Presentation:

Chemical Hazard

Lecturer: Dr ibrahim yalaxow

GROUP MEMBERS

●IDIRIS MOHAMUD MAHAAD

●OSMAN SH IBRAHIM SAMOW
●HAND MOHAMED ALI
●MOHAMED ABDIRAHMAN IBRAHIM
●ABDIRISAK MUKHTAR AMIIN
●ABDIKHADIR SALAX
●MOHAMED HASSAN ALI
●ABDINAASIR ….
●FADUMO SHAAFICI ALI
●SHAMSO HUSSEIN ALI
●FADUMO HUSSEIN ALI
●HANI DAAHIR HUSSEIN
●SUNDUS ADAN ABDULLE
●NAIMA ABDIRAHMAN
 What is hazard communication?
Hazard communication or
“hazcom” is our program where
we tell you about the hazardous
chemicals used in our workplace.
We will also train you on how to
protect yourself from the effects
of these hazardous chemicals.
 What is a “hazardous chemical”?

A hazardous chemical is any

chemical that can do harm to
your body.

Most industrial chemicals can

harm you at some level.

It depends how much gets into

your body.
 How do hazardous chemicals affect
the body?
It depends on several factors:
How the chemical enters the body

The physical form of the chemical

The amount of chemical that actually

enters the body - the dose

How toxic (poisonous) the chemical is

 How Chemicals Enter the Body
There Are Three Routes of Entry:

Ingestion – swallowing the chemical

Inhalation – breathing in the chemical

Absorption – the chemical soaks

through the skin
 Inhalation (Breathing)

Chemicals in the air are breathed in

through the mouth or nose.

Gases & vapors are absorbed through

the lungs directly into the bloodstream.

The size of dust particles or mist

droplets can affect where the chemical
settles in the respiratory tract.
 Skin Absorption

Some chemicals can pass

through the skin into the body.

These chemicals can then cause

various health effects.
 Ingestion (Swallowing)

Chemicals that are swallowed are

absorbed in the digestive tract.

Chemicals can rub off dirty hands

and contaminate food, drinks or
tobacco products.

Chemicals in the air can settle on

food or drink and be swallowed.
 The Three Forms of Chemicals
All chemicals exists in one of three forms:

Solid

Liquid

Gas
 Hazardous Chemicals - Dusts
Some chemicals are solids in the
form of powders or dust.

Dust can be released into the air

by cutting, drilling, grinding or
sanding.

Dust can also be stirred up by dry

sweeping and inhaled.
 Hazardous Chemicals - Dust

Dust in the air can settle out on

work surfaces, cups, plates,
utensils, and food.

The settled dust can be

swallowed with food or drinks.

If the dust is hazardous, it can

cause health problems.
 Solids – Fumes and Fibers

Fumes are extremely small droplets

of metal formed when the metal has
been vaporized by high
temperatures (usually welding)

Some solids are fibers which can be

similar to dusts but they have an
elongated shape (like asbestos or
fiberglass)
 Hazardous Chemicals - Liquids

Liquid chemicals in direct contact

with the skin can cause skin
problems.

Some liquids can be absorbed

into the body through the skin.

Liquids can be sprayed and form

mists or evaporate and form
vapors which can be inhaled.
 Liquids (Mists)

Mists can also be inhaled.

Mists can settle on the skin and be

absorbed into the body.

Airborne mists can also settle out

and contaminate food or drink.
 Gases and Vapors

Gases are chemicals that are in the gas

phase at room temperature.

Vapors evaporate from substances that

are liquids or solids at room temperature.

Gases and vapors enter the body by

inhalation.
 Toxicity:
How Poisonous Are Chemicals?
Dose - The effects of any toxic
chemical depends on the amount of a
chemical that actually enters the body.
Acute Toxicity - the measure of how
toxic a chemical is in a single dose over
a short period of time.
Chronic Toxicity – the measure of the
toxicity of exposure to a chemical over
a long period of time.
 Chronic Toxicity and Acute Toxicity

Some chemicals will only make you

sick if you get an ‘acute” or high dose
all at once. Example – ammonia

Some chemicals are mainly known for

their chronic or long-term effects.
Example – asbestos

Most chemicals have both acute and

chronic effects. Example – carbon
monoxide
 Chemical Exposure Limits
Many chemicals have exposure limits,
or allowable amounts of a chemical in
the air. PEL
These limits are often called
“Permissible Exposure Limits” or TLV
“Threshold Limit Values”.

They are based on 8-hour average

exposure or ceiling or peak levels.

Levels must be kept below these limits

for safety.
 Carcinogens
Carcinogens are cancer-causing
compounds.

Some chemicals are known human

carcinogens, others are only
suspected as carcinogens.

There are regulations covering the

general use of carcinogens, and
has specific regulations for several
known human carcinogens.
 Carcinogens
There are specific regulations on the following
carcinogens:
● Vinyl Chloride
● Acrylonitrile
● 1,2,-Dibromo-3-chloropropane (DBCP)
● Arsenic
● Ethylene Oxide
● Cadmium
● Butadiene
● Methylene Chloride
● Benzene
● Hexavalent Chromium
 Other Groups of Toxic Chemicals
Teratogens
Teratogens are compounds that can
harm the developing fetus, causing
birth defects or death.
Mutagens
Mutagens cause genetic mutations or
changes. These mutations can cause
birth defects or other problems in
following generations or may lead to
cancer in the exposed person.
 Other Groups of Toxic Chemicals
Sensitizers
Sensitizers can “switch on” a reaction in
an individual worker.

The reaction to a sensitizer depends upon

the individual worker.

Once a worker becomes sensitized to a

compound, smaller and smaller
exposures can cause a reaction, and the
reactions can become more severe.
 Corrosive Chemicals

Acids and bases (caustics) are

common corrosive chemicals.

Corrosive chemicals are capable of

damaging eyes, skin and the
respiratory system.
 Corrosive Chemicals - Skin

Corrosives can cause visible skin

burns or damage.

The extent of skin damage depends

on how long the corrosive is on the
skin and how concentrated the
corrosive is.
 Corrosive Chemicals -
Inhalation and Eyes

Inhalation of corrosive mists or

vapors can cause severe
bronchial irritation.

Corrosives are especially

damaging to the eyes.
Examples of Corrosive Chemicals

Sulfuric Acid

Ammonia

Chromic acid

Lye

Acetic Acid
Batteries contain sulfuric acid
Chlorine
 Protection from Corrosives

Protective gloves & clothing

Goggles

Eyewashes

Water (for splashes on the skin)

 Hazards of Metals

Metals can be both physical hazards

and health hazards.
Some metals can ignite and explode –
magnesium, or dusts/filings of other
metals such as aluminum
Some metals are almost non-toxic –
iron, aluminum
Others are very toxic – mercury, lead,
cadmium, beryllium
 How do you get information about
hazardous chemicals?
You can get information two
ways:

● From the product label,

● From the product material
safety data sheet.

MSDS
 What is on the product label?

● The manufacturer,

● The name of the product,

● A hazard warning,

● A list of hazardous ingredients

 What is a material safety data sheet?
Material safety data sheets or
“MSDSs” are information sheets
on products that:

● Tells what chemicals are in the MSDS

product,

● What the hazards of the

chemicals are,

● How to protect yourself from

the hazards.
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