edt fo_contraluma prescure, ol _gas_in the discharge feube i}, gasp: is iP a@tan amd patembial |-dikkerence of about” 10000 volts ts applied Eo [the electrodes am eleckyic Curienk ‘lows and ak kh sone ke Wight if emicted by qa Bron light: din advorkisema a apecake in dheg foe Colour of Want Aepends, ov_makure of $2519 p—discharge tube Dep? scoduced ty OT abr the emission ol Wight Ceases instead the bab: wi sh hugh * Lt TeScemee Wat Ca led due to the bom arden, the wo hy bs en ama.ting Peron, Cathode There + a, 5 ere al . ax - ath al Qs to isto ebively Char parkicles— heek«i D_kvay @" Corvade soyiConsrshal material particle 8) under electri bed deflect tnioanis poiieite ;—biebe @_umdox amagmekic beld pacpendicatart tm khe ath o Teliccked mm the dmectint exhaded de Aen a: abnode. Kive! cs cont i Gabel leu pas che or AXE OW: AL 070, wh Coke. a hte Pome ky ale hyou Sh kon onekal foil | bu ode, Sem! |_ck the ma: er ole “gon baken othe disc. L-harge @o the mekure cle the Cathode | ‘ kom one. ov ent Ei = j= mat armed by ot: Thay £9 ? oe Bolg | Cc Glee v >_—| = 607.2% 10" colaambs as lect 2, Wola es qe plot OE cor cone ~ 24 a (ro\ destin) |MS. rote Gu fmade teva g- | _coidstettn — discered on gassing the _leckric discharge at Low pie Ssuxg A mew Lyi ys Stream Lng behind he cathede these aye asus | anode ra: D canal ga Dvopertstes Xai ave | i i @__Anode Vays Aye dellecked by electye 1AS. egekivel ce is ake chat Khe are. ikivel a A i i do llock: ic tec ion Sitive y¥ki-} cles. G@_change bo mast gakio ob the pay crcle in ke khe Gnodetays depends upon “nature _| Rhe “0 sch Keb Gi charge bo mast Tato oF Protons = AQsexioc] -—Chaxcie on pakoo ts oxpposi te but @pnet tn je a o. tal \éoaa wate. _ 2 cass oh. Chetan = | 69x Ip *g [00 * 6x log Somandr @ a Shoebot* Be? af = ic icles Ul[eiectan = Syna hol =€ + _tehsvlube chage- —\ 602-«io Te __| srelati' ONDE = ass|ty = 91043 \eo omass}[u = 0 000 SY penn oaass|u 2 0 S i | newdata Charge 2 +604 2x 10 chan SS = 67262 j6*) ey Mmass|u = 007125 & [ppm massfu = | | Newby § Symbol 2 Wd axge = 0 Sata tire change =O amass [kg 2 [61443 x [0 | eo asta 2 1 CORA j____ ea bome, ASSiuy sf =) oo tel OL Gkom Thomsen qnodel ¢k Fcom & | “thea Sones 2) oasthe Ent Fas e. Lo he @kow 9. cree can Conatteak ¢tunilpvmn sphere of | aes Cleetyiciky in _tahrch the eleckrons ayy. stat habe a ov fess wer tavern tig « Plats} mal on o ale ea ee snadel, Rimacs of Gk 1S aye tg specater o kg —__|SJL "This _emodel could Explain cleetrical neu —Aeality of atom but Leiled ts guplain [the —obecvaSions— OF yukhuy {sods x— pas ay ki [ = de Scattering Ekperdenent Rubburbod © nuclear model of atom 3 Alpha particle sratherng Eapesionan § | bembardoent oh thin “thet al aad. | Particles. these, paxkicles utye ob tar eGR the loom dha shavrow beam. bu | pat 14 Pass She tm at Phe plate a vcralar 2 & ‘ak yeen Coated by sl pay txcles. | ioe ver arn he pe Seta ck Khe Scteony |-a_timny bash, 1 _Rukhuy bard close edt +O stat al the. oe = Pavel es patted Chvough the gold Lor! out any debe bia r 1G scene of ol= Parkvelos de Hecked by Small | ouges [On Ven few ole pac Evel es weve Other dollec tad” a by Vvevy lavg angle zeae | | actually ope fected back along theiy path | onthe basis of the obey. | [vations 3 eS puthursfard of ree Kho fesl\ous mg | —Can che Sisins Rgatding sikacter cl abana)sa. Pg the sp. "a_the @tom oO oskol. the U~ partrcles fected through un de Hecke ' y Nexo hawy cles hot ol mucleus is 16a, er ak the pontWe Charge omd Che mort of the, Saas gt the * wo bre tn Sxdoomnely cone ss Sen) a}. akon “ St we The nucleus (6 Gvounded by ctecfons kchot mare Giound he wucleus Gath Vow hel Speed Mulav paths Cat Laubiks - ThuC yuthurland! model ol atin. | Yer aes Solav Spriew. Lhewe qucleas K ke gun, cond olsebrmns resemble in | TUB __flamets e aktyatytn belocen nucheut and eo. gnictond (etecte Sealte lwtes)MS rete Qn Akernre Number WES S07 ules moor te th protons int iks akom cov mno- ok electynns nan call meu ake Mass number (1A) - “Teal num bet ol pyokm ‘ Sis Ca number of the atom A= Noo}. byotons + plo-ol meutvons =__mo-of wucleons _ Tsotopes, Tsobars And Tsotones Jsotope- the atoms of the element with S ve ut At fe omass NUM bere eg KE, we HS Ssobars- The atoms ol “ditkerent elements dhich have Some macs number are Ned 9 mbar. 23, 6 aNadiak tons Se ae Newtons- Coypusculay theory = Might | __Skivearm of, pavkrcles called Cay puscles al light . con, Tebyaction. a Ks — Sou \ Neck ky € im de chon arf ip bey keve nce Then mai well wave theory olf li ding kn hs theory ght is ta - lig wavesEveequency()) i Ma: of waves which a paykiculay poime in one eco. Unites = Cyclec pey secamd (a1) 4 Icpss lig Wave num bey (4): numberof Waveleng tht myevie of Wave length » Araplitude + chic the herg ht of a ;—Cresk cov depth of a tough ofa wave | ik detevanimes the intensity of radiation Electomagnebic Speckvum Awiangfenenbok all the — clertyomaarnebic tadtatians on the th crea! ing avd ol cherry aveleng the ero decreasing OdenLs. Cosmic |Fays | vvaysluu} wsible tre 1YSse [Recto aus, 4 foto Sn lorem tha bio \ toave cheat. Sk bathed tn Sxplain [© —Biack= body Teed bts |-@photo clack thee ——_—_______ |_@) lsmne speckyeot atums with Speetal __| [tessa ke ee stom Should | have vemat med on how evey mtensity | ents hase hanged tarth vise tn kempe= ["Aaconstane “é —— Lpf electrons ye _. ome bal Vee =e t sete ch | & tide I= Wot Ke hQ: Wael, mu Wo Work bunction Cominnicmum enorg! t to efect the lec ksons fy. metal suvbaceyEuplacan leckyre cle Plans» __prnpote Quantum theary of | sadiakion, - o Lam te is me abtorhed Mok Cor ky Wun. i. i NM Smeal ts w fal) ec % €ach quantum hes debimike eneray, | count of ener Socated with Spann tuna of Cacatten 'S Dipportional fy “tho freequemty ol. Veolia tron incase of: Weg ne 4 a Jenengy 1S cath oT PhotwyUS. nano) e= hy E2he C2 c= Dd 2c) a Covey le xb o on he tn beg Va} mul be = whi. 21t34 om ser : wa onthe basis of, quamtum heavy e\eckvons & atkracks To_ove akbract ig kovees . Cex bam mememum amount kur vey ts Wanived whicls uy charec 1 oS on 1 fe bs wee fe Saute Gcion sf m0: haul ave a “kl tm etn E LS) imcident photon ave ( ‘ nu al thy er) nA) o = Photo electric wark function Wo ‘ € fa)nV) be ‘che conto) | ne quittecd ko_efece the electans aoc latnte mo # elects would be Gecled . |—________9k_tche photon has omen) core tran the energy eqyitred kn cremochis, the ¢lectrmn then each tuch photon of task iks CallSion wth e@ at el wy appears +n ovexcome the birding enargy ol the cleckron. “the Excess ewes cake ibs KE. st Ankel Qney9q is CanSexwed, » HY: Wot kE ke = ho- bio = h(9-Yo) OO kes he he 2 hel} x do CS By p Oviscalavrme tal Do, sb po KE DD 4 -€ elec’s v | keameseta, Indo pendent of 1 keasity bora Imcrease tm intensity ctoes not elect Che @: okey. athey cian ineweases he No. 6 ( Gay ace 61, ometa\ cmd hance tm cre L [the mo of photolectmms, EMR Consist oly Smal packets ob Emergy Called Quanta 0D 9 men tun $ Car ercles) MAI na ture ol Clechromeane bic vedi allt29 ls mam QO Imbeslevence ond dif bractin uhech iadicabe they assess wave na bute . a cs el o te a 9 hoton E = ho E = mc d= mc? eo = HT (292 2) ce a» co » Von. | eo i tome Stabe Speck 3— “the Speed ot, Wig ht depends upon the nature ol the medium thyav Gn tulnich ft passes. beat of Wight deviated (on -rehracked Prom its. ovigina\ path ag tk Passes from! Ne is ee khev. jthvowgh a_puism the wavelerth shorter _ a hn than that Jon Leave 2 Srnce _avdimary ushi' be,Sah “ StS oO ane sill ray ol whike on og Seam S L S eck | C die al teva ss 2am C MR Yatevacks wi akorn, cmey ab Sorb a ve hgh te | Ly a these are dn ke Ww mg tco thi al | bate aks i radi atmns. $ ‘ 2 LrmvS Stow Amd absorption spectra i | on a ki See Substance that has absorbed eneray called an Seon Spect: yum | nal TO prodisce erm Cams Savon e iS Supp Serra eB the Somple i Cees:USw. Loh alam Wawlnaiis he Sing an] [lengykht which Covrecponds tn the xadsation | [—ahiorbed by the matter leave dark spacer | Im the bight continuous Sbeckrum “The Skudey ok ermni'S coy ” is we fb | the sects ob the isi {7h pean ok Guay be Light AiScrsved bets above was Cortinuous | eu f—wiStble Light core wepyesen bed [onthe yee ese essrory_$Pec ela spread of x Prom ved -3 Vroleb! Cathey che i I oC fa with dar bln _ tre. n = we be. i a Sren 16 _tdentigred by he oxpge eure £ brrqht lene sven th specra Cs Pegi a eb Srmbbing the gh £) Aime opectia is kived key Contain atom: \hadup ton tdhenkikuye 1g (che _eturwn %& whem a beam ob Contin leghic t a rng is [calm of + kant - gon r is amal a Spec iks hat the ne ae Contain Member ol dark h’ne Yon abhow our cankimwous cpechwm . dawie Sime.1st agit ol, “i ‘acre _pregemt i Ov, Wsible, me ‘wegrans os : bane. nd xk Lome etm 3 absorption Spe oy Substance appear at the some posi bis asthe bight lenes tm the emistcon Syeedrden ol, the Substance vom : hop bs te Eh 2 weg S Ong SP9-6 am tu a. Si Ne. hoe hig dark ines cor eS pond ina Ay the Se. 2) Lone kyu oly Hydrogen Lee, ——_ oe qaaet, kube. ony thon Cie tre Aischaage VS Passed through ‘ (0 ik wi 80 Crerte, tne emerge Efcatt ei owe Au omic Cleekyommagme ie ca. ok deserve | _rewe Gon cies. “The _speekvurn ableaimard Consittt of, large number of, Shap lines Ines vin Whe @rmiCStom Spee tyeLs. nots \imes ton Vistble, region ( | peated photn Geaple plake_ fhe Limes pn 4 are oth. Q Lym Sewres — UV @ Balwyn ey uu — @ Sche yo @ Bracke « — re 2 lores] | \_ ews! Vax ar ms 3.45 Rod bevg ve Jereval kwanal a. aaa ft Ty loa Galt) eal Gr ad] Lat me/ M1 D2 are tm be gey! the 127 my Foy _@ javbraay Sevier Wis Stent fx Lyman me) me 1,3,0-- _| Balmey miso mos Bu s-- Dagchen Mis & Mr> bsg --- Brackett Ms 4 M2- SOR Pht md M2 SM. 69 ~~as 's taodel boy hydx r= @ The electron he = dro gen atorn ewtyoes Or teh ml (eciecleg cholaw abies ol Huet aad ond @neray and ae Called avbie ce et tee} ay Stakes [2 The _eneray of_am_theotinn in Ehe—ovbik dace | mol. change ith time. tow evry the. 6 | \L_omore “from a [ower shattonary stake 40 | Wwaher Stationary State (uhen TeQuired amour ol tnesoy Ss abtarhed by the Clection gn ener! eked wh ‘ |__sStatio mary skate a lotsey _seabtonary state the jak abs | aeeptlcked When “transit accurs between | seatrmany Skates theat by ia vay >: ive abd )- Se . S-& elmo ns ua h Wy Eye Emergy al lower emeray state ran uw Wighey ph, C @ Tre oamonioy momenbura ol em _electran ip ar Ayer Sto ttonax! y stale Can be Expresses] {Gg Heys H.W wi dae | I 2LSJ. rome pele et ce: ko Bovis Lheory of ‘H atom a ets wy States fov elect: as M2 ag. ont a: 1m ce pad oma rt } Othe vod of the Stationary tkales are [—Supreted as Yq = om 2 52:4 Pan_| @ wadius of tomar ‘oMed Boby ovbrt = 52-4 Pm movmaily nH atom cc bound en Ut orbie (m= as] Lyi _tmcreases the Value oY Lol inCreate vie 2@ rs away. -tonn the nucleus © The mp praperty GSsoaaled with electron@ os [Seated ay tte ihatomang ie [ol pomecrple ¢ wambwin to = = 0s oe alleet Tonited © H’ atom. when the e6 f akky uso ye San’ 2. we on 19} 1s lotwemed “Thal ts the Weatyy Pm the i rain c anc s ih kive toch. ate of Zev ow = GD | | Boy's theaiy Can also be applred to the tone [-—CeaScining tila cine election Sownilay to “ecco N < Bets onex © shat faked with similar Pores Like HY? Oiiren J° charge is on} witht treat tn __Prin cipal quemtuan Mo Explamation ok | o:Des Ruf \ — | [one = 21x oT au 2m istrowuss om @ tho Cate of ab sarp tion Peckrum D£7 Ni aN A ny \ mo thegig = VO amd Snes yy i ab tm Cae ol. @mniscron Shy fem on ne = ene. “he brughtmess con intensity ob Spectral Wmes depends pan the snurnloer of photons! | Ol_Sacme wavelength an fre ynency absathed GD_Oenikled frm’ ba krons Bohy' Ok Couto acount fov th sekaty ne “Wy ad at could nak & plain Cas Lianne " ime ne: 400 f aced lines sw abi mn Oa Sper ic © umable to Sxplein spectwm dhe thon 4 @_mo Enylanahon fn Zeeman, Stark effect Po © __Cauig wok Explam abe kyo atym tto nn dleenlec. Chemrcet bon. Quantum Mecha necal model ok the otom’Us. & ats we oma relop Atmore suitable ond Jeneval onodal aw [ako “the two mew concepts which led £0 i a) Such | _@ the dual behaviauy ds matter OQ _Wersen bevais uncer barn ik punciple The ual avi beer % | “the fremch —pysves | broghie tm tart jmoposed thak matter | " i ako fahabr behamwrauy ve: both yaxticle amd wave lik | froipeviies. this Means bhat Just tke ho om kum @S pool as Wave. \emgth . Ciecttons Should also have mome neurn AS wel) 4S Va jeng&h - | hrs vs bor Photon , sevne has applred_by_| oma keyial yartecle ich 88 ‘on! ¢ 7© ! 2G Velo ite [coy eg ak fostie [_ Ash. a oP momen oD -— { de bogie iction Ww as Gybivened pouienontally when te wa ound_that an cleckon eam umdevg oct ees ie. Phemomemen char ae bey tit] Waves. + _ according to de broglie every | objeck inn amokivn has @ wave character, |____the wavelengths assoc: bed teh C\eckrons amd other sub atomic pavkicle very Gmall masses . cam however be detected | Su perienembal | | Hei sen berg's uncertarnity Principle wuncerkarmity pu'nerple 2 the Conseguemce | Lok dual be vhavouy oy anather and eda ond “ah a =bioa ‘ile is trope scvble to detevmne | | simuikanemusy the rack position amd_| Lxack emomentuan COB(Ielocit an Lleckrom " - | BK pp Be “Tt 2 Dx. Bley) = h arHSJ. Dx Ave ih j Then, [Bx = uncevtarmrtyspoutien aps 2 uN donc CS che iklon ol < eter on _is_kmown with high degvee of | actuxane ( Px rs Smal) hen the veloc al the Clock wit) be Un Cewberrany Raed lavge . fe the” i Khe electron ss_kmoien grees sely Cav is_smatt) Phen the, “To obSexve Gn electron we can iMUmimake te sith Itghi Cn ml. The “ Wg ht" used must have a wave length sone eller than the clvenemsr’ Nei kron. The _hrg'o mom, fhotorS such as Nalite {P= h_\ would chamae tl emeray nee srans ta braces ue oo able to Celmlete f ol bu wey Lifetl abaule the velocity al, the elation aber | |_CdMsvpyy ain bq Py leS_ow o be paths ab electron ake sat en} pode iclesLSA — & _ The eebecls of werse berg amievbaimr ty Ko Qumciple i's _sigan bicamb. nl to Sige rx SCapie abl eck Soms orn om 6 ~reqa a chav ra : cue avbitS abowk the nucleus. te. a me kur @ 2s noe Conse : a : Neary delimed path amd this pa ha eke : S 0 a we YBOWWS model ak atom nok only iqmoves dual behawouy ol qnatter| . Vere, A EU on x Modelok at oe Yan caren, a _ Imo account: teh ou © 4 ja Grn cst mkum merhamrec | a te bi 4 o L Scope ol; we both obey) : etale wave like amd Parksele like DwpeybveUs : Fo Quan ann ompachames 32s developed by 1aa.g)_Hertrembety and Scho dina, yw | [Py Oe te, em (e-pely=o. Lae dy ORY we is Chovacteri & crab @_pumciple qyaamtwmnmn.o(n) AY ju te La ‘ote 4 uu (am J letpla mn ascessing Che Wea bil \e fron fi) & paw bilan | ovbibale amd Gy, ambume Duraber ce s—| po The regi ol pace aapunnd | kre nucleus where the probaly’ = \pande 4 lectynyy t's Ama nuemtart The Dunes ple mami AWM bey (7) 4 He 1, 2,3,vn Ba orang si ‘t: fehe energy of the avbital The premerpal guambum number alse idenbi =bwes Lhe shelt = workh inereate \ueak ‘in! wimber o 2 © Ince. Amd Axe Sy ail che cxteal sol ouve \ue ol * censtitube a smal Wok a. een epicented ye aa ok anes 2 3, Ww s & MmoN. oe A oy ka omnerea sé Se 2 aon berm) Son! 2® \oa wax Nuch. with increase ol.‘ an! a ae on - - , ag Ov OF wb gif) am ch te debs ap ok the ovbika | TA’ Cam have ‘avalues ‘ang: j fomUsd. Pani. a ach Shell _cosisks oly ome (on more sub nell cot) Sub. Level ry bryce Shel) Cn cheve is | Subshel] te. te ach subshell t's 49839 ned | am Agaimmubel Puambum onisrmaber ff), =shells cy rr Ipberent valve: Le 0? ate presented by thi Jalouse, bottom Pav sub shen = p A a--- | a ot bike us {4c cant “Ehe gyaticl_ovlente oxientation ok the vara | ith ctespect-n standard sot bc. ate. Lt ais~ =2 0 4 __| I fey d= M20 at = Mes gical Name cat, a _ = 2 ae IS fox R29 ens 2 10 t) 42: Ss Five d’ouahls fox te eaB =D =| 0 4) 424321" Seven $+ orbital: [Nalue ohh oO GS s s df 3 | an) 5 + 4 Wd ny +0 i et lvne 9) | eabr mn 2 caulk el akoms. se some limes Occur as doublets, | |__Avipleks, ebe Su Ss a fees ore eneray levels than pred i ted ie on 3. ye. elecky |b che _Ebiee yan tun numbers 1-¢. clectymy| |__Sprm quantum onrmnbey one) __} Om election has besideLown Muon bey wheeh Cam ake values of “th @o = Shy ° | the Ciecton, cmd “Teareenked aS ani Tap 2 that have dittlereat ms value have Oppo site spins. Shapes ol, akoinre orbitals t= ‘Y is mathematica Aeon ek ono the Co- N Wy Gives the Kb other hewd box 28 orbital ble prsbability dencity fost dorsears sharply ku Ze amd 2gctn sbaits VO =the “regina where the pba . soechuces 4n_gexn iS cate al maybe 2 sdos | nm athitat hy. (m=\) modesLSJ. Pag. — Foy _a givem oybital Fhe peata o ae mob che Shas Leled bi kal having Seve _emergy aye ¢ degemera “The_sul shells ( Spd. having oh res j—Bepulsan_Genena the tle oleckyon ator: cen oy @ Due to _presemee ok electron fan_he _tnmexchell _Ehe lectromn vn Outes het wr} Me aki aige ols oy c Kes AMM post} hes Shetlaing a kh ee Cleckrone ‘ena|_dlue tn Shape _s—mh'eal elechon | | Spende mote time flofe to the mucluc | Lin comparision pd be “Sothiteat | fomore Lightly bound to mucleus then pg | + the _tswex the value ok (m+) $x an ovbital the lowev is pits enesay Sf too ovhitals have the | Same value of (mt) the oybi ta) wrth) \owsey value ok on torll have lowey ¢€ Ss emeraies oF the orbitals Lim Khe Same sub shell decreases with necte. [=Ase in the akomni'c Number: Ei lng of aybitals i atom 3 | 1Q@_filcbau panei ple 3 Akbaus bouiiding up | in the Jround skate ol; the ators the | Lraybitals ave \silleod im ovoley ok chery rncrealuss. Dnt ot yg oe He Mab tia by daft. Cy- (a8 bac"ap us 341 but 19 aS2p" af ap use ~ Poul! €rclusion pune: ple t= u alts bwo electrons rata fuse | in _khe Sa! ikal © hy Jo | ous o mal! Tihe Taatimalin numbe 1 ob hum number wn tc egual ta aah, ki L le Same Sule ( vy d oy %) does Mok take place unstit ech orbital belonging a chat cub shell has Sot one election each tre. te ts sina occupied ane raurakion of al 3. | |The electra s tan the cornple ely |_\gtlect Shells ane Known as Cave elec trans A_Shell Ps x ox kha z che electronic Shel! with the hvg hese ovimer pa an ev OMeCe lt [e5_ah