Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

5.0 ENEGRY BALANCE FOR NON-REACTIVE SYSTEM

5.1 Closed & Open System and Reference State
5.1.1 Heat exchanger is important equipment commonly used in industries. Write
down ageneral energy balance and then simplify the balance for a heat
exchanger (overall boundary). List all assumptions that you made
(Final Exam Apr 2010)
5.1.2 Consider the cases below. Clasify each case below as an open system or closed
system and state whether heat transfer (Q) and work done (W) are positive,
negative or zero in each case. Justify your answer.

i. An egg (sysetm) is placed into boiling point.

ii. The turbine operated adabatically.

5.1.3 Classify each of the following process as batch, continuous or semi-batch and
either as transient or steady state. Briefly explain the answers.

i. Air coming out at a steady rate from a punctured car tyre.

ii. Your heart which keeps circulating blood inside your body.
iii. A bottle of Pepsi cola drink inside a refrigerator.
(Final Exam Apr 2010)
5.1.4 Simplify the energy balance equation (closed or open system) for the two
following cases. State whether heat transfer (Q) and work done (W) are positive,
negative or zero in each case. Briefly explain the answer.

i. Liquid stream is heated from 25°C to 80°C. The inlet and outlet pipes have
the same diameter and there is no change in elevation between these two
points.
ii. Hot cake on the table (just taken out from the oven).
(Final Exam Jun 2008)
5.1.5 Simplify the energy balance equation (closed or open system) for the two
following cases. State whether heat transfer (Q) and work done (W) are positive,
negative or zero in each case. Briefly explain the answer.

i. Air (system) is compressed in an adiabatic piston ctlinder such that the

volume changed from 100 cm3 to 10 cm3.
ii. The boiler (system) is supplied the energy from the solar collector.
(Final Exam Oct 2008)
5.1.6 Simplify the energy balance equation (closed or open system) for two following
cases. State whether Q or W is positive, negative or zero in each case. Briefly
explain the answers.

i. Air (system) is compressed in an adiabatic piston cylinder such that the

volume changed from 100 cm3 to 10 cm3.

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

ii. The boiler (system) is supplied the energy from the solar collector.
iii. An engineer is assigned to monitor heat transfer of a boiler and power
output of a turbine.

5.1.7 Write down and simplify a general energy balance for each of the following
processes. List all assumptions that you made.

i. A liquid stream flows through a heat exchanger in which it is heated from

40°C to 90°C. The inlet and outlet pipes have the same diameter and there
is no change in elevation between these points.
ii. Water passes through the gate of a dam and falls on a turbine rotor which
turns a shaft connected to a generator. The fluid velocity on both sides of
the dam is negligible and the water undergoes insignificant pressure and
temperature changes between inlet and outlet.
(Final Exam Apr 2011)
5.1.8 Write and simplify the energy balance for each of the following processes.
Define the System and list all the assumptions. (Hint: No calculations are
required)

i. A gas inside an adiabatic piston cylinder device is expanding.

ii. Steam enters a rotary turbine and turns a shaft connected to a generator.
The inlet and outlet steam ports are at the same height. Some energy is
transferred to the surroundings as heat.
(Final Exam Mar 2012)
5.1.9 As an engineer in a power plant, you are requested to reduce the cost of boiler
operation by increasing the boiler efficiency. Suggest two (2) methods to increase
the boiler efficiency.
(Final Exam Oct 2012)
5.1.10 The costs of petroleum and natural gas have increased dramatically since the
early 1970s, and there is some question about their continued long term
availability. As a chemical engineer, you are assigned to review two (2)
alternatives energy source and list down two (2) advantages and disadvantages
respectively.
(Final Exam Apr 2011)
5.1.11 Values of the specific internal energy of bromine at three conditions are as listed
in Table 1 below:
Table 1 values of the specific internal energy of bromine
State T (K) P (bar) V̂ (L/mol) Û (kJ/mol)
Liquid 310 0.320 0.0516 0.000
Vapor 310 0.320 79.94 28.24
vapor 350 1.400 20.92 29.62

i. Determine the reference state used to generate the listed specific internal
energies.

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

ii. Calculate ∆U (kJ/mol) for a process in which bromine vapor at 310 K is

condensed at constant pressure. Then calculate ∆H (kJ/mol) for the same
process. Finally, calculate ∆H (kJ) for 5.00 mol of bromine undergoing the
process.
iii. Bromine vapor in a 5.00 litre container at 310 K and 0.205 bar is to be
heated to 350 K. Calculate the heat (kJ) that must be transferred to the gas
to achieve the desired temperature increase, assuming that U is
independent of pressure.
(Final Exam Apr 2007)
Ans: (ii) -154 kJ (iii) 0.0552 kJ

5.1.12 In a polymer plant, 5 kg of water at 5 bar is compressed into a well-insulated

piston cylinder device until the pressure reaches 30 bar and 500°C.

i. What is the final phase of the water? Indicate the location of the water on
a T−V diagram.
ii. State the type of process that the water has undergone.
iii. If the work input during the process is 2320 kJ, determine the initial
temperature of the water.
(Final Exam Oct 2007)
Ans: (i) superheated steam (ii) adiabatic compression (iii) 200°C at 5 bar

5.1.13 Oxygen at 200 K and 42.66 atm has a tabulated specific volume of 5.214 cm3/g
and a specific internal energy of 1985 J/mol. Calculate the specific enthalphy of
O2 in this state in J/mol and cal/mol.
(Final Exam Apr 2009 – EH220)

5.2 Energy Balance Using Steam Table – H2O System

5.2.1 Saturated steam at 100°C is heated up to 500°C. By using the steam table
determine the required heat input in J/s if a continuous stream flowing at
250 kg/s undergoes the process at constant pressure.

Ans: 2.03 x 108 J/s

5.2.2 Heat is supplied to a tank filled with the 35 kg water, generating saturated steam
at 1 bar from cold water. Initially the temperature of water is 20°C. Calculate
how much that heat (kJ) is supplied.

Ans: 60555 kJ

5.2.3 Initially, a 100 L tank contains full of steam at 275°C and 15 bar. The tank and its
contents are cooled and finally the pressure drops to 1.2 bars. Some of the steam
condenses in the process.

i. Draw and label the diagram of the system.

ii. Determine the temperature of the steam at the final condition.
iii. Determine the mass balance of the initial and final condition of the steam.

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

iv. Use the mass balance and specific volume balance to determine the mass
of the steam and the condensate in kg.
v. Determine the heat transfer from the tank in kJ.
(Final Exam Mar 2005)
Ans: (ii) 104.8°C (iv) 0.0696 kg steam, 0.4806 kg condensate (v) -1121.22 kJ

5.2.4 A vessel contains 138.9 g of water initially at 28.3°C. An amount of 384 kJ of

energy is supplied to increase the temperature of the vessel content. Assume the
pressure within the vessel is constant at 1 atm, and that none of the added
energy is used to heat the vessel. Find the final temperature of the contents
inside the vessel (Given ∆H water at 28°C is 117.37 kJ/kg, ∆H water at 29°C is
121.55 kJ/kg, ∆H saturated steam at 101.325 kPa is 2675.5 kJ/kg, ∆H superheated
steam at 101.325 kPa and 200°C is 2875.4 kJ/kg. ∆H superheated steam at
101.325 kPa and 250°C is 2974.5 kJ/kg).

5.2.5 The radiator of a steam heating system has a volume of 22 L and is filled with
superheated vapor at 350 kPa and 275°C. The steam vapor pressure drops to
125 kPa. Some of the steam condenses in the process.

i. Determine the temperature of the steam at final condition and sketch the
diagram.
ii. Calculate the mass balance of the initial and final condition of the steam.
iii. Determine the mass of the steam and the condensate in kg.
iv. Determine the heat that will be transferred to the room.
(Final Exam Oct 2006)
Ans: (i) 105.95°C (iii) 0.01589 kg steam, 0.00152 kg liquid

5.2.6 In a polymer plant, 5 kg of water at 5 bar is compressed into a well-insulated

piston cylinder device until the pressure reaches 30 bar and 500°C.

i. What is the final phase of the water?

ii. State the type of process that the water has undergone.
iii. If the work input during the process is 2320 kJ, determine the initial
temperature of the water.

5.2.7 In a boiler furnace a fuel oil is burned with air producing 800 kW of thermal
energy, of which 60% is transferred as heat to boiler tubes that pass through the
furnace. The combustion products pass from the furnace to a stack at 650°C.
Water enters the boiler tubes as a liquid at 20°C and leaves the tubes as saturated
stream at 20 bars absolute.

i. Draw the flow diagram of the process.

ii. Calculate the mass flow rate (kg/h) of the saturated steam.
iii. Use the steam tables to estimate the volumetric flow rate of the saturated
steam produced.
iv. Explain what happen to the 40% of the thermal energy released by the
combustion process.
(Final Exam Mar 2005)
Ans: (ii) 0.177 kg/s (ii) 0.0176 m3/s

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

5.2.8 Two hundred kg/min of steam enters a steam turbine at 350°C and 40 bar
through a 7.5 cm diameter line and exit at 75°C and 5 bar through a 5 cm line.
Determine the energy transferred to or from the turbine by neglect kinetic and
potential energy.
(Final Exam Apr 2011)
Ans: 13460 kW

5.2.9 A stream with 6000 kg/h of steam at 10 bar and 400°C is expanded adiabatically
to 0.5 bar in turbine to produce saturated steam. The steam leaves the turbine is
cooled to produce saturated liquid at 0.5 bar.

i. Draw and label the flow diagram of the process.

ii. Calculate the work produced by the turbine (in kW).
iii. Determine the heat loss in the cooling process (in kW).
(Final Exam Apr 2009)
Ans: (ii) 1030 kW (iii) -3842.33 kW

5.2.10 In a power generation plant, a turbine discharges 300 kg/h of saturated steam at
15 bar absolute. It is desired to generate steam at 350°C and 15 bar by mixing the
turbine discharge with a second stream of superheated steam of 450°C and
15 bar.

i. Draw the flow diagram of the process.

ii. If 500 kg/h of a product steam is to be generated, determine heat required
by the mixer.
iii. If the mixing carried out adiabatically, determine the product steam
generation rate.

Ans: (ii) 17.95 kW (iii) 799.91 kg/h

5.2.11 Liquid water is fed to a boiler at 24°C and 10 bar is converted at constant
pressure to superheated steam at 500°C. Superheated steam is then flows at a
rate of 250 kg/min to an adiabatic turbine, where it expands to 4 bar. The
turbine producing 1500 kW work. From the turbine the steam flows to a heater,
where it is reheated to 500°C and 4 bar. Neglect kinetic and potential energy
changes.

i. Draw and label a flow diagram of the process.

ii. Determine the enthalpy change on the boiler.
iii. Calculate the required heat input to the boiler in order to produce
250 (kg/min) of superheated steam.
iv. Write an energy balance on the turbine and use it to determine the outlet
stream temperature.
v. Write an energy balance on the heater and use it to determine the
required heat input (kW) to the steam.
(Final Exam Apr 2006)
Ans: (ii) 3377.4 kJ/kg (iii) 1.4072x104 kW (iv) 324.7°C (v) 1529.29 kW

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

5.2.12 Superheated steam at 50 bar absolute and 600°C flows at a rate of 250 kg/min to
an adiabatic turbine, where it expands to 5 bar. The turbine develops 2000 kW of
power. From the turbine the steam flows to a heater, where it is reheated
isobarically to its initial temperature. Neglect the kinetic energy change.

i. Draw the flow diagram of the process.

ii. Write energy balance on the heater and use it to determine the outlet
stream temperature from the turbine.
iii. Write the energy balance around the heater and determine the heat
required by the heater.
iv. Suppose the turbine inlet and outlet pipes both have diameter of
0.3 meter. Show that it is reasonable to neglect the change in kinetic
energy for this unit.

Ans: (ii) 358.17°C (iii) 2154.17 kW

5.2.13 An adiabatic turbine is fed with superheated steam at 450°C and 30 bar absolute
at a mass flow rate of 15,000 kg/h. The turbine delivers a power output of 1600
kW. The steam expands and leaves the turbine at a pressure of 5 bar absolute
and enters a heater where it is heated at constant pressure to its initial
temperature of 450°C.

i. Draw a flowchart of the process.

ii. Determine the temperature of the steam leaving the turbine.
iii. Calculate the amount of energy (in kW) supplied by the heater to heat the
steam.
(Final Exam Oct 2007)
Ans: (ii) 250°C (iii) 1741.67 kW

5.2.14 Saturated water at 40°C is pumped into a boiler to produce superheated steam at
a temperature of 580°C and a pressure of 10 MPa. The steam enters a turbine and
leaves as saturated steam at a pressure of 10 kPa. The flow rate of steam is 7.2 x
104 kg/h. Neglect any heat losses in your calculation.

i. Draw a flow diagram representing the process and label all the streams
and blocks with the appropriate data.
ii. Calculate the boiler heat transfer rate in megawatt (MW).
iii. Determine the power output of the turbine in megawatt (MW).

Ans: (ii) 68.126 MW (iii) 19.78 MW

5.2.15 Liquid water is fed to a boiler at 24°C and 10 bar and is converted at constant
pressure to superheated steam at 500°C. The superheated steam is then flows at
a rate of 250 kg/min to an adiabatic turbine, where it expands to 4 bar. The
turbine producing 1500 kW work. From the turbine the steam flows to a heater,
where it is reheated to 500°C and 4 bar. Neglect kinetic and potential energy
changes.

i. Draw and label a flow diagram of the process.

ii. Determine the enthalpy change on the boiler.

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

iii. Calculate the required heat input to the boiler in order to produce 250
(kg/min) of superheated steam.
iv. Write and energy balance on the turbine and use it to determine the outlet
stream temperature.
v. Write an energy balance on the heater and use it to determine the
required heat input (kW) to the steam.
(Final Exam Apr 2006)
Ans: (ii) 3377.4 kJ/kg (iii) 14072.5 kW (iv) 324.69°C (v) 1529 kW

5.2.16 Propane at 27°C and 2 bar enters a heat exchanger at a flow rate of 50,000 m3/h.
Saturated steam at 3 bar enters the heat exchanger to heat up the propane to
98°C at constant pressure. The steam exits the heat exchanger as condensed
liquid at 27°C. The specific enthalpies of propane at 27°C and 98°C are
1048 kJ/kg and 1310 kJ/kg, respectively. Atmospheric pressure is approximately
at 1.0 bar.

i. Calculate the amount of energy (in kW) required to heat up propane from
27°C to 98°C.
ii. Assuming no heat loss during the process, calculate the mass flow rate in
kg/s of steam required to heat up the propane.
(Gas constant, R = 0.08314 L⋅bar/mol·K; relative atomic weights: C = 12, H = 1,
O = 16)
(Final Exam Apr 2008)
Ans: (i) 1.284 x 104 kW (ii) 4.9160 kg/s

5.2.17 Saturated steam at a gauge pressure of 2.0 bar is to be used to heat a stream of
methane. The methane enters a heat exchanger at 16°C and 1.5 bar gauge at a
rate of 800 m3/min and is heated at constant pressure to 93°C. The steam
condenses and leaves the exchanger as a liquid at 27°C. The specific enthalpy of
methane at the given pressure is 941 kJ/kg at 16°C and 1073 kJ/kg at 93°C.
Assume the methane behaves as an ideal gas.

i. Draw and label a flow diagram of the process.

ii. Calculate the mass flow rate of the methane.
iii. Determine the energy (kW) must be transferred to the methane to heat it
from 16°C to 93°C.
iv. Assuming that all the energy transferred from the steam goes to heat the
methane, determine the mass flow rate in kg/s must steam be supplied to
the heat exchanger.
v. Assume that only 65% of the heat energy transferred to the methane.
Calculate the required steam to heat the methane from 16°C to 93°C.
(Final Exam Apr 2006)
Ans: (ii) 22.31 kg/s (iii) 2944.92 kW (iv) 1.128 kg/s (v) 0.7329 kg/s

5.2.18 Isobutane (C4H10) gas enters a continuous adiabatic heat exchanger at 45°C and
250 kPa and exits at 250°C. Superheated steam at 310°C and 5.0 bar enters the
exchanger flowing counter currently to the isobutane and exits as a saturated
liquid at the same pressure.

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

i. Taking 150 mol of isobutane fed to the exchanger as a basis, draw and
label a process flow chart.
ii. Calculate values of the labeled specific enthalpies in the following inlet-
outlet enthalpy table for this process.
iii. By energy balance on the system, calculate the required mass feed of the
steam. Calculate also the volumetric feed ratio of the two streams (m3
steam fed/m3 isobutane fed). You may assume isobutane gas acts as an
ideal gas.
iv. Calculate the heat transferred from the water to the isobutane
(kJ/m3 isobutane fed).

5.3 Energy Balance Using Process Path – Non-H2O System

5.3.1 Assuming ideal gas behavior for vapor, determine the specific enthalpy (kJ/mol)
of Benzene vapor at 300°C and 3 atm relative to Benzene liquid at 30°C and
1 atm and the specific internal energy of the Benzene vapor at 300°C and 3 atm.

5.3.2 Expression for the heat capacity at constant pressure of hydrogen cyanide is
given by

Cp 
J 
 = 35.3 + 0.0291 T  C ( )
 mol⋅ C 


i. By assuming ideal gas behavior, write an expression for the heat capacity
at constant volume for HCN, assuming ideal gas behavior.
ii. Determine ∆H for the constant-pressure process.
HCN (25°C, 1 atm) → HCN (100°C, 1 atm)
iii. Determine ∆H (J/mol) for the constant-volume process.
HCN (25°C, 1 m3/kmol) → HCN (100°C, 1 m3/kmol)

5.3.3 By not neglecting the effect of pressure to the enthalpy, calculate the specific
enthalpy, ∆H (kJ/mol) for each of the following processes:
i. n-C6H14 (v, 500°C, 10 atm) → n-C6H14 (l, 50°C, 5 atm)
ii. C6H6 (v, 200°C, 1 atm) → C6H6 (l, 200°C, 5 atm)

5.3.4 Air is being compressed from 100 kPa and 255K (an enthalpy of 489 kJ/kg) to
1000 kPa and 278 K (an enthalpy of 509 kJ/kg). The exit velocity of the air from
the compressor is 60 m/s. What is power required (in kW) for the compressor if
the load is 100 kg/h of air?

Ans: -0.61 kW

5.3.5 A stream flowing at a rate of 15000 mol/h containing 25 mole% N2 and

75 mole% H2 is heated from 50°C to 200°C. Calculate the rate of heat that must
be transferred.
(Final Exam Mar 2012)

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

Answer: 18.15 kW

5.3.6 A liquid stream containing 50 mole% benzene and toluene at 25°C is fed to a
continuous single stage evaporator at a rate of 1320 mol/s. The liquid and
vapour streams leaving the evaporator both at 95°C. The liquid contains
42.5 mole% benzene and the vapour contains 73.5 mole% benzene. Calculate the
heating requirement for this process in kW.

Ans: 2.42 x 104 kW

5.3.7 Formaldehyde (HCHO) is produced by dehydrogenation of methanol (CH3OH)

over a silver catalyst. Before being fed to the reactor, methanol vapor
(450 kmol/h) enters a continuous adiabatic heat exchanger at 80°C and 1 atm
pressure and exits at 150°C. Saturated steam at 47.5 atm of gauge pressure enters
the heat exchanger flowing counter currently to the methanol and exits as a
saturated liquid at the same pressure. Given (Cp) methanol (g): 50.2 kJ/mol·°C

i. Draw and label completely the flow diagram.

ii. Determine the steam flowrate (kg/h) that flows through the heat
exchanger.
(Final Exam Oct 2009)
Ans: (ii) 960.80 kg/h

5.3.8 Ammonia at 10°C and 9.12 bar (abs) is supplied as a coolant to a heat exchanger
for cooling. The ammonia leaves the heat exchanger at -18°C and 1.0 bar (abs).
The heat transfer rate required is 3 kW. Determine the ammonia flow rate (kg/h)
that is required to achieve this heat transfer assuming that the process is at
steady state, no chemical reactions involved and there are no heat losses or gains
from the environment.
(Final Exam Apr 2009 – EH220)
Ans: 187.5 kg/h

5.3.9 A solution of 10 wt% acetone in water is subjected to fractional distillation at a

rate of 1000 kg/h to produce a distillate containing 90 wt% acetone and a bottom
product containing not more than 1% acetone. The feed enters at 340K; distillate
and residue leave the tower at 300 K and 370 K respectively. A reflux ratio (ratio
of the weight of reflux to the weight of distillate product) of 8 is employed. The
rise in temperature of 30 K is permitted for the cooling water circulated in the
condenser employed for condensing the vapours into the distillate product and
the reflux. Saturated steam at 276 kPa is available for supplying the heat of
vaporization in the reboiler. Heat losses from the column are may be neglected.
The heat capacity of acetone is 2.2 kJ/kg⋅K and water is 4.2 kJ/kg⋅K. The boiling
point of 90% acetone–water solution is 332 K. The latent heat of acetone at 332 K
is 620 kJ/kg and that of water is 2500 kJ/kg. The latent heat of steam at 276 kPa
is 2730 kJ/kg. Calculate the following:

i. The cooling water circulation rate.

ii. The rate of circulation steam.

Ans: (i) 6.391 x 103 kg/h (ii) 0.333 x 103 kg/h

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

5.3.10 In the manufacture of nitric acid, ammonia and preheated air are mixed to form
a gas containing 10.0 mole% NH3 at 600°C. The ammonia enters the gas blending
unit at 25°C at a rate of 520 kg/h and heat is lost from the mixer to its
surroundings at a rate of 7.00 kW.

i. Assuming Cp of air to be 28.94 x 10-3 + 0.4147 x 10-5 T (in kJ/mol·°C),

prepare an inlet-outlet enthalpy table (reference: NH3 at 25°C) and
determine values for all molar flow rates (in mol/s) and enthalpies (in
kJ/mol) for the system.
ii. By performing the energy balance in the system, determine the
temperature (°C) to which the air must be preheated in the inlet stream.

5.3.11 Methanol (CH3OH) is partially condensed out of a gas stream containing

70 mole% CH3OH vapor and the balance N2. The flow chart for this process is
shown below. By assuming the process is at steady state and the effect of
pressure on enthalpy is negligible, calculate the required cooling rate for this
process. 50 mol/s
Q
0.40 mol CH3OH (v)/mol
0.60 mol N2 (g)/mol
30oC, 5 atm
100 mol/s
Condenser
0.70 mol CH3OH (v)/mol
0.30 mol N2 (g)/mol
120oC, 1 atm
50 mol/s CH3OH (l)
30oC, 5 atm
Ans: -2.216 x 103 kW

5.3.12 In the manufacture of nitric acid, ammonia (NH3) and preheated air are mixed to
form a gas containing 10 mol% NH3 at 600°C as shown in Figure 2. An ammonia
stream enters the gas mixing unit at 50°C with 8.5 mol/s. The resulted heat lost
from this mixing is 7 kW. Prepare an inlet and outlet enthalpy table and
determine the temperature of the inlet air.

A mol/s air
Q = -7 kW
T°C

8.5 mol/s NH3 B mol/s gas (600°C)

Mixer
50°C 0.10 mol NH3/mol
0.90 mol air/mol

Figure 2 Mixing of air and ammonia

(Final Exam Oct 2012)
Ans: (ii) 960.80 kg/h

5.3.13 Ethane gas enters a continuous adiabatic heat exchanger at 40°C and 250 kPa
and exits at 240°C. Superheated steam at 350°C and 5 bar (abs) enters the
exchanger flowing counter currently to the ethane and exits as a saturated liquid
at the sane pressure.

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

i. By taking 100 mol of ethane fed to the exchanger as a basis, draw and
label a process flow chart. Include in your labelling the volume of ethane
fed (m3), the mass of steam fed (kg) and the volume of steam (m3).
ii. Calculate values of the labelled specific enthalpies in the following inlet-
outlet enthalpy table for this process.

Species nin Hin nout Hout

C2H6 100 mol Ha (kJ/mol) 100 mol Hc (kJ/mol)
H2O mw (kg) Hb (kJ/kg) mw (kg) Hd (kJ/kg)

iii. Use an energy balance to calculate the required mass feed of the steam.
Then calculate the volumetric feed ratio of the two streams (m3 steam
fed/m3 ethane fed). Assume ideal gas behaviour for the ethane but not
the steam and recall that the exchanger is adiabatic.
iv. Calculate the heat transferred from the water to the ethane
(kJ/m3 ethane fed).
(Final Exam Sep 2011)
Ans: (ii) Ha = 0 (ref) , Hb = 3168 kJ/kg, Hc = 13.511 kJ/mol, Hd = 640.1 kJ/kg
(iii) 0.29 m3 steam fed/m3 ethane fed (iv) 1350 kJ

5.3.14 p-Xylene is produced by catalytic reforming of petroleum naphtha as part of the

aromatics hydrocarbon (benzene, toluene and the xylene isomers) extracted.
The p-xylene is then separated out in a series of distillation, adsorption or
crystallization and evaporation process. During the evaporation process, p-xylene
gas is extracted to produce fragrance substance. Suppose the solid p-xylene at 5oC
and 1 atm is chosen as a reference state. p-xylene is then vaporized into the gas
state at 300oC and 3 atm.

a) Construct the hypothetical process path from reference state to the desired
condition. State the equation of enthalpy change (∆Ĥ) of the constructed
hypothetical path. Note: No calculation needed.
b) Determine the Enthalpy change at melting (∆Ĥm) and vaporization (∆Ĥv) of
p-xylene.
c) p-Xylene gas is then contained in a cylinder fitted with a moveable piston. At
initial the gas temperature is 300oC. With piston held at fixed position, the
cylinder is moved and put in a hot fluid. Heat in the amount of 20 kcal is
transferred to the gas which raise the temperature to the 500oC. By asuming
the process is in closed system and gas behaves ideally, :

i) Write and simplify the energy balance equation. (Note: Neglect the
potential and kinetic energies in the calculation)
ii) Calculate the energy gains from temperature 300oC to 500oC in this
process. Express the energy in joules.

(Final Exam Sept 2013)

5.3.15 Describe the terms latent heats. Then, list two (2) of the most commonly
encountered phase changes.
(Final Exam Mac 2014)

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 Energy Balance For Non-Reactive System Chapter 5

5.3.16 Ten moles of ethylene are to be compressed isothermally from their initial state
(pressure (P1) = 21.7 bar; temperature (T1) = 25°C; and volume (V1) = 1000
cm3/mol) to final volume (V2) of 100 cm3/mol. In addition, 35.68 kJ of heat is
loss when the gas is compressed. Under these conditions, the behaviour of the
gas is well described by the following van der waals equation of state.
RT a
P= − 2
V −b V

Given the value of constants a and b are 0.461 (m3/mol)2∙Pa and 5.821×10-5
(m3/mol), respectively.

i) Estimate the pressure at the final state.

ii) Determine the work required (in kJ) to perform the compression.
(Final Exam Mac 2014)

5.3.17 In a boiler furnace, a fuel oil is burned with air producing 800kW of thermal
energy. About 70% of the thermal energy is transferred as heat to the boiler tubes
that pass through the furnace. The combustion products pass from the furnace to
a stack at 650°C. Water enters the boiler tubes as a liquid at 20°C and leaves the
tubes as saturated steam at 35 bars absolute. Calculate the mass flow rate (kg/h)
of the saturated steam.
(Final Exam Mac 2014)

55 Faculty Of Chemical Engineering, UiTM (Terengganu) Kampus Bukit Besi