SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
Sampling Technique is a procedure used to determine which element is to be
included in the sample.
RANDOM SAMPLING OR PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- a type of sampling which gives an equal chance to each element of
the population of being added in the sample.
TYPES OF RANDOM SAMPLING TECHNIQUES
1. Simple Random Sampling- drawing each element of the population giving an
equal chance to be selected as part of the sample:
Example: Using draw lots to determine the respondents.
2. Systematic Random Sampling – choosing every element, with the initial
element selected at random from the first elements.
3. Stratified Random Sampling – the population is partitioned in two or more sub-
populations called strata and from each stratum, a desired number of samples is
selected at random.
4. Cluster Sampling - sample is obtained by first dividing the population into
subpopulations (based on geographical or other similar criteria), whereby each
subpopulation must closely match the population. These are called clusters.
5. Multi-stage Sampling – the use of combination of several random sampling
techniques in getting a sample from a very large population.
NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING
- this is a sampling technique where all the participants of the investigation
are not derived through equal chances.
TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING TECHNIQUE
1. Convenience or Accidental Sampling – is taking intact group and using this
group to represent the population. Simply, it is by taking the most accessible elements in
the population.
2. Judgment or Purposive Sampling – selecting sample based on the judgment
and prior knowledge of an expert.
3. Quota Sampling – diverse characteristics of a population, such as age,
gender, or social class are sampled in the proportions which they occupy in the
population.
4. Snowball Sampling – a sample is obtained when an element is suggested or
identified by another member of the sample. This sampling is useful when gathering
information about informal groups, such as those dealing with child labor, prostitution
and the like.
ORGANIZING AND PRESENTING DATA
Raw data- the data collected from a sample or population survey are usually
considerable, and are recorded in the order in which they were gathered. As such,
they will be unordered, ungrouped and random.
Example 1:
Samples of 50 senior high school students who plan to enrol in a university were
asked about the degree programs that they intend to pursue. Each student may
choose exactly one program to major from the following: education, agriculture,
engineering, environmental science, forestry, mathematics, and physics. The responses
of the students, in the sequence that they were collected, are recorded in the Table 1.
The table entries should be read in sequence from left to right, top to bottom.
Table 1 Degree Choices of 50 Students
Biology Mathematics Envi Science Engineering Engineering
Mathematics Engineering Education Forestry Education
Mathematics Envi Science Education Agriculture Agriculture
Education Engineering Mathematics Mathematics Biology
Physics Engineering Envi Science Forestry Engineering
Engineering Physics Envi Science Agriculture Biology
Education Education Envi Science Biology Engineering
Agriculture Education Education Education Education
Forestry Physics Forestry Forestry Physics
Envi Science Envi Science Engineering Engineering Mathematics
TABULATING CATEGORICAL DATA
Frequency Distribution for Categorical Data
A frequency distribution for categorical data displays all the categories, as well
as the number of elements or observations that belong to each other.
Example 2: Construct a frequency distribution table for the data on the degree of
choices
Table 2 Frequency Distribution of the Degree Choices
Degree Program Tally Frequency
Agriculture IIII 4
Biology IIII 4
Education IIII IIII 10
Engineering IIII IIII 10
Environmental science IIII II 7
Forestry IIII 5
Physics IIII 4
Mathematics IIII I 6
Total
Relative Frequency and Percentage Distribution of Categorical Data
The relative frequency of a category is the ratio of the frequency of the category
to the sum of all the frequencies. That is,
where ∑ and is the number of categories. A relative frequency distribution
displays the relative frequencies for all categories.
A percentage distribution lists the percentages for all categories.
Example 3: Construct a relative frequency and percentage distribution for the data on
the degree choices of Table 1.
Table 3 Relative Frequency and Percentage Distribution Table for the Degree
Choices
Degree Program Relative frequency Percentage
( )
Agriculture 4/50=0.08 8
Biology 4/50=0.08 8
Education 10/50=0.20 20
Engineering 10/50=0.20 20
Environmental science 7/50=0.14 14
Forestry 5/50=0.10 10
Physics 4/50=0.08 8
Mathematics 6/50=0.12 12
Total 1
