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Chapter 1 covers the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, defining mechanics and fluid behavior, and distinguishing between liquids and gases. It introduces measurement units in both metric and English systems, as well as the International System of Units (SI). Additionally, it explains fluid properties such as mass, volume, density, weight density, relative density, and specific volume.

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23 views5 pages

Class Session File

Chapter 1 covers the fundamentals of fluid mechanics, defining mechanics and fluid behavior, and distinguishing between liquids and gases. It introduces measurement units in both metric and English systems, as well as the International System of Units (SI). Additionally, it explains fluid properties such as mass, volume, density, weight density, relative density, and specific volume.

Uploaded by

sivarsivar556
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Chapter 1

Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics


Mechanics

It is a physical science that deals with the state of rest or motion of bodies under
the influence of forces (compressive, tensile and shear).

Fluid Mechanics

It is that branch of science which deals with the behavior of fluids at rest and in
motion.

Fluid
Is a substance which deforms continuously when subjected to a shear stress.

A Fluid may be a Liquid or Gas.

Liquid
A liquid occupies a fixed volume and forms a horizontal free surface.

Gas
A gas fills the container which holds it, and it does not form free surface.

The main differences between liquids & gases are

▪ Liquids are practically incompressible whereas gases are compressible.


▪ Liquids occupy a definite volume and have a free surface whereas a given
mass of gas expands until it occupies all portion of any containing vessel.

1
Fig.1.1 Behavior of a fluid (liquid and gas) in a container.

Units of Measurements

There are two fundamental systems of units.

Metric system
Quantity Symbol Main unit Fractions

Mass M kg gr

Length L m cm

Time T sec msec

Force F N dyne

English system

Quantity Symbol Main unit Fractions

Mass M lb slug

Length L ft in

Time T sec msec

Force F lbf

2
The International System of Units [SI Units]

The Basic Units

Quantity Symbol Name of Unit Symbol

Length L Metre m

Mass M Kilogram kg

Time t Second sec

Kelvin or
Temperature T K= °C+273
Celsius

The Derived Units

Quantity Symbol Name of Unit Symbol

Frequency ƒ Hertz Hz = 1/sec

Force F Newton N = kg. m/s2

Energy E Joule J = N. m

Work W Joule J = N. m

Heat Q Joule J = N. m

Power P Watt Watt = J/s

Pressure P Pascal Pa = N/m2

Stress τ Pascal Pa = N/m2

3
Fluid Properties

Mass (m)

It is the amount of matter contained in the substance.

The principle of mass conservation is [the mass cannot be created nor destroyed]
Unit of mass [kg].

Volume (V)

It is the amount of space occupied by the substance. Unit of volume [m3].

1 m3 = 1000 Liter

Density (  )

It is the mass per unit volume. It changes with pressure & temperature. Unit of
density [kg/m3].
𝑚
𝜌=
𝑉
Density of water = 1000 kg/m3 at standard conditions.

Density of air = 1.2 kg/m3 at standard conditions.

Weight Density or Specific Weight (  )

It is the weight of fluid contained in a unit volume. Unit of weight density [ N/m3
].
𝑤
𝛾=
𝑉
𝑤 = 𝑚𝑔 [ Newton's 2nd law]
𝑚𝑔
𝛾=
𝑉
𝛾 = 𝜌𝑔

4
Relative Density (r.d) or Specific Gravity (s.g)

It is the density of a substance relative to that of water at a specified temperature


& pressure.

𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑟. 𝑑 =
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑠𝑢𝑏
𝑟. 𝑑 =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝛾𝑠𝑢𝑏
𝑟. 𝑑 =
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

Specific Volume (v)

It is reciprocal of density. Unit of v [m3 /kg].

𝑉 1
𝑣= =
𝑚 𝜌

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