Fluid Kinematics
Fluid kinematics is branch of fluid mechanics which deals with fluid motion
& its consequences without considering the force causing the motion.
Approaches For Analysis of Fluid Motion
1. Lagrangian Approach
2. Eulerian Approach
Lagrangian Approach
Lagrangian approach was given by Italian Mathematician, Joseph Louis
Lagrange (1736-1813).
In Lagrangian approach fluid motion is defined by analyzing the kinematic
behavior of each & every individual fluid particle consisting the flow.
Lagrangian approach is analogous to control mass / closed system analysis.
Lagrangian Approach
→ Mathematically
Lagrangian Approach
Drawbacks
Billions of fluid particles.
Fluid particles can have very erratic motion.
Fluid particles continually deforms as they move in the flow.
Eulerian Approach
Eulerian approach was given by Swiss Mathematician, Leonhard Euler
(1707-1783).
In Eulerian approach fluid motion is defined by analyzing the kinematic
behavior of various fluid particles passing through the various fixed points in
a control volume.
Eulerian approach is analogous to control volume / open system analysis.
→ Mathematically
Eulerian Approach
Velocity Vector ( )
Component of velocity in x-direction, u =
Component of velocity in y-direction, v =
Component of velocity in z-direction, w =
Velocity Vector in cylindrical co-ordinates
Component of velocity in radial direction,
Component of velocity in circumferential direction,
Component of velocity in axial direction,
Acceleration Vector ( )
Component of acceleration in x-direction,
Component of acceleration in y-direction,
Component of acceleration in z-direction,
Basic Mathematics
Basic Mathematics
Acceleration Vector ( )
Convective Advective acceleration 𝐜
The part of acceleration which is due to change in velocity components with space
(x, y, z) is known as Convective/Advective acceleration .
Local Temporal acceleration 𝐥
The part of acceleration which is due to change in velocity components with time (t)
is known as Local / Temporal acceleration.
Question 01
Question 02
Basic Mathematics
Concept of Material Derivative
Concept of Material Derivative
Material Derivative of Velocity Field
Material Derivative of Temperature Field
Material Derivative of Pressure Field
Material Derivative of Density Field
Acceleration Vector is NULL Vector
Question 03
where n is
Acceleration Vector in Cylindrical Coordinates
Acceleration Vector in Cylindrical Coordinates
appears due to inward acceleration arising from the change in direction of
with This is known Centripetal acceleration
with
Various Types of Fluid Flow
1. Steady and Unsteady Flow
2. Uniform and Non Uniform flow
3. Compressible and Incompressible flow
4. Laminar and Turbulent flow
5. Rotational and Irrotational flow
6. 1-D, 2-D & 3-D flow
Steady Flow
Conclusion
A flow is said to be steady flow if fluid properties & flow velocity does not change
with time at a given location.
The flow which is not steady flow is called unsteady flow.
Steady Flow in Eulerian Approach
→ For Steady Flow
Conclusions
For a steady flow, acceleration in a given direction is equal to the convective
acceleration in that particular direction, as local acceleration is zero.
A flow will be steady flow or unsteady flow depending upon the frame of reference.
Uniform & Non Uniform
Conclusions
A flow is said to be a uniform flow if fluid properties & flow velocity are same
everywhere at any given instant of time.
The flow which is not uniform flow is non-uniform flow.
Uniform Flow in Eulerian Approach
Uniform & Non Uniform
→ For Uniform Flow
Uniform & Non Uniform
Conclusion
For a uniform flow, acceleration in a given direction is equal to the local acceleration
in that particular direction as convective acceleration is zero.
In reality, no real fluid flow is uniform flow due to no-slip condition.
Type of Fluid
Flow
Examples of Various Types of Fluid Flow
Unsteady and Non-Uniform Flow
Unsteady and Uniform Flow
Steady and Non-Uniform Flow
Steady and Uniform Flow
Compressible and Incompressible Flow
Compressible and Incompressible Flow
Conclusions
A flow is said to be incompressible flow if mathematically total derivative / material
derivative of density is zero during the flow.
Flow of every incompressible fluid is incompressible flow.
Every incompressible flow is not the flow of incompressible fluid, even compressible
fluid can have incompressible flow.
The flow which is not incompressible flow is compressible flow.
Laminar & Turbulent Flow
Conclusions
Lamina means Thin layers.
A flow is said to be laminar flow, if the fluid flows in the form of thin layers with
one layer sliding over another.
Examples: flow of blood in veins, initial smoke coming out from cigarette or incense
stick.
A flow is said to be a turbulent flow, if the fluid particles move in zig-zag path.
Examples: flow of water in river, smoke coming out from chimney.
Rotational & Irrotational Flow
Rotational Flow Irrotational Flow
Rotational & Irrotational Flow
Real Fluid Flow
Conclusions
A flow is said to be rotational flow if the fluid particles rotate about its own center of
mass during the motion.
A flow will be Irrotational flow under the following two conditions
1. Inviscid fluid flow or ideal fluid flow.
2. Real fluid flow having negligible velocity gradient.
1-D, 2-D & 3-D Flow
A flow is classified as 1-D, 2-D or 3-D flow depending on the number of
space coordinates required to specify the velocity field.
→ Laminar Flow Through Pipe
Various Types of Fluid Flow
Various Fluid lines to visualize flow
Streamline
Path line
Streak line
Timeline
Streamline
Conclusions
Streamline is an imaginary line or curve in the space such that tangent drawn to it at
any point gives the direction of instantaneous velocity of fluid particle present at that
point.
Streamline is drawn for an instant of time.
Streamlines are based on Eulerian approach.
Streamline
Statement
1. Two streamlines cannot intersect each other.
2. A given streamline cannot intersect itself.
Reason: At point of intersection there will be two instantaneous velocity directions of a
single fluid particle, at a given instant of time which is impossible.
Streamline
Stagnation Point
Streamline
Stream Tube
Conclusions
Component of velocity in normal direction to the streamline is zero, hence there is
no flow across the streamline.
Streamlines are defined everywhere except at stagnation point.
A bundle of neighboring streamlines may be imagined to form passage through
which the fluid flows. This passage is known as stream tube.
In an Unsteady flow where the velocity vector changes with time orientation or the
pattern of streamlines also changes from instant to instant. In a steady flow, the
orientation or the pattern of streamlines will be fixed.
Basic Mathematics
Differential Equation of Streamline in Cartesian
Coordinates
Question 04
Question 05
Question 06
Question 07
Path Line
Path Line
Path line is the path traced by single fluid particle at different instants of
time.
Path line is based on Lagrangian approach.
Path Line
A path line can intersect itself.
In a physical experiment, a tracer fluid particle ( distinguishable by color or
brightness ) is introduced in flow. Now a camera is used to record the path
of particle. The resulting curve is known as path line.
Interview Question
What is the difference between streamline and path line ?
A streamline represents direction of instantaneous velocity of various fluid
particles at particular instant of time, while path line represents the location
of single fluid particle at various instants of time.
Path Line
Path lines are identical to streamlines in a steady flow as individual fluid
particles follow streamlines.
The Lagrangian approach Eulerian approach becomes the same.
For solving above problem, just find the equation of
streamline, for steady flow equation of streamline will be
equation of path line.
Question 08
Question 08
Streak Line
Steady Flow
Conclusions
Streak line is the locus of position of different fluid particles which passes
through a given point.
Streak line is drawn for a particular instant of time .
For a steady flow, streamline, path line and streak line are identical.
Question 09
Question 09
Streak Line & Path Line
Time Line
A timeline is a set of adjacent fluid particles in a flow field that were marked
at a given instant of time.
Streamline is convenient to calculate mathematically, while pathline,
streakline & timeline are easier to generate experimentally.
Volume Flow Rate
The volume of fluid flowing through a cross section per unit time is known as
volume flow rate.
It is also known as discharge.
It is represented by 'Q'.
It is measured in /sec.
Mass Flow Rate
The mass of fluid flowing through a cross section per unit time is known as volume
flow rate.
It is represented by 'm'.
It is measured in kg/sec.
Mass Flow Rate
Concept of Average Velocity (V)
Average velocity is the hypothetical uniform velocity across the cross
section, which gives same mass flow rate as that of actual mass flow rate
through the cross section based on actual velocity.
Expression of Average Velocity (V)
Expression of Average Velocity (V)
For Pipe Flow
Question 10
Question 10
