Module 3
Objectives
Identify the scales of measurement used
Identify the different sampling
procedures both for probability and non-
probability.
Solve number of sample in a given
population.
Construct a frequency distribution and
graphical presentation of grouped data.
Scales of Measurement
Nominal or Classificatory
Scale
Ordinal or Ranking Scale
Interval Scale
Ratio Scale
Scales of Measurement
Nominal or Classificatory Scale
Numbers are used as
codes simply to classify
an object, persons or
characteristics into
certain categories.
Nominal or Classificatory Scale
Eye color: blue=1, brown=2,
green=3, etc.
Biological
sex (male=1 or
female=2)
Married=1, single=2, widowed=3
(Here, the numbers do not have
numeric implications; they are
Ordinal or Ranking Scale
Numbers are used as
codes, categories are not
just different but be put
IN ORDER.
Ordinal or Ranking Scale
Example 1
Rank your food preference where 1=favorite food
and 4=least favorite:
_______ Hamburger ________ Fries
_______ Fried Chicken ________ Spaghetti
Example 2
Interval Scale
Interval scales has all the characteristics
of ordinal scale and nominal scale.
It also indicates order and also the
DISTANCE in the order.
RatioisScale
This the
highest level of
measurement and has the
properties of an interval scale;
coupled with fixed origin or zero
point.
Example: weight, height
Someone 6 ft tall is twice as tall
as someone 3 feet tall
Heart beats per minute has a
Sampling Procedures
1. Probability Sampling
A sampling method, which makes use of
the knowledge of the characteristics of the
individual element in the population and
thus, the chance that, each element has of
being drawn as sample.
Sampling Procedures
2. Non-Probability Sampling
A sampling method which does not specify
the probability of selection of the elements in
the population.
Examples:
a) Accidents or haphazard samples –
items which come in handy are taken as
samples.
- TV commercial of a certain product
where a buyer in a superstore is
interviewed
Example
Judgment or purposive sampling
– sample is selected with the
researcher’s subjective judgment
Quota sampling – purposive
sampling with the added
specification that sample is
proportioned to the population.
Probability Sampling
Techniques
1. Random Sampling. Process of
selecting a sample wherein every
element in the sampled population is
given an equal non-zero chance of
entering the sample.
2. Systematic Random Sampling.
Sampling wherein every unit is
concluded after a random start is taken
for the sample.
Probability Sampling
Techniques
3. Stratified Sampling.
Population is divided into
homogeneous groups of strata and
selection is done within each
strata.
4. Multi-Stage Sampling.
Sampling done in several stages.
Further explanation…
To further understand the
probability sampling
techniques, watch this
video (see link below)
https://www.youtube.com/w
atch?v=5PsF5MsrCOo
Sampling Techniques
Slouvin’s Formula
Where N=population
n=no. of sample
e=margin of error or level of
significance (0.01, 0.05, 0.001)
Example 1
N=100,000
n=?
e=0.05
Example 2
Proportionate Sampling: (Sampling Proportionate to
Size)
Men 3,000 X
Women 20,000 Y
N=23,000
Frequency Distribution
Condensed version of
an array which gives
the observation in small
intervals.
How to Construct a
Frequency Distribution:
1. Determine the range R of the observation.
2. Determine the number of classes to which
the observations are to be grouped, Sturge’s
approximation is given by:
3. Approximate the class intervals by using:
Some definitions:
1. Class limits refer to the smallest and
largest values that can go into any given
class.
Example: 17 = lower class limit
21 = upper class limit
2. Class boundaries are obtained by
adding the upper limit of one class to the
lower limit of the next class and divide by
2.
Some definitions:
3. Class marks are simply the midpoints of the
classes, which are found by adding the lower limit
and upper limit of a class (or its lower and upper
boundaries) and dividing by 2
4. A class interval is the length of a class, or the
range of values it can contain. If the classes of a
distribution are equal in length, their common
class interval is also given by the difference
between any two successive class marks.
Some definitions:
5. The commulative frequency “cf” is
derived simply by adding the frequencies
starting from the top of the frequency
distribution for the less than cf (“<cf”),
and adding the frequencies starting at the
bottom for the greater than cf (“>cf”).
Some definitions:
6. The relative frequency “ref”
distribution is derived by dividing each
frequency to the total number of
observations. When the result is
multiplies by 100%, then we have the “%
distribution”.
Graphical Presentation of
Frequency Distribution
1. Label either class limits or midpoints along
the horizontal axis.
2. Plot the frequency of each class along the
vertical axis above the midpoint of the
corresponding interval.
3. The vertical scale must always include
zero.
4. The vertical axis need only the range of X
values and one extra interval at each end.
Example:
21 11 12 25 15 19 23 18 24 13 24 21
16 3 5 17 20 14 21 19 16 7 20 32
11 15 16 24 11 14 22 17 7 17 19 13
5 19 14 21 13 18 27 11 23 18 19 13
24 3 19 15 23 20 16 23 35 21 4 27
• Construct a frequency distribution and
make a graphical presentation of
frequency distribution (Histogram,
Frequency Curve, Frequency Polygon,
Graph of the ““, Graph of ““).
Solution:
1. Determine the range:
2. Determine the number of classes
Solution:
3. Approximate the class interval:
Watch these videos to explain the table
below:
https://youtu.be/7CcmBxf7lu0
https://youtu.be/2Y-wIiyJE0E
4. Frequency Distribution
Class Frequenc Class Class Ref %
Limits y (No. of Mark Boundari
(Scores) Students es
)
2-6 5 4 1.5 – 6.5 5 60 0.083 8.30
7-11 6 9 6.5 – 11.5 11 55 0.100 10.00
12-16 15 14 11.5 – 16.5 26 49 0.250 25.00
17-21 19 19 16.5 – 21.5 45 34 0.317 31.70
22-26 11 24 21.5 – 26.5 46 15 0.183 18.30
27-31 2 29 26.5 – 31.5 58 4 0.033 3.30
32-36 2 34 31.5 – 36.5 60 2 0.033 3.30
60 0.999 99.90
Graphical Presentation of
Frequency Distribution
1. Histogram (Frequency vs. Class
Mark)
Chart Title
Use Microsoft
20
Excel.
18
16
14
Frequency
12
10
Series1
8
6
4
2
0
4 9 14 19 24 29 34
Class Mark
Frequency Polygon
(Frequency vs. Class Mark)
Frequency Polygon and Frequency Curve
almost the same.
20
18
16
14
Frequency
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
4 9 14 19 24 29 34
Class Mark
Note: Graph of the ““, Graph of ““) is almost
Graph of the “ polygon
(Commulative Frequency vs. Class Boundaries)
the same
70
Commulative Frequency
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1.5 6.5 11.5 16.5 21.5 26.5 31.5
Ifyou want further explanation on the
graphical presentation you can visit
YouTube or pm me.
