MATENA1
Trigonometry
Appendix D
Radian measure
Radians measure the ratio between the arc
length and the radius. Consider θ below:
Example: 90◦ = π/2 radians.
Example: 360◦ = 2π radians
180 π
1 radian = 1◦ = radians.
π 180
Exercises: Convert
(a) 60◦ to radians,
(b) 5π/4 radians to degrees,
(c) −72◦ to radians,
(d) 5π/2 radians to degrees.
Common angles, when measured in radians,
are fractions of π. However, this does not
apply to all angles. Below is a picture of an
angle of 1 radian.
180
From an earlier slide: 1 radian = ≈ 57.3◦
π
Examples:
(a) If the radius of a circle is 5cm, what
angle (in radians) is subtended by an arc
of 6cm?
(b) If a circle has radius 3cm, what is the
length of an arc subtended by a central
angle of 3π/8?
Special angles
π π π
30◦ = 45◦ = 60◦ =
6 4 3
π 2π 3π
90◦ = 120◦ = 135◦ =
2 3 4
3π
180◦ = π 270◦ = 360◦ = 2π
2
Angles can be drawn in a coordinate system
as follows:
θ>0
θ<0
Above we have a positive and negative angle
drawn in the standard position.
Examples: Draw the following angles in
standard position:
1. θ = 1
π
2. θ = −
2
3π
3. θ =
4
5π
4. θ = −
4
11π
5. θ =
4
Trig functions take as input an angle (now
measured in radians) and output the ratio
between two distances. Acute angles can be
drawn in a right-angled triangle.
hypotenuse
opposite
θ
adjacent
opp adj opp
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
hyp hyp adj
hyp hyp adj
csc θ = sec θ = cot θ =
opp adj opp
Trig functions in a coordinate system
P (x, y)
θ
r
y x y
sin θ = cos θ = tan θ =
r r x
r r x
csc θ = sec θ = cot θ =
y x y
Signs of trig functions
sin θ > 0 S A All > 0
tan θ > 0 T C cos θ > 0
Since r > 0, the signs in the diagram depend
on the sign of x and y in each quadrant.
Special angles
We will make frequent use of the following
two special-angled triangles.
π
6
√ π/4 √
2 2 3
1
π/4 π/3
1 1
Example: Find the exact trigonometric
ratios for θ = 2π/3.
Example: Find the exact trigonometric
ratios for θ = 2π/3.
Example: Calculate all of the trig ratios for
θ = 7π/4.
Example: Calculate all of the trig ratios for
θ = 7π/4.
Trig identities
1 1
csc θ = sec θ =
sin θ cos θ
sin θ 1 cos θ
tan θ = cot θ = =
cos θ tan θ sin θ
sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1
tan2 θ + 1 = sec2 θ
1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ
Example: Prove the following trig identities:
(a) cot2 θ + sec2 θ = tan2 θ + csc2 θ
(b) tan2 α − sin2 α = tan2 α sin2 α
Addition formulas
sin(x + y) = sin x · cos y + cos x · sin y
cos(x + y) = cos x · cos y − sin x · sin y
sin(x − y) = sin x · cos y − cos x · sin y
cos(x − y) = cos x · cos y + sin x · sin y
Additional formulas
sin(2x) = 2 sin x · cos x
cos(2x) = cos2 x − sin2 x
cos(2x) = 2 cos2 x − 1
cos(2x) = 1 − 2 sin2 x
1 + cos 2x
cos2 x =
2
1 − cos 2x
sin2 x =
2
Below is the graph of y = f (x) = sin x.
Note that : −1 6 sin x 6 1.
Question: why is sin(3π/2) = −1? Think of
how 3π/2 is sketched in xy-plane.
Graph of f (x) = cos(x). Again, | cos x| 6 1.
Note: cos 0 = 1. Also, sin(x + 2π) = sin x
and cos(x + 2π) = cos x.
Graph of f (x) = tan(x).
Note the vertical asymptotes at π/2 and
−π/2. Other important points on y = tan x
are (π/4, 1), (3π/4, −1) and (−π/4, −1).
Graphs of reciprocal trig functions
Once you have the graphs of the trig
functions sin x, cos x and tan x you can work
out how to plot the graphs y = csc x,
y = sec x and y = cot x.
Graph of f (x) = csc(x) (red) and
g(x) = sin(x) (blue).
Note: | csc(x)| > 1, x ∈
/ {πz | z ∈ Z}.
Graph of f (x) = sec(x).
y = sec x is drawn in red and y = cos x in
blue. Note: sec x is undefined when cos x = 0.
Graph of f (x) = cot(x).
Graph of f (x) = cot(x).
Note: cot(x) = 0 wherever tan(x) has an
asymptote.
Graph of f (x) = cot(x) and g(x) = tan(x).
Note: cot(x) = 0 wherever tan(x) has an
asymptote.
Example: Find all of the values of x in the
interval [0, 2π] such that sin x = sin 2x.
Example: Find all values of x in the interval
[0, 2π] such that sin x > cos x.
Practice problems
I Appendix D:
2, 4, 10, 11, 12, 13, 19, 20, 23, 28, 31,
41(c), 50, 55, 61, 65, 72, 74
