Flow with Energy Exchange
Energy may be added to the flow by a pump, or it may be extracted from the
flow by a turbine. Energy added by a pump per unit weight of fluid is
denoted by Ep. Energy extracted per unit weight of fluid by a turbine is
denoted by ET.
For a system that comprise a pump, B.E can be written as
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐸𝑃 = + + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
For a system that comprise a Turbine, B.E can be written as
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2 + 𝐸𝑇
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
The power required to drive a pump, or the power extracted from a turbine
can be computed as follows.
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐸𝑃
𝑃𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 =
𝜂𝑝
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐸𝑇
𝑃𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 =
𝜂𝑇
𝜂𝑝 = 𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝜂 𝑇 = 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
1
Example
For the system shown below, it is required to increase the discharge by 50
% using a pump. Calculate the power required to drive the pump.
Solution
Before installing the pump
𝑉𝑛𝑏 = √2𝑔𝐻
𝑉𝑛𝑏 = √2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 2 = 6.26 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋
𝑄𝑏 = 6.26 ∗ (0.05)2 = 0.0123 𝑚3 /𝑠
4
After installing the pump
𝑄𝑎 = 1.5𝑄𝑏
𝑄𝑎 = 1.5 ∗ 0.0123 = 0.0184 𝑚3 /𝑠
𝑄𝑎 0.0184
𝑉𝑛𝑎 = =𝜋 = 9.4 𝑚/𝑠
𝐴 (0.05)2
4
𝑉𝑛2𝑎 (9.4)2
= = 4.5 𝑚
2𝑔 19.62
From the sketch
𝑉𝑛2𝑎
𝐸𝑃 = − 2 = 2.5𝑚
2𝑔
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐸𝑃
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 1 000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.0184 ∗ 2.5 = 0.44 𝑘𝑊
2
Example
How much power must be supplied for the pump to maintain readings of
250 mmHg vacuum and 275 kPa on gauges (1) and (2), respectively while
delivering a flowrate of 0.15 m3/s of water?
Solution
𝑄 = 𝑉1 𝐴1 = 𝑉2 𝐴2
0.15 ∗ 4
𝑉1 = = 4.77 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋(0.2)2
𝑉12
= 1.162 𝑚
2𝑔
0.15 ∗ 4
𝑉2 = = 8.47 𝑚/𝑠
𝜋(0.15)2
𝑉22
= 3.67 𝑚
2𝑔
𝑝1 = 13600 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (−0.25) = −33 354 𝑃𝑎
𝑝1 −33 354
= = −3.4 𝑚
𝜌𝑔 9 810
𝑝2 275∗103
= = 28.03 𝑚
𝜌𝑔 9 810
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐸𝑃 = + + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑝2 𝑝1 𝑉22 𝑉12
𝐸𝑃 = − + − + 𝑧2 − 𝑧1
𝜌𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔
𝐸𝑃 = 28.03 + 3.4 + 3.67 − 1.162 + 3
𝐸𝑃 = 36.94 𝑚
𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐸𝑃
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 =
1 000
9 810 ∗ 0.15 ∗ 36.94
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = = 54.35 𝑘𝑊
1 000
3
Example
Calculate the minimum pump power that send the jet over wall.
Solution
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 + 𝐸𝑃 = + + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉22
0 + 0 + 54 + 𝐸𝑃 = 0 + + 60
2𝑔
𝑉22
𝐸𝑃 = 6 + … (1)
2𝑔
B.E between (2) & (3)
𝑝2 𝑉22 𝑝3 𝑉32
+ + 𝑧2 = + + 𝑧3
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉22 𝑉32
+ 60 = + 75
2𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉22 − 𝑉32 = 30 ∗ 𝑔 … … … … … … (2)
𝑉3 = 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 6.56
𝑉3 = 0.894 𝑉2 … … … … … . (3)
subs in eq. (2).
𝑉22 − (0.894 𝑉2 )2 = 30 ∗ 𝑔
𝑉2 = 38.36 𝑚/𝑠
subs in eq. (1).
(38.36)2
𝐸𝑃 = 6 + = 6 + 75 = 81 𝑚
2𝑔
𝜋
𝑄 = 𝑉2 𝐴2 = 38.36 ∗ (0.075)2 = 0.1694 𝑚3 /𝑠
4
𝑃𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑔𝑄𝐸𝑃
Pump power = 1 000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.1694 ∗ 81 = 134.66 𝑘𝑊
4
Example
A smooth nozzle of 50 mm diameter is connected to a water tank. Connected
to a water tank at the same elevation is an open u-tube manometer containing
mercury and showing a reading of 625 mm. the lower mercury surface is
500 mm below the tank connection. What flowrate will be obtained from
the nozzle? Water fills the tube between tank and mercury.
Solution
𝑝1 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔 ∗ 0.625
= 13 600 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.625
= 83 385 𝑃𝑎
𝑝1 = 𝑝2
𝑝2 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 ∗ 𝑔 ∗ (0.5 + ℎ)
83 385 = 1 000 ∗ 9.81 ∗ (0.5 + ℎ)
ℎ=8𝑚
𝑉𝑛2
𝑎𝑡 ℎ=
2𝑔
𝑉𝑛 = √2𝑔 ∗ 8
𝑉𝑛 = √2 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 8 = 12.53 𝑚/𝑠
𝑄 = 𝐴 ∗ 𝑉𝑛
𝜋
𝑄 = (0.05)2 ∗ 12.53
4
𝑄 = 0.0246 𝑚3 /𝑠
5
Example
Air is pumped through the tank as shown below. Neglecting the effects of
compressibility, compute the velocity of air in the 100 mm pipe. Atmospheric pressure
is 91 kPa and the weight density of air 11 N/m3
Solution
𝑝1 𝑉12 𝑝2 𝑉22
+ + 𝑧1 = + + 𝑧2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
𝑉22 𝑝1 − 𝑝2
=
2𝑔 𝜌𝑔
𝑝2 = 𝜌𝐻𝑔 𝑔ℎ𝐻𝑔
= −13 600 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 0.015
= −2 001.24 𝑃𝑎
𝑉22 0 − (−2 001.24)
= = 182 𝑚
2𝑔 11
𝑉2 = 59.74 𝑚/𝑠
