‫اىسؤاه اىَز‪ٝ‬و ‪Question tag‬‬

‫*‪٠‬زى‪ ْٛ‬اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‪ ِٓ ً٠‬اٌفؼً اٌّـبػض ا‪ ٚ‬إٌبلض ‪ٚ‬ػّ‪١‬غ اٌفبػً‬

‫االفؼبي إٌبلظخ ا‪ ٚ‬اٌّـبػضٖ‬
‫‪am/is/are/was/were/do/does/did/have/has/had/can/shall/will/could/may/‬‬

‫‪must/might/should/would‬‬
‫خبية مثبتة‬
‫?ضمب فاعل‪+‬فعل مساعد او ناقص منف ‪+‬جملة ر‬
‫ر‬
‫خبية منفية‬
‫?ضمب فاعل ‪+‬فعل مساعد او ناقص مثبت ‪+‬جملة ر‬
‫ر‬
‫السؤال المذيل يضاف لنهاية الجملة بهدف التأكيد عىل الكالم السابق‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫الجملة المثبتة يضاف لها سؤال مذيل منف واالجابة المتوقعة ه ‪Yes‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫الجملة المنفية يضاف لها سؤال مذيل مثبت واالجابة المتوقعة ه ‪No‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫االفعال المنفية ف السؤال المذيل البد ان تكون مخترصة‪.‬‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫ضمب‪.‬‬‫ر‬ ‫الفاعل ف السؤال المذيل البد ان يكون‬ ‫‪‬‬
‫?‪Ex. It is hot today, isn’t it‬‬ ‫‪Yes, it is.‬‬

‫?‪Ex. He can’t speak French, can he‬‬

‫?‪Ex. We should eat healthy meals, shouldn’t we‬‬

‫?‪Ex. Ahmed likes English, doesn’t he‬‬

‫⁋ ِالدظبد ٘بِخ‪:‬‬

‫‪٠ -1‬جم‪ ٝ‬ػّ‪١‬غ اٌفبػً (‪ )I /we‬وّب ُ٘ ‪ٚ‬ال ‪٠‬زذ‪ٛ‬الْ إٌ‪you ٝ‬‬

‫?‪Ex. We got up late, didn’t we‬‬

‫‪ -2‬اطا ٌُ ٔجض فؼً ِـبػض ف‪ ٟ‬اٌجٍّخ ٕٔظغ إٌ‪ ٝ‬اٌفؼً االؿبؿ‪ ٟ‬إطا وبْ ف‪ٝ‬‬
‫اٌّظضع ٔـزشضَ ‪ don’t‬ف‪ ٟ‬اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‪ٚ,ً٠‬اطا وبْ ِؼبف ٌٗ ‪ٔ s/es/ies‬ـزشضَ‬
‫‪ٚ doesn’t‬اطا وبْ وبْ ف‪ ٟ‬اٌّبػ‪ٔ ٟ‬ـزشضَ ‪didn’t‬‬
‫?‪Ex. They play football every Friday, don’t they‬‬

‫?‪Ex. She plays tennis every Friday, doesn’t she‬‬

‫?‪Ex. He played tennis last Friday, didn’t he‬‬

‫‪ -3‬اٌجٍّخ اٌز‪ ٟ‬رذز‪ ٞٛ‬ػٍ‪never/ rarely/ hardly/ seldom/ nor/ neither ٝ‬‬
‫رؼزجغجٍّخ ِٕف‪١‬خ ‪ٚ‬ثظٌه ‪٠‬ى‪ ْٛ‬اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‪ِ ً٠‬ضجذ‪.‬‬
‫?‪Ex. He never smokes, does he‬‬
 hasn’t/isn’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ف صبٌش‬٠‫ثؼض٘ب رظغ‬ٚ ً‫‘ ثؼض فبػ‬s ‫ اطا جبءد‬-4
‫ف اٌضبٌش‬٠‫غ اٌزظغ‬١‫ جؼا ِٓ اجؼاء اٌىالَ غ‬ٞ‫دـت اٌزغجّخ اِب اطا جبء ثؼض٘ب ا‬
.‫ فمؾ‬isn’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠
Ex. He’s done the homework, hasn’t he?

Ex. He’s taken to school every day by his mother, isn’t he?

Ex. He’s happy, isn’t he? Ex. He’s reading, isn’t he?

‫ اِب اطا جبء ثؼض٘ب‬wouldn’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ثؼض٘ب ِظضع‬ٚ ’d ‫ اطا جبءد‬-5
.hadn’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ better ٚ‫ف صبٌش ا‬٠‫رظغ‬
Ex. I’d go alone, wouldn’t I? Ex. I’d sent the letters, hadn’t I?

‫ْ اٌـؤاي‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ I’m not ‫ٌىٓ اطا جبءد‬ٚ aren’t I ً٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ I’m ‫ اطا جبءد‬-6
. am I ً٠‫اٌّظ‬

Ex. I’m a teacher, aren’t I? Ex. I’m not a doctor, am I?

‫ب رؼجغ‬ٙٔ‫ ال‬shall we – shan’t we ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ let’s ‫ اطا ثضأد اٌجٍّخ ثـ‬-7
.‫ػٓ الزغاح‬
Ex. Let’s go to the cinema, shall we/ shan’t we?

will you / won’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ فؼً اِغ‬ٞ‫ ا‬ٚ‫ ا‬let us ‫ اطا ثضأد اٌجٍّخ ثـ‬-8
you
Ex. Let us go swimming, will you / won’t you?

it ً٠‫ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٟ‫غ ف‬١ّ‫ْ اٌؼ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ this / that ً‫ اطا وبْ اٌفبػ‬-9
Ex. This is my car, isn’t it?

they ً٠‫ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٟ‫غ ف‬١ّ‫ْ اٌؼ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ these / those ً‫اطا اٌفبػ‬-10

Ex. These are my socks, aren’t they?

ً٠‫ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٟ‫غ ف‬١ّ‫ب ثضال ِٓ اٌؼ‬ٙ‫ب ٔفـ‬ٙ‫ ٔؼؼ‬there ً‫اطا وبْ اٌفبػ‬-11

Ex. There is a car over there, isn’t there?

it ‫غ‬١ّ‫ْ اٌؼ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ Nothing/ Everything/ Something ً‫اطا وبْ اٌفبػ‬-12

Ex. Everything is ok, isn’t it?

 No one/ Nobody/ Everyone/Everybody/ Someone/ ً‫اطا وبْ اٌفبػ‬-13
they ‫غ‬١ّ‫ْ اٌؼ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ Somebody

Ex. No one played well, did they?

didn’t ٚ ‫ اٌّؼبعع‬ٟ‫ ف‬don’t/doesn’t َ‫ ٔـزشض‬ٟ‫ اطا جبء وفؼً اؿبؿ‬v.to Have -14
ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫ف‬

Ex. I have a new car, don’t I? Ex. He has a camera, doesn’t he?

Ex. She had a meeting yesterday, didn’t she?

will you ‫ً ِضجذ ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ٟ‫ اطا وبٔذ اٌجٍّخ اِغ ِٕف‬-15

Ex. Don’t open the window, will you?

‫ّٕب اطا‬١‫ ث‬don’t / doesn’t ً٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ need/ needs ً‫ اطا جبء اٌفؼ‬-16
need ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ اٌجٍّخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬needn’t ‫جبءد‬

Ex. We need your help, don’t we? Ex.

They needn’t take a taxi, need they?

dare َ‫ ٔـزشض‬daren’t ‫ اِب اطا جبءد‬don’t َ‫ االصجبد ٔـزشض‬ٟ‫ ف‬dare ‫ اطا جبءد‬-17
ً٠‫ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٟ‫ف‬

Ex. They dare to go without guns, don’t they?

Ex. They daren’t tell the truth, dare they?

ً٠‫ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٟ‫ ف‬didn’t َ‫ اػزبص اْ ٔـزشض‬ٟٕ‫ ثّؼ‬used to ‫ اطا جبءد‬-18

Ex. He used to sleep late, didn’t he?

ٟ‫ً ِٕف‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ a few/a little ‫ اطا جبءد‬-19

Ex. He bought a few books, didn’t he?

Ex. There is a little water, isn’t there?

‫ي ِضجذ‬ٚ‫ْ اٌـؤاي اال‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ few/little ‫ اطا جبءد‬-20

Ex. He bought few books, did he?

 ‫ص‬ٛ‫ اٌششض اٌّمظ‬ٍٝ‫ص ػ‬ٛ‫ؼ‬٠ ‫غ‬١ّ‫ اطا جبءد اٌجٍّخ طفخ فبْ اٌؼ‬-21

Ex. Funny, isn’t it? Ex. Happy, aren’t they?

has got to ‫ اِب اطا جبءد‬doesn’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ has to+inf ‫ اطا جبءد‬-22
hasn’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠

Ex. He has to take a taxi, doesn’t he?

Ex. He has got to take a taxi, hasn’t he?

have got to ‫ اِب جبءد‬don’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ have to+inf ‫ اطا جبءد‬-23
haven’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠

Ex. They have to arrive on time, don’t they?

Ex. They have got to arrive on time, haven’t they?

had+pp ‫ اِب اطا جبءد‬didn’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ had /had to+inf ‫ اطا جبءد‬-24
hadn’t ‫ً ثـ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠

Ex. He had to sleep early last night, didn’t he?

Ex. He had a nice vacation last year, didn’t he?

Ex. By 2020, he had moved to Cairo, hadn’t he?

person-child-teacher… ً‫ ِؤٔش ِض‬ٚ‫ْ ِظوغ ا‬ٛ‫ذزًّ اْ رى‬٠ ‫ ٕ٘بن اؿّبء‬-25

‫اػذب‬ٚ ٓ‫ى‬٠ ٌُ ‫اطا‬ٚ ‫بق‬١‫ دـت اٌـ‬he/she ً٠‫ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٟ‫غ ف‬١ّ‫ْ اٌؼ‬ٛ‫ى‬١‫ف‬
they َ‫بق ٔـزشض‬١‫ِٓ اٌـ‬

Ex. A teacher in a red blouse is very friendly, isn’t she?

Ex. A doctor with a white moustache has examined me, hasn’t he?

Ex. The child was crying, weren’t they?

‫خ‬١‫ـ‬١‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌغئ‬ٍٝ‫ً ػ‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫اثؾ‬ٚ‫ ع‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ رذز‬ٟ‫اٌجٍّخ اٌز‬-26
‫ب اٌغاثؾ‬ٙ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ؾ اٌجٍّخ اٌز‬١ٌٚ

Ex. If he studies hard, he will succeed, won’t he?

 I/we+ think/believe/expect/say….. + ‫خ‬١‫ـ‬١‫جٍّخ عئ‬ .‫ اطا جبءد‬-27

‫ش‬١‫ً ِٓ د‬٠‫ شىً اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٍٟ‫ب رؤصغ ػ‬ٙٔ‫ ا‬ٞ‫ ا‬ٟ‫ً ِٕف‬٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠
.‫خ‬١‫ـ‬١‫غ ِٓ اٌجٍّخ اٌغئ‬١ّ‫اٌؼ‬ٚ ‫ٌىٓ ٔذضص اٌفؼً اٌّـبػض‬ٚ ‫ االصجبد‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٟ‫إٌف‬

ْٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫خ‬١‫ب اٌغاثؾ ِٕف‬ٙ‫ ث‬ٟ‫ اٌجٍّخ اٌز‬ٚ‫ٗ ا‬١‫ـ‬١‫اء اٌغئ‬ٛ‫ٓ ؿ‬١‫ اٌجٍّز‬ٜ‫ اطا وبٔذ ادض‬ٞ‫ا‬
.‫ً ِضجذ‬٠‫اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬

Ex. I think he will come tonight, won’t he?

Ex. I don’t believe she can win the race, can she?

Ex. I think she can’t win the race, can she?

he/she/it/ you/ they+think/believe……+ ‫خ‬١‫ـ‬١‫جٍّخ عئ‬ ‫ اطا جبءد‬-28

‫ جٍّخ‬ٍٟ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫إٌف‬ٚ ‫االصجبد‬ٚ ‫غ‬١ّ‫اٌؼ‬ٚ ً٠‫ْ اٌـؤاي اٌّظ‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫خ‬٠‫ جٍّخ ػبص‬ٟٙ‫ف‬
.‫خ‬١‫ـ‬١‫ؾ اٌجٍّخ اٌغئ‬١ٌٚ think……..

Ex. She thinks that he will come tonight, doesn’t she?  the definite article
"the" ‫اداة اىَؼشفت‬
:‫خ‬١‫ اٌذبالد االر‬ٟ‫ ف‬the ‫ ٔـزشضَ اصاح اٌّؼغفخ‬-
. space ‫ء ِب ػضا وٍّخ‬ٟ‫ادض فمؾ ِٓ اٌش‬ٚ ‫ْ ٕ٘بن‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ‫ ػٕضِب‬
Ex. The Nile / the sun / the Earth

.‫ب‬ٍٙ‫ٍخ و‬١‫أبد ٌٕمظض اٌزذضس اٌفظ‬ٛ١‫ ِغ اٌذ‬

Ex. The tiger is terrifying. all tigers
‫ؿالؿً اٌججبي اٌجّغ‬ٚ ‫اٌىزت اٌّمضؿخ‬ٚ ٞ‫اٌظذبع‬ٚ ‫طبد‬١‫اٌّذ‬ٚ ‫بع‬ٙٔ‫اال‬ٚ ‫ ِغ اؿّبء اٌجذبع‬
. ‫خ‬١‫اد اٌّبئ‬ٕٛ‫اٌم‬ٚ
Ex. The Amazon/ the River Nile/ the Red Sea/ the Alps/ the Indian ocean/the Western
Desert/ the Suez Canal/ the Times/ the Quran

.‫خ‬١ٔ‫ظوغ ٌٍّغح اٌضب‬٠ ٞ‫ ِغ االؿُ إٌىغح اٌظ‬

Ex. I bought a car . the car was expensive.

.‫ االوزشبفبد اٌّفغصح‬ٚ‫ ِغ اؿّبء االسزغاػبد ا‬

Ex. The computer / the mobile / the Internet

play / learn / teach / listen ً‫خ ثؼض أفؼبي ِض‬١‫م‬١‫ؿ‬ٌّٛ‫الد ا‬٢‫ ِغ ا‬
Ex. He plays the drums loudly.

‫ ِغ اٌظفبد ٌإلشبعح ٌٍجّغ‬

Ex. The rich should help the poor. ‫وً اٌفمغاء‬/‫بء‬١ٕ‫وً األغ‬
 ً١‫غ اٌزفؼ‬١‫ ِغ ط‬
Ex. The longest /the most important /the least /the best

َٛ١ٌ‫ ِغ فزغاد ا‬

Ex. In ( the morning – the evening – the afternoon )

‫خ‬١‫ج‬١‫ ِغ االػضاص اٌزغر‬

Ex. The first - the second – the last – the only

.........‫وٍّب‬.......... ‫غخ وٍّب‬١‫ ِغ ط‬

- The + ‫غخ ِمبعٔخ‬١‫………………ط‬.., the + ‫غخ ِمبعٔخ‬١‫……… ط‬.
Ex. The faster you walk, the earlier you reach the work.

Ex. The more you study ,the better marks you will get.

ٖ‫ اطجخ ِؼغفب ثئػبفخ ػجبعح ثؼض‬ٞ‫ لجً االؿُ اٌظ‬

Ex. The boy who is wearing blue jeans is my brother.

‫اٌّـزّغ‬ٚ ‫ف ٌٍّزذضس‬ٚ‫ء ِؼغ‬ٟ‫ لجً ش‬

Ex. Please, close the door. Ex. Give me the soup, please.

.ٗ١ٌ‫اٌّؼبف ا‬ٚ ‫غخ رغجّخ اٌّؼبف‬١‫ لجً ط‬

Ex. The bus of school . Ex. The life of Ahmed Zewail .

‫ ِؼظُ إٌبؽ‬ٞ‫فخ ٌض‬ٚ‫اٌّؼغ‬ٚ ‫غح‬١ٙ‫بء اٌش‬١‫ ِغ االش‬

Ex. The Sphinx - the Eiffel tower

ٞ‫ لجً اجؼاء اٌجـُ اٌجشغ‬

Ex. The hand - the head - the brain

ٖ‫غ‬١‫جض غ‬ٛ٠ ‫ادضا ال‬ٚ ‫ ػٕضِب ٔمظض ششظب‬

Ex. The president ‫ؾ‬١‫ اٌغئ‬- the queen of England ‫ٍِىخ أجٍزغا‬

‫إٌّبر‬ٚ ‫إٌّظّبد‬ٚ ‫ئبد‬١ٌٙ‫ ِغ اؿّبء ا‬

Ex. The police - the press - the weather - the army - the climate

ً‫ لجً ثؼغ اٌىٍّبد ِض‬

- The cinema - the theatre - the office - the army – the navy – the beach – the
capital – the station – the police – the weather – the same – the club – the
country – the ground – the future – the airport – the bank – the city Centre –
the library
‫ب اصاح‬ٍٙ‫اٌّذطبد إطا ؿجمذ ثبؿُ أـبْ فال ٔؼغ لج‬ٚ ‫ن‬ٕٛ‫اٌج‬ٚ ‫ّٕبد‬١‫ ٔالدع اْ اٌـ‬-
the ‫اٌّؼغفخ‬
Ex. El Sadat station - Nasser bank - lake Nasser

:‫ت‬ٞ‫ اىحاالث االح‬ٜ‫ )ف‬no article(the ‫ال ّسخخذً اداة اىَؼشفت‬

 َ‫ب ثشىً ػب‬ٕٙ‫ االؿّبء اٌجّغ ػٕضِب ٔزذضس ػ‬
Ex. Lions are dangerous. Ex. Books are very useful.

the ‫ب ٔؼغ‬ٕٙ‫ض اٌزذضس ػ‬٠‫ػخ ٔغ‬ّٛ‫ٌىٓ اطا دضصٔب ِج‬ٚ*

Ex. The books in my library are useful.

َ‫جٗ ػب‬ٛ‫ب ث‬ٕٙ‫ ال رؼض ػٕضِب ٔزذضس ػ‬ٟ‫ االؿّبء اٌز‬

Ex. Rice – water – cheese

gold – silver – iron َ‫اص اٌشب‬ٌّٛ‫ اؿّبء ا‬

football – volleyball ‫خ‬١‫بػ‬٠‫ اؿّبء االٌؼبة اٌغ‬
Arabic – English – maths ‫خ‬١‫اص اٌضعاؿ‬ٌّٛ‫ اؿّبء ا‬
freedom – poverty – happiness ‫خ‬٠ٕٛ‫ االؿّبء اٌّؼ‬
the ‫ب‬ٍٙ‫ب ثشىً سبص ٔؼغ لج‬ٕٙ‫ رىٍّٕب ػ‬ٌٛ ‫عح‬ٛ‫ٌىٓ ٘ظٖ االؿّبء اٌّظو‬ٚ*

Ex. The water I drank was very tasty.

)dinner-lunch –breakfast-supper( َ‫ب ثشىً ػب‬ٕٙ‫ججبد اطا وٕب ٔزذضس ػ‬ٌٛ‫ ِغ ا‬
Ex. I have dinner at eight.

the ‫ب‬ٍٙ‫ب ٔؼغ لج‬ٕٙ‫ججخ ِذضصح ٔمظض اٌىالَ ػ‬ٚ ‫ٌىٓ إطا دضصٔب‬ٚ*

Ex. The lunch my mother had set was delicious.

ٓ‫ٌى‬ٚ ‫ي اٌـٕخ‬ٛ‫ لجً فظ‬the ‫ػغ‬ٚ ٓ‫ّى‬٠/‫ي اٌـٕخ‬ٛ‫فظ‬ٚ ‫ع اٌـٕخ‬ٛٙ‫ش‬ٚ ‫ع‬ٛ‫بَ االؿج‬٠‫ ِغ ا‬
‫غ شبئغ‬١‫طٌه غ‬
Ex. Friday is our holiday.

Ex. He died of cancer. ‫ ِغ االِغاع‬

ٍُ‫ػخ ثبؿُ ػ‬ٛ‫ ِغ االٌمبة اٌّزج‬
Ex. King Lear / queen victoria

‫اٌمبعاد‬ٚ ْ‫اٌّض‬ٚ ‫ي‬ٚ‫ ِغ اؿّبء اٌض‬

Ex. Egypt - Cairo - Europe

republic ً‫ وٍّبد ِض‬ٍٟ‫ ػ‬ٞٛ‫ رذز‬ٟ‫ي اٌّغوجخ اٌز‬ٚ‫ ِغ اؿّبء اٌض‬the َ‫ٌىٓ ٔـزشض‬ٚ*
‫االِبعاد‬emirates / ‫ ارذبص‬union / ‫ ٍِّىخ‬kingdom / ‫خ‬٠‫ال‬ٚ state /‫خ‬٠‫ع‬ّٛٙ‫ج‬
Ex. The united states Ex. the European union
‫غاد‬١‫ ِغ ٘ظٖ اٌزؼج‬
- By sea / by air / by land / all day / on holiday / on TV / Christmas
ٍٗ‫ أشبد ِٓ اج‬ٞ‫ اٌغغع اٌظ‬ٌٝ‫ اطا اشبعد اٌجٍّخ ا‬the ‫ب‬ٙ‫ ٘ظٖ اٌىٍّبد ال ٔـزشضَ ِؼ‬
: ٟ٘ ‫٘ظٖ اٌىٍّبد‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٍٙ‫ لج‬the َ‫ غغع آسغ ٔـزشض‬ٌٝ‫اِب اطا اشبعد ا‬
School / hospital / prison / university / church / mosque / court /bed

Ex. We go to school to learn. (ٟ‫) غغع اؿبؿ‬

Ex. I went to the school to meet the headmaster. (ٟ‫غ اؿبؿ‬١‫) غغع غ‬

ًّ‫ ِىبْ اٌؼ‬ٟٕ‫ ثّؼ‬work ‫لجً وٍّخ‬ٚ)return/come/go) ‫ ثؼض افؼبي‬home ‫ لجً وٍّخ‬
Ex. I go to work by bus. Ex. He came home early last night.

The indefinite articles (a-an): ‫ادٗاث اىْنشة‬

ٓ‫جضأ بص٘ث ؿبو‬٠ٚ ‫ؼض‬٠ ٞ‫ ِغ االؿُ اٌّفغص اٌظ‬a َ‫ ٔـزشض‬

Ex. A car / a man / a useful Ex. France is a European country.

‫جضأ بص٘ث ِزذغن‬٠ٚ ‫ؼض‬٠ ٞ‫ ِغ االؿُ اٌّفغص اٌظ‬an َ‫ ٔـزشض‬

Ex. An orange / an apple / an hour / an honest man

:‫خ‬١‫ اٌذبالد االر‬ٟ‫ ف‬a/an ‫اد إٌىغح‬ٚ‫*رـزشضَ اص‬

‫ي ِغح‬ٚ‫ظوغ أل‬٠ٚ ‫ؼض‬٠ ٞ‫● اِبَ االؿُ اٌّفغص اٌظ‬

Ex. He gave me a pen . Ex. There is an egg in the fridge.

Ex. She is a nurse. Ex. He is an engineer ‫ظبئف‬ٌٛ‫ اِبَ ا‬

a lot of / a pair of / a glass of ً‫خ ِض‬١ّ‫غاد اٌى‬١‫ ِغ ثؼغ رؼج‬
‫ػضص اٌّغاد‬ٚ ‫اٌـؼغ‬ٚ ‫غاد اٌـغػخ‬١‫ ِغ رؼج‬
Ex. 5 pounds a kilo - 60 km an hour - twice a week - 30 miles a litre

Ex. I have never seen such a good boy before . such ‫ ِغ وٍّخ‬
Ex. She is an honest girl. ‫ رزجغ ثبؿُ ِفغص‬ٟ‫ لجً اٌظفخ اٌز‬
ٖ‫ب اصاح ٔىغ‬ٍٙ‫إطا ٌُ رزجغ ثبؿُ ِفغص ال ٔؼغ لج‬ٚ ‫بد اطا جبء ثؼض٘ب اؿُ ِفغص‬١‫ لجً اٌجٕـ‬
Ex. He is an American actor. Ex. She is a British scientist. Ex. He is Egyptian.

‫ لجً ٘ظٖ اٌىٍّبد‬a ‫ ٔؼغ‬

A hundred / a thousand / a million / a half / a quarter / a fifth

 Countable and uncountable nouns: ‫ ال حؼذ‬ٜ‫ حؼذ ٗاالسَاء اىخ‬ٜ‫االسَاء اىخ‬

: countable nouns ‫ حُؼذ‬ٜ‫ األسَاء اىخ‬
‫ٌٗ جّغ‬ٚ ‫ ٌٗ ِفغص‬ٞ‫ّىٓ جّؼٗ ا‬٠ ٞ‫ االؿُ اٌظ‬ٛ٘ ‫ؼض‬٠ ٞ‫*االؿُ اٌظ‬
- boy  boys man  men child  children
Ex. A book / an hour ‫ دبٌخ اٌّفغص‬ٟ‫ ف‬an ٚ‫ ا‬a ٗ‫*رـجم‬
:‫ حؼذ‬ٜ‫●الحع اسخخذاً ٕزٓ اىنيَاث ٍغ االسَاء اىخ‬
* any + ‫ؼذ جَغ‬ٝ ٌ‫اس‬ ( ٞ‫) أ‬
‫ اٌـؤاي‬ٟ‫وظٌه ف‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ اٌجًّ إٌّف‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫* رؤر‬
Ex. Have you got any brothers? Ex. We don't have any apples in the fridge.
* some + ‫ؼذ جَغ‬ٝ ٌ‫اس‬ ( ‫) ثؼغ‬
‫اٌطٍت‬ٚ ‫وظٌه اٌؼغع‬ٚ ‫ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫* رؤر‬
Ex. My friend gave me some books. ( ‫) جٍّخ ِضجزخ‬
Ex. Would you like some apples to eat? ( ‫) ػغع‬
Ex. I'd like to borrow some books ,please. ( ‫) ؽٍت‬
.‫ؾ اؿئٍخ‬١ٌ ُٕٙ‫ٌى‬ٚ َ‫ب‬ٙ‫بْ ثآصاح اؿزف‬١ٙ‫ٕز‬٠ ‫اٌطٍت لض‬ٚ ‫*ٔالدع اْ اٌؼغع‬
* a lot of + ‫ؼذ جَغ‬ٝ ٌ‫اس‬ ( ِٓ ‫غ‬١‫) وض‬
‫ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫*رؤر‬
Ex. There are a lot of boys in our class.
* many + ‫ؼذ جَغ‬ٝ ٌ‫اس‬ (‫غ‬١‫ وض‬- ‫ض‬٠‫)ػض‬
ٚ‫ ا‬so ‫ب‬ٙ‫ـجم‬٠ ‫بٔب‬١‫اد‬ٚ ‫ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ّىٓ اْ رؤر‬٠ ‫وظٌه‬ٚ ‫اٌـؤاي‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ اٌجًّ إٌّف‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ّىٓ اْ رؤر‬٠*
‫ جضا‬ٟٕ‫ ثّؼ‬too
Ex. How many girls are there in your class? ( ‫) ؿؤاي‬
Ex. He didn't score many goals last match. ( ٟ‫) ٔف‬
Ex. There are too many people in the party . there is no place to sit. ( ‫( اصجبد‬
* a few + ‫ؼذ جَغ‬ٝ ٌ‫اس‬ ( ِٓ ً١ٍ‫) ل‬
ٟ‫ىف‬٠ ٓ‫ٌى‬ٚ ً١ٍ‫ ل‬ٟٕ‫ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ ثّؼ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫* رؤر‬
Ex. I have got a few friends. They are enough.
* few + ‫ؼذ جَغ‬ٝ ٌ‫اس‬ ( ٟ‫ىف‬٠ ‫ٌىٓ ال‬ٚ ً١ٍ‫) ل‬
Ex. She has got few dresses. She needs some.
*a number of + ‫ؼذ جَغ‬ٝ ٌ‫اس‬ ( ِٓ ‫) ػضص‬
Ex. I have bought a number of new stories.
 uncountable nouns: ‫ ال حؼذ‬ٜ‫االسَاء اىخ‬
‫وظٌه رؼبًِ ِؼبٍِخ االؿُ اٌّفغص‬ٚ a/an ‫ال رـجك ثآصاح ٔىغح‬ٚ ‫ال جّغ‬ٚ ‫ب‬ٌٙ ‫ ال ِفغص‬ٟ‫ االؿّبء اٌز‬ٟ٘
Ex. Water is life.
:‫ ال رؼض‬ٟ‫ ِٓ االؿّبء اٌز‬
 Sports  football / tennis / …………………..
 Meals ‫ججبد‬ٚ  breakfast / dinner / ……………….
 Languages  English / Arabic / ……………..
 Liquids ً‫ائ‬ٛ‫ ؿ‬ water / oil / milk / tea / …………
 School subjects  maths / physics / history /…………..
 Gasses ‫ غبػاد‬ oxygen / carbon dioxide / ………………….
 Materials َ‫اص سب‬ِٛ wood / glass / gold / silver / …………
 Abstract nouns ‫خ‬٠ٕٛ‫ االؿّبء اٌّؼ‬ knowledge / happiness / love / information / advice /
fear / freedom / education / progress / peace / justice
‫ ال رؼض‬ٜ‫ ٕ٘بن ثؼغ اٌىٍّبد األسغ‬
- Baggage ‫ اِزؼخ‬/ luggage ‫ اِزؼخ‬/ bread ‫ سجؼ‬/ furniture ‫ اصبس‬/ work ًّ‫ ػ‬/ thunder ‫ عػض‬/
news ‫ اسجبع‬/ hair ‫ شؼغ‬/money ‫ص‬ٛ‫ ٔم‬/rubbish ‫ لّبِخ‬/ equipment ‫ ِؼضاد‬/ traffic ‫ع‬ٚ‫ِغ‬/
machinery ‫ االد‬/ damage ‫ رٍف‬/ light ‫ء‬ٛ‫ ػ‬/ jewellery ‫٘غاد‬ٛ‫ ِج‬/ macaroni
‫ٔخ‬ٚ‫ِىغ‬/accommodation ‫ البِخ‬/noise ‫ػبء‬ٛ‫ػ‬/weather‫ؽمؾ‬/ sand ‫ عِبي‬/grass ‫دشبئش‬
:‫ ال حؼذ‬ٜ‫● الحع اسخخذاً ٕزٓ اىنيَاث ٍغ االسَاء اىخ‬
* any + ‫ؼذ‬ٝ ‫اسٌ ال‬ ( ٞ‫) أ‬ ‫وظٌه اٌـؤاي‬ٚ ٟ‫ إٌف‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫رؤر‬
Ex. There isn't any sugar in the tea. ( ٟ‫) ٔف‬
Ex. Is there any water in the fridge? ( َ‫ب‬ٙ‫)اؿزف‬
* some + ‫ؼذ‬ٝ ‫اسٌ ال‬ ( ‫) ثؼغ‬ ‫اٌطٍت‬ٚ ‫وظٌه اٌؼغع‬ٚ ‫ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫*رؤر‬
Ex. My father gave me some money. ‫اصجبد‬
Ex. Would you like some tea? ‫ػغع‬
Ex. I'd like to drink some orange juice? ‫ؽٍت‬
* a lot of + ‫ؼذ‬ٝ ‫اسٌ ال‬ ) ِٓ ‫غ‬١‫( وض‬ ‫ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫* رؤر‬
Ex. There is a lot of sugar in the tea.
* much + ‫ؼذ‬ٝ ‫اسٌ ال‬ ( ِٓ ‫غ‬١‫) وض‬
very/so/too ‫ب‬ٙ‫ـجم‬٠ٚ ‫ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ّىٓ اْ رؤر‬٠ٚ ‫وظٌه اٌـؤاي‬ٚ ‫خ‬١‫ اٌجًّ إٌّف‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫* رؤر‬
Ex. How much sugar do you need? ‫ؿؤاي‬
Ex. There isn't much water in the bottle. ٟ‫ٔف‬
Ex. They ate so much meat as they were so hungry. ‫اصجبد‬
* a little + ‫ؼذ‬ٝ ‫اسٌ ال‬ ( ٟ‫ىف‬٠ ٓ‫ٌى‬ٚ ً١ٍ‫) ل‬ ‫ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫* رؤر‬
Ex. There is a little salt in the soup.
*little + ‫ؼذ‬ٝ ‫اسٌ ال‬ ( ٟ‫ىف‬٠ ‫ٌىٓ ال‬ٚ ً١ٍ‫) ل‬ ‫ اٌجًّ اٌّضجزخ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫* رؤر‬
Ex. I have little money . I can't buy this book.
* a quantity of + ‫ؼذ‬ٝ ‫اسٌ ال‬ ( ِٓ ‫خ‬١ّ‫) و‬
Ex. My uncle has a huge quantity of money.
:‫●ٍالحظاث ٕاٍت‬
only ‫ )ثؼض وٍّخ‬a little – a few ( َ‫ ٔـزشض‬-1
Ex. Only a little water left in the bottle.
any ‫ ثؼض٘ب‬ٟ‫ؤر‬٠ٚ ٟ‫ إٌف‬ٟٕ‫ ِؼ‬ٟ‫ رؼط‬hardly ‫ وٍّخ‬-2
Ex. I have hardly any money. I can't buy this book.
: ٌٟ‫ وبٌزب‬ٟ٘ٚ ‫اد اٌزجؼئخ‬ٚ‫ك اؿزشضاَ أص‬٠‫ اؿّبء رؼض ػٓ ؽغ‬ٌٝ‫ ال رؼض إ‬ٟ‫ً االؿّبء اٌز‬٠ٛ‫ّىٓ رذ‬٠ -3

- a piece of ِٓ ‫ – لطؼخ‬a slice of ِٓ ‫ذخ‬٠‫ – شغ‬a loaf of ِٓ ‫ف‬١‫ – عغ‬a jar of ِٓ ‫ ثغؽّبٔب‬-

- a glass of ِٓ ‫ة‬ٛ‫ و‬- a cup of ِٓ ْ‫ – فٕجب‬a tube of ِٓ ‫ة‬ٛ‫ أٔج‬- a bar of ِٓ ‫ لطؼخ‬-

- a sheet of ِٓ ‫عق‬ٚ ‫ فغر‬- a bottle of ِٓ ‫ ػجبجخ‬- a can of ِٓ ‫ ػٍجخ‬-

‫ب طفخ‬ٍٙ‫ إطا جبءد لج‬a/an ‫اد ٔىغح‬ٚ‫ب اص‬ٙ‫ّىٓ اْ رـجم‬٠ ‫ ال رؼض‬ٟ‫ ثؼغ االؿّبء اٌز‬-4

Ex. They had a tasty lunch.

ً‫ب رؼبًِ ِؼبٍِخ اٌّفغص ِض‬ٕٙ‫ٌى‬ٚ ‫ ظب٘غ٘ب جّغ‬ٟ‫ ٕ٘بن ثؼغ اٌىٍّبد ف‬-5

- politics ‫بؿخ‬١‫ اٌـ‬- news ‫ االسجبع‬- economics ‫ االلزظبص‬- physics ‫بء‬٠‫ؼ‬١‫ اٌف‬- genetics - ‫عاصخ‬ٌٛ‫ػٍُ ا‬
classics ُ٠‫ األصة اٌمض‬- gymnastics ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ اٌؼبة ثض‬- athletics ٞٛ‫ اٌؼبة اٌم‬- measles ‫اٌذظجخ‬

Ex. What is the news today?

: ً‫ ِض‬ٟٕ‫ ال رؼض دـت اٌّؼ‬ٚ‫ْ رؼض ا‬ٛ‫ّىٓ اْ رى‬٠ ‫ ٕ٘بن ثؼغ اٌىٍّبد‬-6
- paper – glass – coffee – time – cold – light – orange – iron – chicken – hair
Ex. There is some paper on the table. ‫عق‬ٚ
Ex. I want to buy a paper. ‫فخ‬١‫طذ‬
Ex. The window is made of glass. ‫ػجبط‬
Ex. I need a glass of water. ‫ة‬ٛ‫و‬
Ex. Would you like some coffee? ‫ح‬ٛٙ‫ة اٌم‬ٚ‫ِشغ‬
Ex. Can I have two coffees? ‫ح‬ٛٙ‫اة اٌم‬ٛ‫او‬
Ex. Time is out. ‫لذ‬ٌٛ‫ا‬
Ex. I play tennis three times a week. ٖ‫ِغ‬
Ex. Don’t go out in the cold without a coat. َ‫اٌجغص ثشىً ػب‬
Ex. I have got a cold. ‫ٔؼٌخ ثغص‬
Ex. I don't like orange . I prefer red. ٌٟ‫ْ اٌجغرمب‬ٌٍٛ‫ا‬
Ex. There are three oranges on the table. ‫اٌجغرمبي‬
Ex. The table is made of iron. ‫ض‬٠‫اٌذض‬
Ex. She bought an iron yesterday. ٖ‫ا‬ٛ‫ِى‬
 Ex. The sun gives us light. ‫ء‬ٛ‫ػ‬
Ex. There are three lights in the room. ٟ‫غث‬ٙ‫ِظجبح و‬
Ex. My hair is long. ‫شؼغ‬
Ex. There is a hair in the soup. ‫ادضح‬ٚ ‫شؼغح‬
:ً‫ب ِض‬ِٕٙ ‫ص‬ٛ‫ اٌّمظ‬ٟٕ‫ جّغ دـت اٌّؼ‬ٚ‫ْ ِفغص ا‬ٛ‫ّىٓ اْ رى‬٠ ‫ ٕ٘بن ثؼغ اٌىٍّبد‬-7
- team ‫ك‬٠‫ فغ‬- crew ‫ اٌطبئغح‬ٚ‫ٕخ ا‬١‫ ؽبلُ اٌـف‬- staff ٓ١ٍِ‫ئخ اٌؼب‬١٘ - army ‫ش‬١‫ – ج‬gang
‫ ػظبثخ‬- group ‫ػخ‬ّٛ‫ ِج‬- navy ‫ي‬ٛ‫ اؿط‬- government ‫ِخ‬ٛ‫دى‬
Ex. The team is powerful. ٞٛ‫ل‬ )‫ادضح (ِفغص‬ٚ ‫ك وٍٗ وىزٍخ‬٠‫ٔمظض اٌفغ‬
Ex. The team are training day and night. )‫ك (جّغ‬٠‫ٔمظض وً افغاص اٌفغ‬
" ‫ػْ رؼبًِ ِؼبٍِخ االؿُ اٌّفغص‬ٌٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫صعجبد اٌذغاعح‬ٚ ‫لذ‬ٌٛ‫ا‬ٚ ‫بد‬١ّ‫اٌى‬ٚ ‫اٌّـبفبد‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٌ‫ اٌّجبٌغ اٌّب‬-8
" َ‫ب ثشىً ػب‬ٍٙ‫خ و‬١ّ‫ٔمظض اٌى‬
Ex. Five hours is a long time.
Ex. Fifty litres of petrol fills my car.
:ً‫ جّغ صائّب ِض‬ٟ‫ ثؼغ االؿّبء رؤر‬-9
Police ‫ – اٌشغؽخ‬people ‫ إٌبؽ‬- clothes ‫ – ِالثؾ‬goods ‫ ثؼبئغ‬- cattle ‫خ‬١‫ – ِبش‬stairs ٌُ‫ؿال‬
Outskirts ٟ‫اد‬ٛ‫ ػ‬- surroundings ‫طخ‬١‫ئخ اٌّذ‬١‫اٌج‬
Ex. The police are chasing the thief.
. ‫ؼض‬٠ ُ‫فذ الؿ‬١‫ إطا اػ‬a/an ‫ب‬ٙ‫ّىٓ اْ رـجم‬٠ ‫ ال رؼض‬ٟ‫ ثؼغ اٌىٍّبد اٌز‬-10
Ex. An oil factory - a water sport
: ‫ ِفغص‬ٚ‫ب اٌفؼً جّغ أ‬ٙ‫ ِؼ‬ٟ‫ؤر‬٠ ‫ ػبِخ إٌبؽ‬ٟٕ‫ ثّؼ‬the public ‫ وٍّخ‬-11
- The public has / have the right to know everything.
-
Conditional forms ‫ت‬ٞ‫اىجَو اىششغ‬

The Zero Conditional

‫ت‬ٝ‫اىحاىت اىصفش‬
ٓ١ٔ‫ا‬ٛ‫ ِـغ لـ‬.‫ذخ صائّـب ِضـً اٌؼـبصاد اٌضبثزـخ‬١‫ْ طـذ‬ٛ‫ رىـ‬ٝ‫الـف اٌزـ‬ٌّٛ‫ـغ ػـٓ ا‬١‫ رـزشضَ ٘ظٖ اٌذبٌخ ٌٍزؼج‬
.‫ اٌز‬.……‫ اٌفٍه‬ٚ ‫بء‬١ّ١‫ اٌى‬ٚ ‫بء‬٠‫ؼ‬١‫ اٌف‬ٚ ‫ؼخ‬١‫اٌطج‬

If /when+ ‫ػ‬ٞ‫ٍعاسع بس‬ ‫ػ‬ٞ‫ٍعاسع بس‬

Ex. If plants don’t get enough water, they die.

Ex. If/when you water plants, they grow.
Ex. You read more quickly if you find a book interesting.
Ex. If you heat ice, it melts.
.‫خ‬١ٍّ‫غ ػٓ اٌذمبئك اٌؼ‬١‫ي ٌٍزؼج‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫فؼً اؿزشضاَ اٌّج‬٠ ٗٔ‫ الدع ا‬
Ex. If water is heated to 100° c, it boils.
‫ اىسؤاه بٖو‬
Do/Does+‫فاػو‬+inf……If/when+ ‫ػ‬ٞ‫ٍعاسع بس‬..?
Ex. Do plants grow if/when you water them?
ً‫ اىسؤاه باداة اسخفٖا‬
What+do/does+‫فاػو‬+inf……if/when+‫ػ‬ٞ‫…ٍعاسع بس‬.?
ٗ‫ا‬
- What happens if/when+ ‫ػ‬ٞ‫?…ٍعاسع بس‬
Ex. What do you do if you have a headache ?
Ex. what happens if/when plants don't get enough water?

‫ػ‬ٞ‫ٖا اىَعاسع اىبس‬ٞ‫نُ٘ ػي‬ٝ ‫ قذ‬ٜ‫ االشناه اىخ‬

 ً‫فبػ‬+ v /v+s-es-ies (‫)اصجبد‬ ● ‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬+am/is/are + pp….(‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫)ِج‬
 ً‫فبػ‬+don't/doesn't +inf…. .( ٟ‫فبػً ● )ٔف‬+ am/is/are+‫طفخ‬..... (v.to be)
‫خ‬٠‫ؾ اٌظفغ‬١ٌٚ ٌٟٚ‫ٓ ٔـزشضَ اٌذبٌخ اال‬١‫لف ِؼ‬ِٛ ٟ‫ٌىٓ ف‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٍّ‫مخ ػ‬١‫ ػٕض اٌزذضس ػٓ دم‬
Ex. If you water these plants, they will grow.

The first conditional ٚ‫اىحاىت األٗى‬

If / Unless + present simple ‫ػ‬ٞ‫ٍعاسع بس‬ will / shall/can/may + inf.
‫خ‬١ِٕ‫ ا‬ٚ‫ض ا‬٠‫ض‬ٙ‫ ر‬ٚ‫ػض ا‬ٚ ٚ‫ اٌّـزمجً ا‬ٝ‫ ػٓ أدضاس ِذزٍّخ ف‬ٌٝٚ‫ رؼجغ اٌذبٌخ األ‬
Ex. If it rains, we’ll get wet.
Ex. We’ll see the whole match if we leave now.
Ex. If she works hard, she will pass the test.
Ex. Unless he works hard, he won’t succeed.
.‫ اٌّؼبعع‬ٝ‫ ف‬ٝ‫م‬١‫ ػٓ ادزّبي دم‬ٌٝٚ‫ وّب رؼجغ اٌذبٌخ األ‬
Ex. If you’re hot, I’ll buy you a cool drink.
will ِٓ ‫ ثضال‬can / may/should/might/must َ‫ّىٓ اؿزشضا‬٠ 
Ex. If we have enough time, we can visit Ahmed.
َ‫ ٌالٌؼا‬have to ٚ ‫ذخ‬١‫ ٌٍٕظ‬should َ‫ّىٓ اؿزشضا‬٠ ●
Ex. If you want to get high marks, you should study hard.
Ex. If you lose your money, you have to tell the police
.ٟٙٔٚ‫ ؽٍت ا‬ٚ‫اة اٌشغؽ أِغ أ‬ٛ‫ْ ج‬ٛ‫ى‬٠ ْ‫ّىٓ أ‬٠ 
Ex. If you see Asmaa, give her a message for me, please.
‫ اىسؤاه بٖو‬
Will/cam/may/shall…+‫فاػو‬+inf….if+ ‫ػ‬ٞ‫? ٍعاسع بس‬
Ex. Will he join the faculty of medicine if he studies hard?
ً‫● اىسؤاه باداة اسخفٖا‬
ً‫اداة اسخفٖا‬+will/can/may/shall…+sub+inf….if+ ‫ػ‬ٞ‫?ٍعاسع بس‬
ٗ‫ا‬
what will happen if + ‫ػ‬ٞ‫? ٍعاسع بس‬
Ex. What will you do if you win a lot of money?
Ex. What will happen if you win a lot of money?
‫ب فبػً صُ ِظضع‬ٙ١ٍ٠ ٚ if ِٓ ‫ ثضال‬should َ‫ّىٓ أْ ٔـزشض‬٠ 
Ex. Should he have enough money, he will buy a car.

The Second Conditional ‫ت‬ّٞ‫اىحاىت اىثا‬

If + past simple ‫ػ‬ٞ‫ بس‬ٚ‫ٍاظ‬ would/could/might/should +inf.
Ex. If you walked all the way, it would take about three hours.
Ex. I would go to the beach if it were summer.
ً‫ اٌّـزمج‬ٚ‫ اٌذبػغ أ‬ٝ‫غ ِذزٍّخ ف‬١‫ب غ‬ٕٙ‫ ٌى‬ٚ ‫خ ػٓ أدضاس ِّىٕخ‬١ٔ‫ رؼجغ اٌذبٌخ اٌضب‬
Ex. I would watch the football match if they showed it on television.
(I do not think they will show it)
‫ٍخ‬١‫ ِـزذ‬ٚ‫خ أ‬١‫م‬١‫غ دم‬١‫بء غ‬١‫ وّب رؼجغ ػٓ أش‬
 Ex. If I were you, I’d listen to the weather forecast before going for a picnic.
(I am not you and can never be you.)
‫ االؿزذبٌخ‬ٍٝ‫ ِغ اٌّفغص ٌٍضالٌخ ػ‬were َ‫ الدع اؿزشضا‬
‫ذخ‬١‫ ٌٍٕظ‬If I were you ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ رـزشضَ اٌذبٌخ اٌضب‬
Ex. If I were you, I’d look for another job.
ٝ‫ فؼً اٌجٍّخ األؿبؿ‬ٝ٘ were ْ‫ ِغ ِالدظخ أ‬if ِٓ ‫ ثضال‬were َ‫ّىٓ اؿزشضا‬٠ 
Ex. Were I younger, I’d play football with you.
.to + inf ُ‫ صُ اٌفبػً ص‬were َ‫ ٔـزشض‬were ‫غ‬١‫ إطا وبْ فؼً اٌجٍّخ فؼً آسغ غ‬
Ex. Were it to rain, the match would be postponed.
if ِٓ ‫ ثضال‬had َ‫ّىٓ أْ ٔـزشض‬٠ 
Ex. Had he enough time, he would go to the club.
ٟ‫ٔشزبع ِبػ‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ْ اٌجٍّخ دبٌخ صب‬ٛ‫ رى‬would have to +inf ٚ‫ ا‬would have+noun ‫اة اٌشغؽ‬ٛ‫● اطا وبْ ج‬
‫ؾ‬١‫ثـ‬
Ex. If he wanted to succeed , he would have to study hard.
would/could/might+inf ‫ٔشزبع‬ٚ ‫خ‬١ٔ‫ْ اٌجٍّخ دبٌخ صب‬ٛ‫ رى‬had to+inf ٚ‫ ا‬had+noun ‫● اطا وبْ فؼً اٌشغؽ‬
Ex. If he had to come early, he would take a taxi.
s ‫ب‬ٌٙ ‫ؼبف‬٠ ٌُ ‫ اطا‬ٟ‫) رؼزجغ افؼبي ِبػ‬cut/put/read/……(ً‫ ِض‬ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫ب ف‬ٍٙ‫غ شى‬١‫زغ‬٠ ‫ ال‬ٟ‫● االفؼبي اٌز‬
) he/she/it/…Ali (‫ِغ اٌفبػً اٌّفغص‬
Ex. If he read this story ,he would get a lot of knowledge
‫● االسخفٖاً بٖو‬
 would/could/might+sub+inf….if+ ‫ػ‬ٞ‫? ٍعاسع بس‬
Ex. Would you go to the club if you had enough time?
ً‫● االسخفٖاً باداة اسخفٖا‬
 ً‫اداة اسخفٖا‬+would/could/might+sub+inf…….if+ ‫ػ‬ٞ‫ بس‬ٜ‫? ٍاظ‬
ٗ‫ا‬
 what would happen if+ ‫ػ‬ٞ‫ بس‬ٜ‫? ٍاظ‬
Ex. What would you do if you won a lot of money?
Ex. What would happen if you won a lot of money?
‫ب فبػً صُ ِظضع‬ٙ١ٍ٠ ٚ if ِٓ ‫ ثضال‬should َ‫ّىٓ اؿزشضا‬٠ 
- Should he play well, he would win.
‫ؾ‬١‫ اٌجـ‬ٟ‫ب اٌّبػ‬ٙ١ٍ‫غ ػ‬ٙ‫ظ‬٠ ‫ لض‬ٟ‫● االشىبي اٌز‬
* ً‫فبػ‬+ً‫ ٌٍفؼ‬ٟٔ‫ف صب‬٠‫) اصجبد ( رظغ‬ * ً‫فبػ‬+didn't+inf….. (ٟ‫)ٔف‬
* ً‫فبػ‬+ was/were+ ُ‫اؿ‬/‫طفخ‬.. (v.to be) *‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬+was/were+pp…..(‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫)ِج‬

The Third Conditional ‫اىحاىت اىثاىثت‬

If + past perfect ً‫ حا‬ٚ‫ٍاظ‬ would/could/might/should +have +p.p.

Ex. If you hadn’t phoned, I wouldn’t have known you were back from your holiday.
Ex. If you had studied well,you would have succeeded.(regret)
‫ الٔٗ لض دضس‬ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫س ف‬ٚ‫ٍخ اٌذض‬١‫ ادضاس ِـزذ‬ٚ‫ ا‬ٝ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٝ‫ ف‬ٌٝ‫ب‬١‫ رؼجغ اٌذبٌخ اٌضبٌضخ ػٓ دضس س‬
. َ‫ وّب رؼجغ ػٓ إٌض‬.ً‫ب ثبٌفؼ‬ٙ‫ػىـ‬
Ex. If it had continued raining, the town would have flooded.
(But it didn’t continue raining and the town didn’t flood.)
Ex. If he had been taller, he would have been a basketball player.
 (But he is / wasn’t taller and he didn’t become a basketball player.)
‫● االسخفٖاً بٖو‬
 would/could/might+‫فاػو‬+have+pp……..if+ ً‫ حا‬ٜ‫…ٍاظ‬.?
Ex. Would you have missed the train if you had got up early?
ً‫● االسخفٖاً باداة اسخفٖا‬
ً‫اداة اسخفٖا‬+would/could/might+‫فاػو‬+have+pp….if+ً‫ حا‬ٜ‫?ٍاظ‬
Ex. What would you have done if you had won a lot of money?
ٗ‫ا‬
 what would have happened if + ً‫ حا‬ٜ‫? ٍاظ‬
Ex. What would have happened if you had missed the train?
‫ف صبٌش‬٠‫ب فبػً صُ رظغ‬ٙ١ٍ٠ ٚ if ِٓ ‫ ثضال‬had َ‫ّىٓ أْ ٔـزشض‬٠ 
- If he had played well, he would have won. (Had)
- Had he played well, he would have won.
ً‫ اىخا‬ٜ‫● اشناه اىَاظ‬
* ً‫فبػ‬+ had+pp… (‫)اصجبد‬ * ً‫فبػ‬+hadn't+pp…..(ٟ‫)ٔف‬
* ‫ي‬ٛ‫ِفؼ‬+had been+pp….. (‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٟٕ‫)ِج‬

Alternatives to using if if ‫بذائو‬

:‫ ٍالحظاث‬
if…… not =‫ ثؼض٘ب جٍّخ ِضجزخ‬ٝ‫ؤر‬٠ ٚ unless/except if ٍٝ‫ اٌضالصخ ػ‬if ‫ رٕطجك دبالد‬
- Unless Peter improves, he will fail the exam.
- Unless he were lazy, he wouldn’t fail the exam.
- Unless he had worked hard, he wouldn’t have succeeded.
:َ‫ االؿزشضا‬ٝ‫ ف‬in case / in case of ٓ١‫ الدع اٌفغق ث‬
In case ‫ ىشبَا‬+ ‫جَيت‬
In case of ‫ حاىت‬ٚ‫ف‬/with/by + v. + ing / noun ٌ‫اس‬
- In case of having enough money, he will buy a car.
- Take this money in case you need it.
- with hard work ,I'll achieve my goals.
‫زذمك اطا رذمك فؼً اٌشغؽ‬١‫اة اٌشغؽ ؿ‬ٛ‫ ػٓ اْ ج‬if ‫ رؼجغ‬if ٚ in case ٓ١‫الدع اٌفغق ث‬
‫س فؼً اٌشغؽ‬ٚ‫اة اٌشغؽ رذـجب ٌذض‬ٛ‫َ ثج‬ٛ‫م‬١‫ رؼجغ ػٓ اْ اٌفبػً ؿ‬in case ‫اِب‬
Ex. I will stay at home if it rains. ‫ إٌّؼي اطا ٌُ رّطغ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ أب ٌٓ اثم‬ٞ‫ا‬
Ex. I will stay at home in case it rains. ‫ب لض رّطغ‬ٙٔ‫ إٌّؼي أل‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ أب ؿؤثم‬ٞ‫ا‬
.‫خ‬١ٌ‫غاد اٌزب‬١‫ الدع اٌزؼج‬
Without+ v. + ing/ noun ..............
If it weren’t for + v. + ing / noun would + inf. )‫ت‬ّٞ‫(اىحاىت اىخا‬
If it hadn’t been for + v. + ing / noun would have + pp )‫(الحالة الثالثة‬
But for + noun ...............
- But for the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
If it weren’t for the Nile, Egypt would be a desert.
- Without his hard work, he wouldn’t have succeeded.
If it hadn’t been for his hard work, he wouldn’t have succeeded.
:ٙ‫ أدٗاث ششغ أخش‬
as long as ‫ غاىَا‬/ only if ‫ فقػ ارا‬/ on condition(that) ُ‫بششغ أ‬
 in the event that ‫ حاىت‬ٚ‫ ف‬/ provided (that)/ providing(that) ُ‫بششغ أ‬:
even if ٘‫ ى‬ٜ‫حخ‬/so long as ‫غاىَا‬/whether …or… ٗ‫ا‬.... ‫اٍا‬
- You can stay with us as(so) long as you share the rent.
- You can drive my car only if you drive carefully.
- I’ll lend you the money on condition( that) you return it within 6 months.
- In the event that he wins the prize, he will probably celebrate the event.
- She will pass her exams provided / providing(that) she studies hard.
- I will go tomorrow even if I'm not ready.
- I will go tomorrow whether I'm ready or not
(Seem/ mean/suppose)
1- Seem = appear to be true ..............ّٔ‫بذٗ ا‬ٝ
Seem/look/sound + ‫صفت‬ Ex. He seems happy. Ex. That sounds good.
‫ ثؼضٖ دبي‬ٟ‫ؤر‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ‫ي‬ٛٙ‫ ٌٍّج‬ٕٝ‫ج‬٠ ‫ال‬ٚ ‫غخ اٌّـزّغح‬١‫ اٌظ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٟ‫ؤر‬٠ ‫ ال‬seem ً‫ فؼ‬
Ex. He is seeming happy. ×

 It seems/seemed +(that/like/as if/as though)+ ....... ‫جَيت ماٍيت‬

......... ْ‫ ا‬ٌٛ ‫ وّب‬ٚ‫جض‬٠ /....... ْ‫ ا‬ٚ‫جض‬٠ ٕٝ‫ثّؼ‬
that/ like/as if/as though ‫خ دظف‬١ٔ‫ٔالدع اِىب‬
Ex. It seemed (that ) he didn’t like maths.
Ex. It seems (as if) she is angry.
Seem/seems/seemed +to + inf……….. ....... ٗٔ‫وؤ‬ٚ ٚ‫جض‬٠

‫ ف االثباث‬
 .......seem/seems /seemed +to +inf………………..
Ex. She seems to have a lot of money.
ٜ‫ ف اىْف‬
 …… don’t /doesn’t / didn’t +seem to+ inf……..
ٗ‫ا‬
 …….. seem/seems/seemed +not to+inf……..
Ex. He doesn’t seem to be happy.= He seems not to be happy.
‫غت ػِ حاىت ٍسخَشة‬ٞ‫حؼبش ٕزٓ اىص‬ ‫غت اىَسخَشة‬ٞ‫ اىص‬
 ….. seem/seems/seemed +to be +v-ing
Ex. He seems to be studying now.
ٜ‫ اىَاظ‬ٜ‫حؼبش ػِ حاىت ماّج ف‬ ‫غت اىخاٍت‬ٞ‫ اىص‬
 ……. Seem/seems/ seemed+to+have+p.p…….
Ex. He seems to have passed his test.
 There seems/seemed +to be+…………. ........‫بذٗ اُ ْٕاك‬ٝ
Ex. There seemed to be a fire in that building.

2- Mean - meant – meant ‫قصذ‬ٝ/ ْٜ‫ؼ‬ٝ

 Mean + v-ing ………… ً‫سخيز‬ٝ/ْٜ‫ؼ‬ٝ/ٚ‫ اى‬ٛ‫ؤد‬ٝ ْٜ‫بَؼ‬
 Mean to+inf………. ‫خؼَذ‬ٝ / ْٛ٘ٝ
  Mean (that) + ‫… جَيت ماٍيت‬. ‫قصذ‬ٝ
Ex. Achieving success means working hard. َ‫ـزٍؼ‬٠
Ex. He didn’t mean to hurt you. ‫زؼّض‬٠
Ex. Do mean that I made a mistake? ‫مظض‬٠
 be meant to +inf ………… = be supposed to + inf ُ‫ٍِ اىَفخشض ا‬
responsibility ‫خ‬١ٌٛ‫اٌّـئ‬ٚobligation َ‫االٌؼا‬ٚ necessity ‫عح‬ٚ‫غ ػٓ اٌؼغ‬١‫غخ ٌٍزؼج‬١‫رـزشضَ ٘ظٖ اٌظ‬-
purpose ‫وظٌه اٌغغع‬ٚ duty ‫اجت‬ٌٛ‫ا‬ٚ
Ex. They are meant to wear a uniform. َ‫اٌؼا‬
Ex. You are meant to look after your parents. ‫خ‬١ٌٛ‫ِـئ‬
Ex. The knife is meant to cut food. ‫غغع‬
 be meant to +inf….= be suitable for…. ‫ِٕبؿت ي‬
Ex. I think she is meant to this job. = this job is suitable for her.

 Be meant to be +p.p ………. ‫ ىيَجٖ٘ه‬ْٜ‫غت اىَب‬ٞ‫ص‬

Ex. My homework is meant to be done.
 Be meant to be +v-ing…….. ‫غت اىَسخَشة‬ٞ‫اىص‬
Ex. Hani is meant to be studying now.
 Be meant to have +p.p…….. ‫غت اىخاٍت‬ٞ‫اىص‬
Ex. He was meant to have cleaned the room last night.

3- Be supposed to ........... ُ‫ٍِ اىَفخشض ا‬

 ‫ٍفؼ٘ه‬+ am/is/are+ supposed to +inf… ‫ اىَعاسع‬ٜ‫طت ف‬ٞ‫غت اىبس‬ٞ‫اىص‬

common belief/expectation/arrangement/responsibility/obligation ٓ‫طخ ػ‬١‫غخ اٌجـ‬١‫*رؼجغ اٌظ‬
/duty/intention/purpose
Ex. She is supposed to be here at 9:00.
Ex. You are supposed to tidy your room.
 ‫ٍفؼ٘ه‬+was/were+ supposed to+inf….. ٜ‫طت ف اىَاظ‬ٞ‫غت اىبس‬ٞ‫اىص‬
ٟ‫زذمك ف اٌّبػ‬٠ ٌُ ‫لغ‬ٛ‫ ر‬ٚ‫ت ا‬١‫ رغر‬ٚ‫ غغع ا‬ٚ‫خ ا‬١ٔ ٓ‫ ػ‬ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫طخ ف‬١‫غخ اٌجـ‬١‫ رؼجغ اٌظ‬
Ex. He was supposed to win the race, but he didn’t.
 ‫ ٍفؼ٘ه‬+ am/is/are + supposed to+be +v-ing……… ‫غت اىَسخَشة ف اىَعاسع‬ٞ‫اىص‬
.ْ‫ب رذضس اال‬ٙٔ‫ رؼجغ ػٓ ادضاس ِٓ اٌّفزغع ا‬
Ex. She is supposed to be studying now. Where is she?
 ‫ٍفؼ٘ه‬+ was/were+ supposed to+ be v-ing………..
. ٟ‫ْ ِـزّغح ف اٌّبػ‬ٛ‫ رؼجغ ػٓ ادضاس وبْ ِٓ اٌّفزغع اْ رى‬
Ex. He was supposed to be waiting for me at 2:00 yesterday.
 ‫ٍفؼ٘ه‬+was/were+ supposed to +have +p.p………………. ‫غت اىخاٍت‬ٞ‫اىص‬
Ex. He was supposed to have written the essay.
. ٟ‫ْ رّذ ف اٌّبػ‬ٛ‫رؼجغ ػٓ ادضاس وبْ ِٓ اٌّفزغع اْ رى‬
 Linking words (Conjunctions) ‫اىشٗابػ‬

Linkers of addition ‫سٗابػ اإلظافت‬

.‫ أوضغ‬ٚ‫ٓ أ‬١‫ عثؾ فىغر‬ٝ‫اثؾ رـزشضَ ف‬ٚ‫ ع‬ٝ٘ ٚ

 and: )ٓ١ٍ‫ فؼ‬ٚ‫ٓ أ‬١ّ‫ اٌؼطف (رغثؾ اؿ‬ٚ‫ا‬ٚ
- We went to the market and the zoo.
 Besides + v. + ing: ٌٝ‫ثبالػبفخ ا‬
- Besides cooking for twenty people, she did the washing up.
 In addition to + v. + ing: ٌٝ‫ثبالػبفخ ا‬
- In addition to going to the market, we went to the zoo.
 In addition + ‫جَيت‬:
- We went to the market. In addition, we went to the zoo.
 As well as + v. + ing : )ٓ١‫ اٌجٍّز‬ٝ‫ادض ف‬ٚ ً‫ (اٌفبػ‬ٌٝ‫ثبإلػبفخ إ‬
- As well as going to the market we went to the zoo.
.‫ي‬ٚ‫زجغ اٌفبػً األ‬٠ ً‫ فبْ اٌفؼ‬, ً‫ّب اٌفبػ‬ٙ١‫شزٍف ف‬٠ ٓ١‫ عثؾ جٍّز‬ٟ‫ ف‬as well as ‫ اطا اؿزشضِذ‬
- I as well as he have a car.
.ٓ١‫ٓ ِشزٍف‬١‫ طفز‬ٚ‫ٓ أ‬١ٌٛ‫ ِفؼ‬as well as ‫ رغثؾ‬
- Hala plays the guitar as well as the piano.
- Rania is talented as well as beautiful.
 not only …………., but also ……….……: ‫ؼب‬٠‫ ٌىٓ أ‬ٚ ... ‫ؾ فمؾ‬١ٌ
 not only …… .….., but …….….. as well: ‫ؼب‬٠‫ ٌىٓ أ‬ٚ ..... ‫ؾ فمؾ‬١ٌ
.ٌٝٚ‫ اٌجٍّخ األ‬ٝ‫ ثؼض اٌفؼً اٌّـبػض ف‬ٚ‫ أ‬ٝ‫ لجً اٌفؼً األؿبؿ‬not only ٝ‫ رؤر‬
- We not only went to the market but also we went to the zoo.
- We not only went to the garden, but we went to the zoo as well.
.‫ شىً ؿؤاي‬ٍٝ‫ ػ‬ٌٝٚ‫ْ اٌجٍّخ األ‬ٛ‫ رى‬Not only ‫ إطا ثضأٔب ثـ‬
- Not only did we go to the market, but also we went to the zoo.
.ٝٔ‫زجغ اٌفبػً اٌضب‬٠ ً‫ٓ فبْ اٌفؼ‬١‫ٓ ِشزٍف‬١ٍ‫ فبػ‬Not only……but also ….. ‫ إطا عثطذ‬
- Not only Tom but also his brothers play music.
 Both ……… and ……… : )‫ (اٌفبػً جّغ‬..... ٚ ..... ِٓ ‫وال‬
- Both Engy and Monica play musical instruments.
 Neither …….. nor ……….. : )ٝٔ‫زجغ اٌفبػً اٌضب‬٠ ً‫ (اٌفؼ‬.......... ‫ ال‬ٚ ...... ‫ال‬
- Neither Dina nor her friends study Spanish at school.

Linkers of Cause ‫ اىسبب‬ٚ‫اىشٗابػ اىذاىت ػي‬

 Because / As / Since/ for + ‫جَيت‬: )‫ ثؼض٘ب جٍّخ اٌـجت‬ٝ‫ؤر‬٠( ْ‫أل‬

- He was late for school because he missed the bus.
- Since/As he had no money, he couldn’t buy a bicycle.
 Due to / Owing to/as a result of
 Because of / Through + v. + ing /ٌ‫ اس‬/ ‫ صفت‬+ ٌ‫اس‬: ‫ثـجت‬
 On account of / Thanks to
 ٓ١‫ اٌجٍّز‬ٟ‫ادض ف‬ٚ ً‫ إطا وبْ اٌفبػ‬v + ing َ‫ رـزشض‬
- We lost the match due to / through bad play.
- We didn’t play the match owing to bad weather.
- He went to the doctor because of his illness.
- He went to the doctor because of being ill.
- Thanks to science and technology, Egypt has achieved progress.
:ٍٗ‫ لج‬not َ‫ ثبؿزشضا‬ٟ‫ٕف‬٠ ing ٌٗ ‫ اٌفؼً اٌّؼبف‬
- He couldn't pay his debts due to not having any money.
because of / due to+ the fact that +‫جٍّخ‬ ‫●الدع‬
- Because of the fact that he made mistakes, he was punished.

 Being + adj. ‫صفت‬:

- Being ill, he went to the doctor.
- Being clever, he passed the exam.
Therefore ‫ ٗ ىٖزا اىسبب‬- consequently – as a result ‫جت ىزىل‬ٞ‫ّخ‬:
That’s why ‫ ٗ ىٖزا اىسبب‬- So ‫ىزىل‬:
‫جخ‬١‫ ثؼض٘ب جٍّخ إٌز‬ٚ ‫ب جٍّخ اٌـجت‬ٍٙ‫ لج‬ٝ‫ؤر‬٠ ٚ
- I got a good degree, therefore / so I didn’t have difficulty getting a job.
- I felt ill. That’s why / Consequently I went to bed.

Linkers of Contrast ‫ اىخْاقط‬ٚ‫اىشٗابػ اىذاىت ػي‬

 Although / Though / Even though / Even if + ‫جَيت‬: ِٓ ُ‫ثبٌغغ‬
 However + ‫ صفت‬/ ‫ ظشف‬+ ‫ فاػو‬+ ‫فؼو‬: ِٓ ُ‫ثبٌغغ‬
 ‫ صفت‬/ ‫ ظشف‬+ as + ‫ فاػو‬+ ‫فؼو‬: ِٓ ُ‫ثبٌغغ‬
- Although he is young, he is strong.
- However young he is, he is strong
- Young as he is, he is strong.
ٟ‫ فـ‬ٟ‫ـؤر‬٠ ‫لـغ‬ٛ‫ـغ اٌّز‬١‫ـش أْ اٌذـضس غ‬١‫ د‬although / though / even though ‫ـت اٌجّـً ِـغ‬١‫ الدـع رغر‬
He is strong ٛ٘ ‫لغ‬ٛ‫غ اٌّز‬١‫ اٌّضبي اٌـبثك ٔجض أْ اٌذضس غ‬ٟ‫ ف‬ٚ .‫خ‬١ٔ‫اٌجٍّخ اٌضب‬
 Whatever + ‫ ٍفؼ٘ه‬+ ‫ فاػو‬+ ‫ فؼو‬/ ٌ‫ اس‬+ v. to be / ٌ‫ اس‬: ِٓ ُ‫ثبٌغغ‬
- Whatever mistakes he makes, I respect him.
- Whatever his mistakes (are), I respect him.
 but ِ‫ ٗ ىن‬/ however ‫ٗ ٍغ رىل‬/ yet ‫ ٗ ٍغ رىل‬:
- He is young, but / However he is strong.
- He is young. However he is strong.

 In spite of / Despite + v. + ing / ٌ‫ اس‬/ ‫ صفت‬+ ٌ‫اس‬: ِٓ ُ‫ثبٌغغ‬

 In spite of / Despite + the fact that + ‫جَيت‬:
- Despite (In spite of) being ill, he passed the exam.
- Despite (In spite of) his illness, he passed the exam.
- Despite (In spite of) the fact that he was ill, he passed the exam.

Linkers of Purpose ‫ اىغشض‬ٚ‫اىشٗابػ اىذاىت ػي‬

 so that ‫ فاػو‬+ will / can / may + ‫ٍصذس‬ )‫(ٍعاسع‬
in order that +
in the hope that ‫ فاػو‬+ would / could / might + ‫ٍصذس‬ )ٚ‫(ٍاظ‬

- He goes to school so that he can learn.

- I went to the football match early so that he could get a good seat.
ٝ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٝ‫ ف‬wouldn’t ٚ ‫ اٌّؼبعع‬ٝ‫ ف‬won’t َ‫ ٔـزشض‬ٝ‫ دبٌخ إٌف‬ٝ‫ ف‬
- I had a big breakfast so that I wouldn’t be hungry later in the day.
 to / so as to / in order to + ‫ٍصذس‬: ٚ‫ىن‬
- He goes to school to / so as to / in order to learn.
so as not to / in order not to َ‫ ٔـزشض‬ٝ‫ دبٌخ إٌف‬ٝ‫ ف‬
- I had a big breakfast so as not to be hungry later in the day.

Linkers of Result ‫جت‬ٞ‫ اىْخ‬ٚ‫اىشٗابػ اىذاىت ػي‬

 ‫فاػو‬+ ‫ فؼو‬+ so + ‫ ظشف‬/ ٔ‫ صف‬+ that + ‫جَيت‬: ْ‫جضا ٌضعجخ أ‬
- He was so clever that he answered all questions.
- She ran so quickly that she could catch the train.
(11)
 ‫فاػو‬+ ‫ فؼو‬+ such + a / an + )‫ (صفت‬+ ‫ اسٌ ٍفشد‬+ that + ‫جَيت‬:
‫فاػو‬+ ‫ فؼو‬+ such + )‫ (صفت‬+ ‫ؼذ‬ٝ ‫ اسٌ جَغ أٗ اسٌ ال‬+ that + ‫جَيت‬:
- It was such a hot day that we decided to stay indoors.
- These are such tight shoes that I can't wear them.
‫ص طفخ‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ َ‫ دبٌخ ػض‬ٟ‫ ف‬such ….. that ‫ّىٓ اؿزشضاَ اؿُ فمؾ ِغ‬٠ ٗٔ‫ الدع أ‬
- He was such a coward that he ran away from the battlefield.
 ‫ فاػو‬+ ‫ فؼو‬+ ‫ ظشف‬/ ‫ صفت‬+ enough to + ‫ ٍصذس‬+ …..
)‫ض اإلصجبد‬١‫جضا ٌضعجخ أْ (رف‬
- He is rich enough to buy an expensive car.
- The test was easy enough for him to pass.
 ‫ فاػو‬+ ‫ فؼو‬+ too + ‫ ظشف‬/ ‫ صفت‬+ to + ‫ٍصذس‬+ …..:
)ٝ‫ض إٌف‬١‫جضا ٌضعجخ أْ ال (رف‬
- Ali is too weak to walk.
- The tea is too hot for me to drink.
too ‫ ِغ‬ٝ‫غ اٌّذججخ رؤر‬١‫ أِب اٌظفبد غ‬enough ‫ ِغ‬ٝ‫الدع أْ اٌظفبد اٌّذججخ رؤر‬
- He is clever enough to do the test.
- He is too ill to go to work.

Linkers of Condition ‫ اىششغ‬ٚ‫اىشٗابػ اىذاىت ػي‬

 Unless + (…….. ‫ فؼو ٍثبج‬+ ‫ جَيت (فاػو‬: ٌُ ‫ِب‬
 If +(…….. ‫ فؼو‬+ ‫جَيت (فاػو‬: ‫إطا‬
- He won’t go to sleep unless you tell him a story.
- He won’t go to sleep if you don’t tell him a story.
 Linkers of Time ٍِ‫ اىز‬ٚ‫اىشٗابػ اىذاىت ػي‬
 While + past continuous + past simple / past continuous: ‫ّٕب‬١‫ث‬
- While I was reading the newspaper, I fell asleep.
- While father was watching TV, mother was cooking.
:‫ؾ‬١‫ اٌجـ‬ٟ‫ اٌّبػ‬ٟ‫ـزشضَ ف‬٠ while ‫ ثؼض‬to be ً‫ إطا جبء فؼ‬
- I read the book while I was on the plane.
- My car was stolen while I was on holiday.
: ing ٌٗ ‫ـزشضَ فؼً ِؼبف‬٠ while ‫ص فبػً ثؼض‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ َ‫ دبٌخ ػض‬ٟ‫ ف‬
- While reading the newspaper, I fell asleep.
 After + past perfect / past simple + past perfect:
- After he had graduated / graduated, he found a job.
: ing ٌٗ ‫ـزشضَ فؼً ِؼبف‬٠ after ‫ص فبػً ثؼض‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ َ‫ دبٌخ ػض‬ٟ‫ ف‬
- After graduating, he found a job.
 when + past perfect / past simple + past simple: ‫ػٕضِب‬
- When I had got / got home, I did my homework.
: ing ٌٗ ‫ب فؼً ِؼبف‬ٙ١ٍ٠ ٚ when ِٓ ‫ ثضال‬on َ‫ّىٓ أْ ٔـزشض‬٠ 
- On getting home, I did my homework.
 before + past simple + past perfect / past simple ً‫لج‬
- Before I went to bed, I had phoned / phoned my friend.
: ing ٌٗ ‫ـزشضَ فؼً ِؼبف‬٠ after ‫ص فبػً ثؼض‬ٛ‫ج‬ٚ َ‫ دبٌخ ػض‬ٟ‫ ف‬
- Before going to bed, I had phoned / phoned my friend.

With my best wishes

Mr. Mohammed Awad