FLUID FLOW II

TCE 3206

LECTURE : KINEMATICS OF FLUIDS

1. Stream lines, Pathlines, Streaklines
2. Velocity Field
 FUNDAMENTALS OF
FLUID MECHANICS
Kinematics of Fluid Motion

Kinematics is a study of position, velocity, and acceleration of fluid particles.

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MAIN TOPICS
❖ The Velocity Field
❖ The Acceleration Field
❖ Control Volume and System Representation
❖ The Reynolds Transport Theorem

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Field Representation of flow 1/2

❖ At a given instant in time, any fluid property (such

as density, pressure, velocity, and acceleration) can
be described as a functions of the fluid’s location.
❖ This representation of fluid parameters as
functions of the spatial coordinates is termed a
field representation of flow.

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Field Representation of flow 2/2

❖ The specific field representation may be different at

different times, so that to describe a fluid flow we must
determine the various parameter not only as functions of
the spatial coordinates but also as a function of time.
❖ EXAMPLE: Temperature field T = T ( x , y , z , t )
❖ EXAMPLE: Velocity field

V = u(x, y, z, t)i + v(x, y, z, t) j + w(x, y, z, t)k

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Velocity Field
❖ The velocity at any particle in the flow field (the
velocity field) is given by
V = V(x, y, z, t)
V = u(x, y, z, t)i + v(x, y, z, t) j + w(x, y, z, t)k
The velocity of a particle is
the time rate of change of the
position vector for that
particle.

d
 A
VA = dt
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Example 4.1 Velocity Field Representation

(
● A velocity field is given by V = (V0 / ) x i − where V0 and
constants. At what location in the flow field is are
the speed equal to V0?
Make a sketch of the velocity )
yj field in the first quadrant (x≧0, y ≧0)
by drawing arrows representing the fluid velocity at representative
locations.

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Example 4.1 Solution
The x, y, and z components of the velocity are given by u = V0x/ ,
v
= -V0y/ 2 , and w = 0 so that the fluid speed V
V = (u + v 2 2 V0 (x
+w) =
2 1/ 2 2 1/ 2
+y)
The speed is V = V0 at any location on the circle of radius
centered at the origin [(x2 + y2)1/2= ] as shown in Figure E4.1
(a).

The direction of the fluid velocity relative to the x axis is given in

terms of θ= arctan(v/u) as shown in Figure E4.1 (b) For this
flow

−V y /
v −y 8
tan θ = = 0 =
Velocity Field

Considering…
❖ Method of Description
❖ Steady and Unsteady Flows
❖ 1D, 2D, and 3D Flows
❖ Pathlines, Streaklines, and Streamlines

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Methods of Description

❖ Lagrangian method = System method

❖ Eulerian method = Control volume method

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Lagrangian Method

❖ Following individual fluid particles as they move.

❖ The fluid particles are tagged or identified.
❖ Determining how the fluid properties associated with
these particles change as a function of time.
❖ Example: one attaches the temperature-measuring device to a
particular fluid particle A and record that particle’s temperature as
it moves about. TA = TA (t) The use of may such measuring devices
moving with various fluid particles would provide the temperature
of these fluid particles as a function of time.

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Eulerian Method
❖ Use the fixed field concept.
❖ The fluid motion is given by completely prescribing
the necessary properties as a functions of space and
time.
❖ Obtaining information about the flow in terms of what
happens at fixed points in space as the fluid flows past
those points.
❖ Example: one attaches the temperature-measuring device to a
particular point (x,y,z) and record the temperature at that point as
a function of time. T = T ( x , y , z , t )
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1D, 2D, and 3D Flows
❖ Depending on the number of space coordinates required to
specify the flow field.
● 0D flow: u=u(t) or u=constant
● 1D flow: u=u(t; x) or u=u( x)
● 2D flow: u=u(t; r, θ) or u=u(r, θ)
● 3D flow: u=u(t; x, y, z) or u=u(x, y, z)
❖ Although most flow fields are inherently three-
dimensional, analysis based on fewer dimensions
is frequently meaningful.
❖ The complexity of analysis increases considerably
with the number of dimensions of the flow field.
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Steady and Unsteady Flows

❖ Steady flow: the properties at every point in a flow field

do not change with time.

∂η
=0
∂t
where η represents any fluid property.
❖ Unsteady flow:…. Change with time.
⇨Nonperiodic flow, periodic flow, and truly random flow.
⇨More difficult to analyze.
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Pathlines

❖ Pathline: Path or trajectory traced out by a moving fluid

particle. -> Lagrangian method
Using dye or smoke to identify a fluid particle at a
given instant, and then take a long exposure
photograph of its subsequent motion. The line traced
out by the particle is a pathline.

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 Streaklines
❖ Streakline: Line joining the fluid
particles passing through one fixed
location in space. Streaklines are more
of a laboratory tool than an analytical
tool.
Sreaklines can be obtained by
taking instantaneous photographys
of maked particles that all passed
through a given location in the flow
field at some earlier time.
Using dye or smoke at a fixed
location in space to identify all fluid
particles pass through this point. 16
Streamlines 1/2

❖ Streamline: Lines drawn in the flow field so that at a given

instant are tangent to the direction of flow at every point
in the flow field. >>> No flow across a streamline.
Streamline is everywhere tangent to the velocity field.
If the flow is steady, nothing at a fixed point
changes with time, so the streamlines are fixed lines
in space.
For unsteady flows, the streamlines may change
shape with time.
Streamlines are obtained analytically by integrating 17

the equations defining lines tangent to the velocity

Streamlines 2/2
For two dimensional flows the slope of the streamline, dy/dx,
must be equal to the tangent of the angle that the velocity
vector makes with the x axis
If the velocity field is known as a
dy v function of x and y, this equation
=
dx u can be integrated to give the
equation of streamlines.

dx dy dz In three dimensional case

= =
u v w
Steady flow: pathlines, streaklines, and streamlines are identical lines.
Unsteady flow: pathlines, streaklines, and streamlines are not
coincide. 18
Example 4.2 Streamlines for a Given
Velocity Field

● Determine the streamlines for the two-dimensio nal

s teady
0 (
flow discussed in Example 4.1, V = (V / x i −

) yj )
！

Figure E4.2 18
Example 4.2 Solution
Since u = (V0 / )x and v = −(V0 /
)y are given by solution of the equation
The streamlines

dy v − (V0 / )y = −
= =
y dx u (V0 / )x x
Integrating….

or ln y = − ln x + constant
∫ = −∫
dy
dx y x
The streamline is xy=C, where C is a
constant 20
Example 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines,
Pathlines, and Streaklines1/2
● Water flowing from the oscillating slit shown in Figure E4.3 (a)
produces a velocity field given by V=u0sin[ω(t-y/v0)]i+v0j, where u0,
v0, and ω are constants. Thus, the y component of velocity remains
constant (v=v0) and the x component of velocity at y=0 coincides
with the velocity of the oscillating sprinkler head [u=u0sin(ωt) at
y=0]. (a) Determine the streamline that passes through the origin
at t=0; at t=π/2ω. (b) Determine the pathline of the particle that was
at the origin at t=0; at t=π/2. (c) Discuss the shape of the streakline
that passes through the origin.
● Animation:
⚪ [Link]
⚪ [Link]

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Example 4.3 Comparison of Streamlines,
Pathlines, and Streaklines2/2

Figure E4.3
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Example 4.3 Solution1/8
(a) Since u=u0sin[ω(t-y/v0)] and v=v0, the streamlines are given
by the solution of
dy v v 0

dx =u =u 0sin[ω(t − y v 0
]
)Integrating….

⎡
⎜ ⎛ y⎟
sin ω t − 0 dy
∫ ∫⎟
u0
⎤ v ⎥⎠ ⎥ = v0 dx,
⎢
⎞⎣ ⎦
⎡ ⎜ ⎤
⎝ ω )cos ω t −
⎛ y ⎞ v0x + C
= (1)
⎢⎢ v ⎥⎥
0
(v
uwhere ⎣ ⎝ ⎠⎦
0 0 C is a constant.
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Example 4.3 Solution2/8
For the streamline at t=0 that passes through the origin (x=y=0),
Eq. 1 gives the value of C=u0v0/ω. The equation for this
streamline is

⎡ ⎤ ⎛ ⎞
⎜ ωy ⎟
x = u0 cos −1 (2)
ω ⎢ ⎣ ⎦⎝v 0 ⎠ ⎥
Similarly, for the streamline at t=π/2ω that passes through the
origin, Eq. 1 gives C=0. The equation for this streamline

u0 u0 ⎡
⎜ ⎛ π y ⎞⎤ ⎟ ⎛ ⎜ ω y⎟
x= cos ω − = cosπ −⎞ 0
ω ⎢ 2ω v0 ⎠ ⎥ ω ⎝ 2
⎣ ⎦
v u0
⎜⎛ ωy ⎞⎟ (3) ⎠
x = ⎝ sin
ω ⎝v 0 ⎠ 23
Example 4.3 Solution3/8
(b)
The pathline of a particle can be obtained from the velocity field and
definition of the velocity.
Since u=dx/dt and v=dy/dt

dx ⎡
0 sin ⎢ ω(t⎥ −
y and dy = v 0
= u )
dt ⎣ 0 v⎦ dt
⎤
Integrated to give the y coordinate of the pathline
y = v0t + C1 (4) Where C1 is a constant.

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Example 4.3 Solution4/8
With this known y=y(t) dependence, the x equation for the
pathline becomes
⎡ ⎤
dx = u0 sin
v0t⎢ +ω(t
C1 )⎥ = −u
0 ⎜⎛ C1ω⎟ ⎞
dt − ⎣ 0 ⎦v ⎝ 0
sin ⎠ v

Integrated to give the x component of the pathline

⎡ ⎛ ⎞⎤
x = −⎢ u ⎜ C1ω⎟ where C2 is a
(5)
t + C2
sin ⎣ ⎝ v 0⎥ constant.
For the
0
particle⎠⎦ that was at the origin (x=y=0) at time t=0, Eqs.
4 and 5 give C1=C2=0. Thus, the pathline is

x=0 and y = v0 t (6)

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Example 4.3 Solution5/8
Similarly, for the particle that was at the origin at t=π/2ω, Eqs. 4
and 5 give C1=-πv0/2ωand C2=-πu0/2ω. Thus, the pathline for
this particle is

⎛ π ⎞ ⎛
⎜ y 0=⎝⎜ v ⎠ t −⎟
and
x = u ⎝ t −⎠ 2ω⎟
0

π ⎞ 2ω
The pathline can be drawn by plotting the locus of x(t), y(t)
value for t≥0 or by eliminating the parameter t from Eq.7 to give

v
y = u0 x (8)
0

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Example 4.3 Solution6/8
The pathlines given by Eqs. 6 and 8, shown in Figure E4.3 (c),
are straight lines from the origin (rays). The pathlines and
streamlines do not coincide because the flow is unsteady.

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Example 4.3 Solution7/8
(c)
The streakline through the origin at time t=0 is the locus of
particles at t=0 that previously (t<0) passed through the
origin. The general shape of the streaklines can be seen as
follows.
Each particle that flows through the origin travels in a straight
line (pathlines are rays from the origin), the slope of which lies
between ±v0/u0 as shown in Figure E4.3 (d). Particles passing
through the origin at different times are located on different rays
from the origin and at different distances from the origin.

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Example 4.3 Solution8/8
The net result is that a stream of dye continually injected at the
origin (a streakline) would have the shape shown in Figure
E4.3(d). Because of the unsteadiness, the streakline will vary
with time, although it will always have the oscillating, sinuous
character shown. Similar streaklines are given by the stream of
water from a garden hose nozzle that oscillates back and forth
in a direction normal to the axis of the nozzle. In this example
neither the streamlines, pathlines, nor streaklines coincide. If
the flow were steady all of these lines would be the same.

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