Problem Sheet 6, Math 104
Exercises
1. Show that the following defines an inner product space on P(R)
Z 1
(a) ⟨p, q⟩ = pq
−1
Z 1
(b) ⟨p, q⟩ = p(0)q(0) + p′ q ′
−1
Z ∞
(c) ⟨p, q⟩ = p(x)q(x)e−1 dx
0
2. Assume the setting in the previous problem with inner product defined in 1(a). Let v1 = 1, v2 = x, v3 = x2 . Use
Gram-Schmidt and find the orthonormal list of vectors corresponding to v1 , v2 , v3 .
1 −5
2 , 4 . Find an orthonormal basis of U and an orthonormal
4
3. Suppose U is a subspace of R defined by U = span 3 3
−4 2
basis of U ⊥ .
4. Suppose U is a subspace of V with basis u1 , . . . , um and we extend it to a basis u1 , . . . , um , w1 , . . . , wn . The Gram-Schimdt
process produced a orthonormal basis e1 , . . . , em , f1 , . . . , fm . Show that e1 , . . . , em is an orthonormal basis for U and
f1 , . . . , fm is an orthonormal basis for U ⊥ .
5. Suppose V is a finite dimensional and P ∈ L(V ) such that P 2 = P and every vector in the null space null P is orthogonal to
every vector in the range P . Prove that there exsits a subspace U of V such that P = PU (recall that PU is the projection
operator on U .
6. Supose V is finite dimensional and T ∈ L(V ) and U is a subspace of V . Prove that U and U ⊥ are both invariant under T
if and only if PU T = T PU .
7. Prove the Riez representation theorem using the following steps (This is Theorem 6.58 in the fifth edition)
(a) If φ = 0m then show that φv = 0.
φ(w)
(b) If φ ̸= 0, then null φ ̸= V . Now let v = w. Show that w ∈ (null φ)⊥ .
||w||2
(c) Taking norm on both sides and applying φ on both sides, show that φ(v) = ||v||2 .
φ(u)
(d) For every u ∈ V , show that the decomposition u = (u − ⟨v, v⟩ = φ(u).
||v||2
8. Suppose V1 , . . . , Vm are inner product spaces. Show that the equation ⟨(u1 , . . . , um ), (v1 , . . . , vm )⟩ = ⟨u1 , v1 ⟩+· · ·+⟨um , vm ⟩
defined an inner product on V1 × · · · × Vm .
9. Start with a linearly independent set v1 , . . . , vm in V and use Gram-Schmidt process to get e1 , . . . , em . Show that ⟨vk , ek ⟩ >
0 for all k.
10. Suppose ⟨, ⟩1 , ⟨, ⟩2 are two inner product defined on the same inner product space V . Suppose the same pair of vectors are
orthogonal with respect to both these inner product definitions, show that there is a c such that ⟨u, v⟩1 = c⟨u, v⟩2 for all
u, v ∈ V .
11. Let V be an finite dimensional inner product vectors space over the field C and S, T ∈ L(V ) such that ST = T S. Show
that there is a orthonormal basis of V with respect to which both S and T are upper triangular.
12. SUppose U is a finite dimensional subspace of V and v ∈ V . Define a linear map φ ∈ U ′ defined by φ(u) = ⟨u, v⟩ for all
u ∈ U . By Riesz representation theorem, there exsits w ∈ U such that φ(u) = ⟨u, w, ⟩ for all u ∈ U . Show that w = PU (v).
13. Suppose T ∈ L(V ) and U is a subspace of V . Show that U is T -invariant if and only if U ⊥ is T ∗ -invariant.
