Compressibility, Elasticity

All fluids may be compressed by the application of pressure. Fluids are elastic
media this means that elastic energy can be stored in fluids. If we plot (P) versus
V/Vo then the slope of this curve at any point is known as the bulk modulus of
elasticity (Unit of Bulk modulus of elasticity N/m2). Bulk modulus of elasticity
is the measure of compressibility of a fluid.
P
Compressive Stress

dP
dV VO

Volumetric Strain 𝑉 Τ𝑉𝑜

Figure 1 fluid compressibility.

1
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
If the compressibility = 0 then

Bulk modulus = ∞ and the fluid is incompressible.

𝐸𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 2 ∗ 106 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝐸𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 100 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2

𝐸𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 2 ∗ 106
= = 20 000
𝐸𝑎𝑖𝑟 100

1
 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐵𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑛
𝑑𝑝
𝐸=−
𝑉
𝑑[ ]
𝑉𝑜

For liquids the value of E is taken as constant for practical purposes. Thus,

∆𝑝
𝐸=− 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑𝑠 𝑉 = 𝑉𝑜
∆𝑉
[ ]
𝑉𝑜

For gases the equation may be written more generally as.

𝑑𝑝
𝐸=− 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑔𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝑉
𝑑[ ]
𝑉𝑜

Other forms can be derived for gases as follows:

𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝑑𝑚 = 𝜌𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉𝑑𝜌 = 0

𝑑𝑉 𝑑𝜌
=−
𝑉 𝜌
For an Isothermal processes (constant temperature)
𝑃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
𝜌
𝑑𝑝 = 𝑐 𝑑𝜌
𝑃
𝑑𝑝 = 𝑑𝜌
𝜌
Thus,
𝐸=𝑃
For an adiabatic process
𝑃
=𝑐
𝜌𝑘

2
Thus,
𝐸 = 𝑘𝑃

Sonic Speed (Celerity) [C]

𝑑𝑃
𝐶=√
𝑑𝜌

𝐸
𝐶=√
𝜌

Where:

C = sonic speed [M]

For an adiabatic atmosphere

𝑘𝑝
𝐶=√
𝜌

𝐶 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇

Where,

k = specific heats ratio

Mach Number (M)

𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑀=
𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑
𝑣
𝑀=
𝐶

3
Example

Calculate the sonic speed in atmosphere when temperature = 25 °C.

Solution

𝐶 = √𝑘𝑅𝑇

𝑘 = 1.4

𝑅 = 287 𝐽Τ𝑘𝑔. °𝐾

𝑇 = 25℃ + 273.15

𝑇 = 298.15 °𝐾

𝐶 = √1.4 ∗ 287 ∗ 298.15

𝐶 = 346.12 𝑚Τ𝑠

Example

What is the pressure required to reduce a given volume of water by 1 %, if,

𝐸𝐻2 𝑂 = 2 ∗ 106 𝑘𝑃𝑎

Solution.

∆𝑃
𝐸=−
∆𝑉
𝑉𝑜

∆𝑉 = −0.01𝑉𝑜

∆𝑃
2 ∗ 106 = −
−0.01𝑉𝑜
𝑉𝑜

∆𝑃 = 2 ∗ 104 𝑘𝑃𝑎
4
Viscosity:

Viscosity is the property of fluid which determines its resistance to shearing

stresses. It results from cohesion and molecular momentum exchange between
fluid layers. It is the fluid resistance to flow.

The coefficient of dynamic viscosity (  ):

The constant of proportionality in the relationship

𝑑𝑣
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦

𝜇 is known as the coefficient of dynamic viscosity (or viscosity). It arises from

the intermolecular cohesion forces and molecular momentum exchange. It is
affected by temperature, but hardly affected by pressure (within practical limits).
The viscosity of liquids decreases with the increase of temperature, while the
viscosity of gases increases with increase of temperature. The unit of the
coefficient of dynamic viscosity is [Pa.s].

Kinematic Viscosity (𝝂):

𝜇
𝜈=
𝜌

Where,

𝑚2
𝜈 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 [ ]
𝑠

5
Newtonian Fluids:
The fluid in which the shear stress  is directly proportional to the rate of angular
deformation is known as a Newtonian Fluid.

Non-Newtonian
Fluids

Solid
Ideal
Shear Stress

Ideal
Fluid
Rate of Strain

Fig. Rheological behavior of fluids.

The rate of angular deformation is:

𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝐿
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦. 𝑑𝑡
but
𝑑𝐿
𝑑𝑣 =
𝑑𝑡
Therefore,
𝑑𝜃 𝑑𝑣
=
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑦
for Newtonian fluids, the shear stress is directly proportional with velocity

gradient or

𝑑𝑣 dL
𝜏∝ F
𝑑𝑦
b b
dy 𝑑𝜃
Therefore,
a

6
 𝑑𝑣
𝜏=𝜇
𝑑𝑦

Where:

𝜇 is the constant of proportionality and the slope of the curve. The above

proportionality does not apply to non-Newtonian fluids such as toothpaste,

blood…...etc.