ENERGETICS
ENERGETICS
Energetics is the study of the properties of energy and its
distribution in Chemical , Physical or biological activities.
Energy is stored in the form of complex molecule ; ATP consist
of nucleoside adenosine and three phosphate groups
ATP
•Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a unique and the
most important high-energy molecule in the living
cells.
•It consists of an adenine, a ribose and a triphosphate
moiety
•ATP is a high-energy compound due to the presence
of two PHOSPHOANHYDRIDE bonds in the
triphosphate unit.
•ATP serves as the energy currency of the cell as is
evident from the ATP-ADP cycle
The hydrolysis of ATP is classical example
of exergonic reaction.
ATP+H2O ADP+ Pi (G◦ = -7.3 Cal/mol)
FORMATION OF ATP
1.Some of energy releases during oxidation reaction in captured
within a cell when ATP is formed
2. A phosphate group p is added to ADP, with an input of energy
to form ATP
3.The high energy phosphate bonds that can be used to transfer
energy are indicate by “squiggles”(~):
4.The high energy phosphate bond that attaches the third
phosphate group contains the energy stored in this reaction
5.The addition of phosphate group to a molecule , called
phosphorylation , increase its potential energy
Organism use three mechanism of phosphorylation to generate
ATP
1.Subrstrate level phosphorylation generates ATP by transferring
a high energy phosphate group from an intermediate
phosphorylated metabolic compound –a substrate—directly to
ADP. In human cells , this process occurs in the cytosol
2.Oxidative phosphorylation removes electrons from organic
compounds and passes them through a series of electron
acceptors
Called Electron transport chain , to molecules of oxygen . this
process occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane cells
3.Photophosphorylation occurs only in chlorophyll containing
plant cells or in certain bacteria that contain other light absorbing
pigments.
THE ROLE OF ATP
• Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a small molecule that acts as a
coenzyme within a cell.
• The main role of ATP is to provide energy. Below are the ways it
provides energy which
1. A source of energy.
-An ATP molecule releases approximately 30kj (mol^-1) of energy
-Energy from an ATP molecule is released in small quantities to
prevent to damage cell
-Energy released is used for metabolism in the cell.
2. Muscle contraction - ATP is critical for the contraction of
muscles; it binds to myosin to provide energy and facilitate its
binding to actin to form a cross-bridge.
-ADP and phosphate are then released and a new ATP
molecule binds to myosin
3. Structural Maintenance - ATP plays a very important role in
preserving the structure of the cell by helping the assembly of
the cytoskeletal elements.
4. Cell Signaling - ATP has key functions both in intracellular
and extracellular signaling
5. Active Transport - ATP plays a critical re in the transport of
macromolecules such as proteins and lipids into and out of
the cell
6. Synthesis of DNA and RNA - During DNA synthesis,
ribonucleotide reductase (RNR) reduces the sugar residue
from ribonucleoside diphosphates to form
deoxyribonucleoside diphosphates such as dADP.
METABOLISM
Metabolism is the total of anabolism and catabolism
ANABOLISM
ANABOLISM is any pathway that consumes energy by
building complex molecules from simpler molecules
CATABOLISM
CATABOLISM is Any pathway that releases energy by
breaking down complex molecules into simpler molecules
