 Vectors and Tensors

 Scalars:- Quantities with magnitude but no directions.

 Notation:-

 Scalars:- Quantities with magnitude and directions.

 Notation:- Small case English alphabet with a "Tilde" .

e.g.
 Vectors and Tensors
 Unit Vectors
 Unit Vectors

 Dummy Index:- 1. It is repeated, hence it implies a sum.

2. Index is termed as dummy index if it is only on one side of
equation.
 Given Vector, what are
the components?
 Dot Product / Scalar Product / Inner Product
 Given Vector, what are
the components?
 Given Vector, what are
the components?
 Linearity of Dot Product
 Given Vector, what are
the components?
 Given x̰, What are ?
 Given Vector, what are
the components?

 Free Index:- Index is termed as free index if it is on the both side of the
equation.
 Given Vector, what are
the components?
 Given Vector, what are
the components?
 Vector Product / Cross
Product
 Vector Product / Cross
Product
 Vector Product / Cross
Product
 Vector Product / Cross
Product
 Vector Product / Cross
Product
 realationship
 Second Order Tensor
 Tensor:- Linear transformation which maps vector to another vector.
 Second Order Tensor
 Special Tensors
 ZERO Tensor

 IDENTITY Tensor
 Properties of Tensors
 Sum of Tensors

 Additive Inverse of Tensors

 Properties of Tensors
 Product of Tensors
 Components of Tensors
 Components of Tensors
 Components of Identity
Tensors

 Another definition of Kronecker delta

 Kronecker's delta is the component of identity tensor


 Components of v̰ if T̰ and
ṵ are given
 Components of v̰ if T̰ and
ṵ are given
 Components of v̰ if T̰ and
ṵ are given
 Components of v̰ if T̰ and
ṵ are given
 Sum of Components

 Product of Components
 Components of v̰ if T̰ and
ṵ are given
 Components of v̰ if T̰ and
ṵ are given
 Transpose of Tensor
 Given a tensor T, it's transpose is denoted by and defined as

 Components of
 Transpose of Product

 First approach:- Indicial Notation

 Transpose of Product
 First approach:- Using Definition
 Transpose of Product
 Transpose of Product
 Two special cases

 If then it is symmetric tensors

 If then it is skew-symmetric or anti-symmetric tensors


 Dyadic Product of two
vectors

 Properties of dyadic product

 Dyadic Product of two
vectors
 So is a SECOND ORDER TENSOR.

 Component of Dyadic Product

 Dyadic Product of two
vectors

 Tensor in form of dyadic product

 Dyadic Product of two
vectors
 Dyadic Product of two
vectors
 Identity Tensor in form of dyadic product
 Operations on Tensors
 Trace of Tensor
 Operations on Tensors
 Inner product of two Second order Tensors
 Operations on Tensors
 Operations on Tensors
 Determinant
 Operations on Tensors
 Multiplicative inverse of a Tensor
 Eigen Value Problem
 Eigen Value Problem
 Eigen Value Problem
 Finding Invariants
 First Invariant

 Second Invariant
 Finding Invariants
 Third Invariant

 Principal Invariants in terms of eigen values

 Eigen Value Problem
 Co-ordinate Transformation

 Components of a vector v̰, if we switch from 1-2-3 to 1'-2'-3'.

 1-2-3 and 1'-2'-3' are mutually orthogonal right handed co-ordinate system.
 Co-ordinate Transformation
 Co-ordinate Transformation
 Components of in new co-ordinate sysytem
 Co-ordinate Transformation
 Co-ordinate Transformation
of Tensor
 Components of Second order Tensor
 Co-ordinate Transformation
of Tensor
 Co-ordinate Transformation
of Tensor

 During co-ordinate transformation some quantities remains unchanged or are

invariant. (like eigen values)
 Special Types of Tensors
 Skew Symmetric or Anti symmetric tensor
 01-Skew Symmetric Tensor

 These can be generated through 3 components of a vector:-

 01-Skew Symmetric Tensor
 Axial or Dual Vector

 We can use this property to rotate the components of and

 Axial or Dual Vector
 Axial or Dual Vector
 Axial or Dual Vector
 Axial or Dual Vector

 One of the eigen value of is ZERO and the corresponding eigen vector is the axial
or dual vector
 02-Orthogonal Tensors
 is an orthogonal tensor if

 Properties of Orthogonal Tensor

 Property I

→
→
→
→

→
 02-Orthogonal Tensors
 Property II

→ Application of doesn't change the dot product.

 02-Orthogonal Tensors
 Property III

→ Rotation preserves the magnitude.

 02-Orthogonal Tensors
 Transformation

 So is an orthogonal tensor
 02-Orthogonal Tensors
 Components of
 02-Orthogonal Tensors
 Transformation rule
 02-Orthogonal Tensors
 03-Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
1. All eigen values are real.
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
2a. If all the eigen values are different.
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors

 If all the eigen values of symmetric tensors are distinct then eigen vectors associated
with the eigen values are mutually orthogonal.
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 If is an eigen vector then is also an eigen vector if
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
2b. If one eigen value is different.
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 We find the plane for which is the
outward normal We choose two unit
vectors and on this plane
which are mutually perpendicular to
each other
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Eigen value problem for
Symmetric Tensors
 Symmetric Tensors
 Symmetric Tensors
 Symmetric Tensors
 Symmetric Tensors
 Any vector is an eigen vector.

 Any trial of mutually orthogonal vectors corresponds to the principal directions.

 In summary
 Vector and Tensor calculus
 Physical quantities change with time.

 Calculus will look at changes in physical quantities with and or time

 Gradient Operator

 All these expressions are specialized to CARTISIAN CO-ORDINATES

 Gradient Operator
a) Scalar Field
 Gradient Operator
b) Vector Field
 Divergence of Operator
a) Vector
 Divergence of Operator
b) Tensor
 Curl of a Vector
 Laplacian Operator
 Laplacian Operator
a) On Scalar
 Laplacian Operator
b) On Vector
 Example 01
 Laplacian Operator
 Differential Operator
 Differential Operator
 Example 02
 Example 02
 Example 03
 Integration
 Divergence Theorem (Gauss, Gousset)
 1-D

 2-D / 3-D
 Integration
 Integration
 Integration
 Localization Principle
 1-D
 Localization Principle
 2-D / 3-D