CHAPTER THREE

FLUID KINEMATICS
 FLUID KINEMATICS
INTRODUCTION:
• Kinematics of fluid deals with the geometry of motion, i.e. space – time relationships of fluids only
without regards to the forces causing the motion.
• They are generally deals with velocity & acceleration of fluid, and the description and visualization
of motion.
• The concept of a free body diagram, as used in static of rigid bodies in a fluid static is usually
inadequate for the analysis of moving fluids.
• Instead we frequently find the concepts of system & control volume to be useful in the analysis of
fluid mechanics.
• A fluid system refers to a specific mass of fluid within the boundaries defined by a closed surface.
• The shape of the system, & so the boundaries, may change with time, as when liquid flows through a
constriction, as a fluid moves& deforms, so the system containing it moves & deforms.
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• In contrast, a control volume refers to a fixed region in space, which doesn’t move or change shape.
• It is usually chosen as a region that fluid flows in to & out of it. The control volume approach is also
called the Eulerian approach.
• In the Eulerian method the observers concern is to know what happens at any given point in the space,
which is filled by fluid in motion, what are the velocities, acceleration, pressure, etc at various parts at a
given time.
• Therefore, Eulerian method is mostly used because it is more useful in the analysis of the majority of
engineering problems.
 3.2. DIMENSION OF FLOW
• A Fluid flow said to be one, two or three-dimensional flow depending up on the number of
independent space coordinate & required to describe the flow.
• When the dependent variables (example, velocity, pressure density etc) are a function of
one space co-ordinate say x- coordinate) it is known as one-dimensional flow.
• Example of one –dimensional flow (1D): flow through pipes & channels, between
boundaries, etc if the velocity distribution is considered constant at each cross-section.
• ‘One-dimension’ is taken along the central streamline of the flow dependent variables
vary only with x- direction (or s- direction).

Fig 3.1 One-dimensional flow in a pipe

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• When the dependent variables vary only with two-space coordinates, the flow is known as two-
dimensional flow (2D).
• Example: Flow over a weir

Fig 3.2 Two-dimensional flow over a weir

• Generally a, fluid is a rather complex three- dimensional, time dependent phenomenon,

• i.e., V= V(x, y, z, t). In almost any flow situation, the velocity field actually contains all three-
velocity components (u, v, w) & each is a function of all three-space coordinates (x, y, z).
• Example of a 3D flow: the flow of air past an airplane wing provides a complex three-dimensional
flow.
 3.2. VELOCITY & ACCELERATION IN A FLUID FLOW
• In general, fluids flow from one point in space to another point as a function of time. This motion of
fluid is described in terms of the velocity & acceleration of the fluid particles.
• At a given time instant, a description of any fluid property (such as density, pressure, Velocity, &
acceleration) may be given as a function of the fluids location.
• i.e. V = u (x, y, z, t)i +v (x, y, z, t)j + w (x, y, z, t)k
• An infinitesimal change in velocity ( ) is given by: u
u u u u
 u  x y  z t
x y z t
The acceleration components are given by:
u u u u
ax  u v w 
x y z t
v v v v
ay  u  v  w 
x  y z t
   
az  u  v  w 
x y y t
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ay, ay & az are called total or substantial acceleration in the x, y & z direction, the
components are called convective acceleration excluding the last expression
 u v  
 , ,&  Which are called local acceleration
 t t t 
Total acceleration  a  a x i  a y j  a z k
 Convective acceleration – it is instantaneous space rate of change of velocity,
Local acceleration: - it is the local time rate of change of velocity,
 3.3. DESCRIBING THE PATTERN OF FLOW
• Although fluid motion is complicated, there are various concepts that can be used to help in the
visualization & analysis of flow fields.
• This pattern of flow may be described by mean of streamlines, stream tubes, path lines and streamlines.
• Stream lines: - it is an imaginary curve drawn through a flowing fluid in such a way that the tangent to
it at any point gives the direction of the velocity of flow at those points.

Fig. 3.3 streamlines

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• Since the velocity vector is everywhere tangent to the streamlines, there can be no component of
velocity at right angles to the streamlines and hence there is no flow across the streamlines.
• Since the instantaneous velocity at a point in a fluid must be unique in magnitude & direction, the
same point can’t pass more than one streamlines. Therefore, streamlines don’t cross or intersect each
other.
• The velocity vector at point p must be tangent to the streamline at that point.

dy v
Therefore,  tan  
dx u

u dy  vdx  0 ………….Equation of streamlines

Example: - Given the velocity field:
V = 5x3 i – 15x 2 y j
Obtain the equation of the streamlines
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• Stream tube: - is a tube imaginated to be formed by a group of streamlines passing through a small
closed curve.
• A fluid can enter or leave a stream tube only at its ends

Fig. 3.4 A stream tube

Path line: - a path line is a line traced out by a given single fluid particle as it moves from one
point to another over a period of time.
In steady flow path lines & streamlines are identical.
Streak lines: - A streak line consists of all particles in flows that have previously passed
through a common point. They can be obtained by taking instantaneous photographs of
marked particles that all passed through a given location in the flow field at some earlier time.
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• In experimental work often a color or a dye is injected in the flowing fluid, in order to trace the
motion of the fluid particles.
• The resulting trail of color is known as streak lines.
• For steady flow, each successively injected particle follows precisely behind the previous one,
forming a steady streak line that is exactly behind the previous one, forming a steady streak line that
is exactly the same as the streamline through the injection point.
• Hence, path line, streamlines & streak lines are the same for steady flows.
 3.4. CLASSIFICATION OF FLOW

• A. Classification according to type of fluid

(i) Ideal fluid flow – the fluid is assumed to have no viscosity. The velocity distribution is thus
assumed uniform ---- (idealized)
(ii)Real fluid flow: viscosity is taken in to consideration, which leads to the development of shear
stress b/n moving layers. However, some fluids such as water are near to an ideal fluid, and this
simplifying assumption enables mathematical methods to be adopted in the solution of certain flow
problems.
(iii)Compressible fluid flow: - if variation of pressure results in considerable changes in volume &
density. Gases are generally treated as compressible.
(iv)Incompatible fluid flow - if extremely large variation in pressure is required to affect very small
changes in volume. Liquids are generally treated as incompressible.
 B. CLASSIFICATION ACCORDING TO VARIATION OF VELOCITY, DISPLACEMENT AND ETC

i. Steady flow: - A flow is said to be steady if at any point in the flowing fluid characteristic such as
velocity, pressure, density etc don’t change with time. However this characteristic may be different
at different points in the flowing fluid. v p
  0,  0 , etc
t t
ii. Unsteady flow: - if at any point in the flowing fluid any one of all of the characteristics, which
describes the behavior of fluids in motion changes with time.

iii. Uniform flow: - this occurs when the velocity both in magnitude & direction remains constant
with respect to distance, i. e it doesn’t change from point to point

• Example: flow of fluid under pressure through long tube of constant diameter.
iv. Non- uniform flow: - if there is a change in velocity either in magnitude or direction with respect to
distance , then:
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v. Laminar flow: - in laminar flow the particles of fluid move in orderly manners & the steam lines
retain the same relative position in successive cross section. Laminar flow is associated with low
velocity of flow and viscous fluids.
vi. Turbulent flow: - Here the fluid particles flow in a disorder manner occupying different relative
positions in successive cross section.
Turbulent flow is associated with high velocity flows.
• Around 1883, Reynolds established the boundary between the laminar and turbulent flow, using the
dimensionless number called Reynolds’s number, Re.
 Where V- mean velocity
VD
 D- Diameter Re =
 - Kinematics viscosity 
 Reynolds showed that if
 Re < 2000 ---- laminar flow
 Re> 4000 ----- Turbulent
In b/n 2000 & 4000 it is transition flow.
 3.5. CONTINUITY EQUATION
• The continuity equation is a mathematical statement of the principle of conservation of mass.
• Consider the following fixed region with flowing fluid.
• Since fluid is neither created nor destroyed with in the region it may be stored that the rate of
increase of mass contained within the region must be equal to the differences b/n the rate at which the
fluid mass enters the region & the rate of which it leaves the region.

However, if the flow is steady, the rate of increase of the fluid mass with in the region is
equal to zero; then the rate at which fluid mass enters the region is equal to the rate at
which the fluid mass leaves the region.
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• Considers flow through a portion of a stream tube:
1. Mass of fluid flowing per unit of time past section 2 = 2 *dA2 *V2 [ kg/s ]
For steady flow, by the principle of conservation of mass
1 dA1 V1 = 2 d A2 V2
For the entire area of the stream tube:

A1
1 dA1 V1  
A2
 2 dA2 V 2 = constant

If 1 and 2 are average densities at section (1) and (2), then

1  V1 dA1   2  V2 dA2   VA = constant
A1 A2
At section-1
1V1A1 = 2V2A2 = VA = constant
Area of elementary tube = dA1 This is equation of continuity applicable to steady, one-dimensional flow of compressible
Average velocity = V1 as well as incompressible (1 = 2) flow.
Density = 1 For incompressible flow,  = constant and doesn’t vary form point to point, 1 = 2
 Mass of fluid per unit time flowing past section-1 A1V1 = A2V2 = Q = constant
This is continuity equation for steady incompressible flow.
 = 1* dA1* V1 [ kg/s ] Q is the discharge (or volumetric flow rate or flow) defined as
At section-2 Q = AV [m2m/s = m3/s = Volume/time]
Area of elementary tube= dA2 Q Q
Q = A1V2 = A2V2 --- V1  , V2 
Average velocity = V2 A1 A2

Density = 2
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• Hence, the velocity of flow is inversely proportional to the area of flow section.
• This is useful for most engineering application. The general equation of continuity for three
dimensional (3D) flow can be derived as follows.
• Consider a flow through a rectangular parallelepiped of dimensions:

Fig. 3.5 Derivation of a differential equation of continuity

The mass of fluid flowing per unit time through the left face ABCD:
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The mass of fluid flowing out of the parallelepiped through face A’B’C’D’:
 ( u )
 ( u  x)yz
x
1. The net mass of fluid that remain in the parallelepiped per unit time:

  ( u ) 
  u y z    u y z  ( x)yz 
 x 
 ( u )
 xyz
x
By similar procedure the mass of fluid remaining in the others two pairs of faces (Y, Z –
directions)

Y- Direction =   v  x y z
y

Z- Direction =   w x y z
z
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The net total mass of fluid that remains in the parallelepiped per unit time is :

   u    v   w 
 




  x y z            1
 x y z 
The mass of fluid in the parallelepiped is:
  x y z 
Its rate of increase with time is:


t
 x y z   x y z           2
z
Equating 1 & 2 we get:
    v    w  
   (  u )       
  x  y   z    t
  u  v   w
  
   
      0
t  x   y   z 
(General continuity equation in 3D Flow)
  v r  V   V z 
  t            0
t  rr   r    z  In Cylindrical coordinate system
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