Pascticlo-
| Attwsta iM be in,
IP position of au is _kopwin with high degneg oP
Ax ig ématt
4. Uite-Verzo- _ Significance °F Uncortatutty Paindéple 2
+ -Wete defined Taajectorcirs are ort posible
F ox teaj ee force p Woe need_boin_pesibion Land velock fy
of an “election wshio ata particutar inelernt?
ih 12 ook possible tn tase of- elec tuna.
: Kear About the Precice poiben ef the OO: n th
LOabit “2 ot _Coareed -
-Oncerctainaihy puctnsiple it Only Significant to |
-Micreoe co-pic! Sh jerte ad
Uncentainiby gives an_tvicdence that the electing |
mowing iA Prohiscs Orbit Cannot hold geod.
Thig teste in Quankm Mechauicaf medel f atom,
| Which predict Ghout the prppabilé éndin
| election ak @ given poeitian and ~ with cortdto
Velocily % disoi erp the tact thal £4 are pretent
| Fatlente of 3~
>| Duat_o at m, t-
| wave Che 4 the elechon it _o ntidered
tin Bohn meder
HU peinciple as evack
>| Cendyacti Contra dic
ve Jitu at be knowin lp predict
0D) AL _
| Alaaeims charted Heel af Hm = —
Ua pe eee oP
| b6lablished ustth the help of deal nalecre of
Matter and st) piineipl..
+ | Quantur Mechanics Came tnip pictuute ae tt ig
LQ baanth of Seience that taker tol account dual
-behaviour of matter (Like olectione)
Schrodinger. equation tn shosk worniten ag
Hy =Ew 7
fi i2_a methodical Operator —» Total Enonat of
i the 6uy ster’
Tpkal En, th Account
the kinetic energies 6F all the Cubatomic Particler
___|f etertrons, nuclei), attrative polenial bekseon
the __-the _elecderong anc! Duclei andl frepulei ve. a
potenti, arnong the &f 4 Oucle indfivicluatty
Solurtion oF ‘thie equation gives. € and lp.
‘
‘
‘
(
'
t
c
(
(
4
4
‘
«
.
4 =_=
ey ateogen Atom and the Sehiodinges quia ion —
—_—__| associated ‘ ‘tH _each_enenges level
When Schuodingere equation is Lolved (ox bydrog-
-en_atom., the“ oletion gives the possible _
Cnenge Ieuvele o~ the— election Can Orey pay ancl. the
—Corcétpanding wave functions (py) ef He CO |
eaten fe the Schrodinger equation gives |
a set of three quan
2) Putincipal Quanferm no. (n)_
t) Qxinutthal (puankim no. tL)
tre) My el
A Schrodinger —equeéion_doet_eot_talk About the |
presente “oP an election ina Spocifica Orbit, tt
| Prob. ili
oF t ink
SE applied, to Zin election System as tibet eo
0. io .
A Pproximate methods, one used foe mul €eagem
wy Ege
Model of Atoms- ” Dr
Quantum Mechanical Model ef alom ig ane
pichure of the heute of the aton, which
40_atorns .
eeeng ce com ihe _application of Sch godin
rol
4
_ 4
4
«
(Othe “ehengy oF elections in atom iz quandized
He Can only pave. Contain Dersiby of © cloud 2- .9t '2 maximum _at oe
urface OP neicleus +
, No node -
pee ea probability density i mavimum _akouclers
| Nocle
Size Tog With the Teg inthe number ‘n’ value -
Numbex of Qedep are equal foCa=1)
P-Oabital
CCCEe
P__Orbitale Are dumb- bell Shaped -
For P Outitals L=1 , thewe ane Possible
TP Onzenbabione te ay = = Lo 0A
A ieee L Px, Puy»
utara Gabe a8 Pel.
YP iitbitals_ustt dquo S120, shape and enangy.
——— but Orientation ip differents OE
——| Poabi kel Consist oP tuo bbes_cnthe Oppose Sido
——| Separated b the Decal plone —
°| Like &~oepitat P-orhitats aleo intrease —n Size,
and. energy tith the increase in prtineipat Guanlien
XS
MQ.
Up 2 Bp 22p Pa “9 is
) ia = M-k-4 =
Angular nodes =2
O Tote Nore R= f\-4 '
Noda plane =C :
Ct -Onbiba
Re
For L=2, the Orbital ig known 8 d-Onbitat
Thesto ase, 5 Mp Vales jo. —2 —!, 0,41 442
shee ——
— pets
s
'
!
1
1
‘
‘ at
1 Bd Ud, 5d have _, Ramarao
7 2nenigag 4_Size-
ey ee ees
First four d- orbitals milaw 0 €ach Dther
AMO
Where as ff th_ Ser arenas
Re ve 3d_Onbitate ar fin 4
Bing a tittial cores flee, Probability denslhy
“| Probapili ity feu
Orcbitale “a the plane + Passing ctbreer
Aucletrs.
Fox PB ey plane ig a Nodal plane
4
Foo dxy Oxbital_ —> two Modal plane passing ae
the fen Eg
Energi ital
A
= of the Orbital, 10 hydrogen atom
[6d 26 = 2p < 35= Bp -3d< Us- yp Ud =UEE
