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Week 1 Lecture Notes - Appendix E (2025 MATENA1)

The document introduces sigma notation as a method to represent the sum of a series of terms, providing examples of sums and their expanded forms. It includes theorems related to summation properties and formulas for the sums of integers and squares. Additionally, it discusses telescoping sums and provides practice problems for further understanding.

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25 views20 pages

Week 1 Lecture Notes - Appendix E (2025 MATENA1)

The document introduces sigma notation as a method to represent the sum of a series of terms, providing examples of sums and their expanded forms. It includes theorems related to summation properties and formulas for the sums of integers and squares. Additionally, it discusses telescoping sums and provides practice problems for further understanding.

Uploaded by

hildahchikanya
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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MATENA1

Sigma Notation

Appendix E
When we define the integral of a function
later in the course, we will need a way to
represent the sum of a large number of
terms. For example, consider the following
sums:

S3 = 1 + 2 + 3 = 6
S4 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 = 10
S5 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 = 15.

Suppose we wish to represent S30 or S100.


Definition: If am, am+1, . . . , an are real
numbers and m and n are integers such
that m ≤ n, then
n
X
ai = am +am+1 +am+2 +· · ·+an−1 +an.
i=m

n
X
ai
i=m
We can now rewrite the previous examples
using sigma notation:

S3 = 1 + 2 + 3 =

S4 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 =

S5 = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 =
Example: Write the sums in expanded form
and find the value of the sums:
X 4
I i2 =
i=1

4
X
I 3j =
j=0
Example: Write the sums in expanded form:
n
X
I i=
i=3

n
X 1
I
k
k=1
Example: Write the sum in expanded form
and find the value of the sum:
3
X i−1
I 2+3
i=1
i

4
X
I 3
i=1
Example: Write the sum 23 + 33 + · · · + n3
in sigma notation.
Theorem: If c is any constant (it does
not depend on i), then:
X n Xn
1. cai = c ai
i=m i=m
Xn n
X n
X
2. (ai + bi) = ai + bi
i=m i=m i=m
Xn X n X n
3. (ai − bi) = ai − bi
i=m i=m i=m
n
X
Example: Find 1.
i=1
Example: Prove the formula for the sum of
the first n positive integers:
n
X n(n + 1)
i = 1 + 2 + ··· + n =
i=1
2
Before we look at the next example, we introduce
the idea of a telescoping sum. These are sums
that become big when you expand them, but then,
when you calculate the sum, the result is in fact
very simple. They get their name from old
telescopes that could be extended when used and
then retracted for storage.
Example: Find the value of the sum
99  
X 1 1
√ −√ .
j=4
j j + 1
Example: Find the value of the sum
Xn h i
3 3
(1 + i) − i
i=1
Example: Prove the formula for the sum of
the squares of the first n positive integers:
n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
i2 =
i=1
6
Theorem: Let c be a constant and n a
positive integer. Then:
X n
1. 1=n
i=1
Xn
2. c = nc
i=1
n
X n(n + 1)
3. i=
i=1
2
Theorem continued. . .
n
X n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
4. i2 =
i=1
6
n
" #2
X n(n + 1)
5. i3 =
i=1
2
n
X
Example: Evaluate i(4i2 − 3).
i=1
n
"  #
2
X 3 i
Example: Find lim +1 .
n→∞
i=1
n n
Practice problems from textbook
I Appendix E:
5, 8, 9, 14, 17, 20, 21, 25, 28, 36,
41(a), 41(b), 43

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