RUTHIMITU GIRLS SECONDARY SCHOOL HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT 311/2

MARKING SCHEME
TERM 3- 2022 HISTORY PAPER TWO
FORM 3
21st Feb 2022

SECTION A (25 MARKS)

1. What is oral tradition as a source of information in history (1mk)

i. It’s the study of history based on what’s handed from one generation to another by word of mouth
(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)
2. State two characteristic of homo sapiens (2mks)
i. Had a large brain (1000 – 1800 cc)/ thinking man
ii. Walked upright/ bipedal
iii. Had refined speech
iv. Had smaller jaws compared to earlier forms
v. Had a well-developed thumb
vi. Had a slopy forehead (Any 2 x1 = 2 marks)
3. Name the stone tools made by man during the old stone age period (1mk)
i. Oldowan tools (Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)
4. Give two results of the invention of the wheel in Mesopotamia (2mks)
i. It led to making of high quality pots
ii. It was used to move war chariots
iii. It was used to move carts carrying agricultural produce
iv. It led to development of roads (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)
5. Define the term agrarian revolution (1mk)
i. The period when there were radical changes in the practice of agriculture (Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)
6. Identify one method of trade (1mk)
i. Barter trade
ii. Currency trade

7. State one commune in Senegal where assimilation succeeded any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

i. Goree
ii. Dakar
iii. Rufique
iv. St louis

8. State two characteristics of macadamized roads (2mks)

i. They were all weather roads

ii. They were wide
iii. They were durable
iv. They had good surface drainage/ were raised
v. They had smooth surface
 vi. They were straight (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

9. Give two advantages of using drum beating over smoke signals as a form of communication (2mks)

i. In most case drum beat could be used at any time while smoke can only be used at day
ii. Drum beats relayed specific message unlike smoke that is general
iii. Drum can be used in all seasons unlike smoke that cannot be used during rains
iv. Drum beats send message faster than smoke
v. Drum beats covers a wider region compared to smoke (Any 2 x 1 = 2 mark

10. Give two disadvantage of using coal as a source of industrial energy in the 19th century (2mks)

i. It was bulky/ difficult to transport

ii. It pollutes the environment
iii. It was a non-renewable source of energy/ easily exhaustible
iv. It is expensive to obtain and transport (Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

11. Mention the immediate cause of world war1 (1mk)

i. Assassination at Sarajevo/Assassination of Arch duke Franz Ferdinand and his wife at Sarajevo
(Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

12. Name one early urban center in Africa (1mk)

i. Kilwa
ii. Cairo
iii. Meroe (Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

13. Give the title of the state kings amongst the Asante in the 19th Century (1mk)

i. Omanhene (Any 1 x 1 = 1 mark)

14. State two methods used by south Africans nationalists in their struggle for independence (2mks)

i. Organized political parties eg ANC and pan- African congress to champion their grievances
ii. Made use of trade unions to presses for better working and living conditions
iii. They organized protest marches, defiance campaigns and demonstrations
iv. The nationalist, would occasionally use military force
v. African nationalist also employed diplomacy, in an attempt to get the government’s attention and that of the
international community many occasions the just regime to grant them freedom.
vi. Nationalists who were arrested or detained often went on human strike to press the government to grant
them political independence
vii. Africa also used print media such as pamphlets and newspapers to highlight the injustice of the apartheid
regime
viii. The church leaders such as Bishop Desmond Tutu and Alan boeseak led the fight against apartheid

15. Name two British colony of the British in West Africa (2mks)
i. Nigeria
ii. Ghana
iii. Gambia (Any 2 x 1= 2 marks)
16. List two methods used by European countries to administer their colonies Africa (2mks)
i. Assimilation
 ii. Indirect rule
iii. Direct rule
iv. Association
( Any 2 x 1 = 2 marks)

17. Name one member of the triple entente (1mk)

i. France
ii. Britain
iii. Russia

SECTION B (45 MARKS)

ANSWER THREE QUESTIONS IN THIS SECTION

18a) Give three economic advantages of the discovery of fire by early man (3mks)
i. used to sharpen tips of tools
ii. used for hunting
iii. hardening of pots
iv. to clear bushes to facilitate farming (Any 3x 1= 3 marks)
b) Explain six ways in which the practice of agriculture changed the lives of early people (12mks)
i. agriculture provided people with steady source of food instead of depending on hunting
ii. people were able to lead settled lives because of availability of food
iii. it resulted to people specializing in skills like iron work and craft/ division of labour
iv. production of surplus led to the development of trade
v. it led to an increase in population as people had enough food
vi. concentrations in settlements led to rise of urban centers
vii. permanent building ensured the security of man
viii. it led to the development of social clases
ix. it led to the rise of religion
x. it led to the development of political systems of government (Any 6 x 2= 12 marks)
19a) State three ways in which Africans participated in the Trans-Atlantic Trade (3mks)
i. they acted as middlemen between the Europeans and african merchants
ii. they acquired / raided slaves
iii. rulers sold their own subjects/ they were sold as slaves
iv. they matched/ transported slaves to the coast
v. they transported other trade items to the coast
( Any 3 x 1 = 3 marks)
b) Explain six negative effects of Trans-Atlantic trade on the people of Wes Africa (12mks)
i. There was increased instability / conflicts among communities as traders raided for slaves
ii. Many Africans lost their lives during the slave raids
iii. Traditional industries declined as Africans acquired a taste of European goods
iv. There was increased suffering among families as their loved ones were sold
v. Some kingdoms declined due to continuous attack from their neighboures
vi. There was destruction of property as communities raided each other for trade
vii. It contributed to the decline of the trans Saharan trade as many people found it more profitable
viii. There was a decline in agricultural production as able bodied men were sold in slavery
ix. There was depopulation in west Africa due to slave trade
x. The trade exposed Africans to new diseases
xi. There was insecurity due to slave raids
 xii. It weakened some African communities who could not resist colonization by Europeans
xiii. Africans lost confidence in the chiefs who sold them into slavery
(Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks)

20a) State Five challenges that faced FRELIMO fighters of Mozambique in their struggle for independence
(5mks)

i. They lacked basic needs such as food, clothes and medicine.

ii. Ideological differences led to the formation of rival guerrilla movements such as
MANU, COREMO and FRELIMO.
iii. The nationalist were demoralised due to the assassination of their leader
Eduardo Mondlane.
iv. The Portuguese government ruthlessly suppressed the nationalist movement.
v. The South African apartheid government assisted the Portuguese to fight the
nationalists.
vi. Portugal outlawed political movements
vii. The Christian church in Mozambique condemned the nationalist movement

(Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
b) Explain five contributions of Kwame Nkrumah in the liberation struggle in africa (10mks)
i. Funded nationalists in other countries such as Guinea, Algeria.
ii. Championed for trade unionism in Africa
iii. Attended Manchester Pan African congress ,1945
iv. Convened Pan African conferences that led to the formation of OAU.
v. Supported other African leaders that faced political threats from their former colonial masters e.g Congo’s
Lumumba

vi. He attended Pan-African Conference in Manchester in 1945.

vii. He organized/hosted Pan-African Conference in Accra in 1958.
viii. He inspired African leaders to unite; .
ix. He encouraged the formation of nationalist movements:
x. He co-ordinated plans to decolonize West African states/African states.
xi. He supported black civil ri2hts movement in the U.S.A:
xii. He condemned European domination in Africa.

(Any 5 x 2 = 10marks)
21a) Mention three early sources of energy (3mks)
i. Wood
ii. Wind
iii. Water
(Any 3x1= 3 marks)
b) Explain six factors for the rise of industrialization in South Africa (12mks)
i. The availability of many sources of energy to provide the required power of industrialization
ii. The existence of varied mineral resources to sustain the process of industrialization
iii. The presence of well-developed transport network/ infrastructure to facilitate movement
iv. The availability of internal and external market for their manufactured goods
v. The availability of both skilled and unskilled manpower required for industrialization
vi. The availability of capital generated from trade and minerals sales
vii. The governments sound industrial policies encouraged manufacture of goods
viii. The high quality of goods increased demand for south African goods
 ix. The prevailing stability created peace necessary for industrialization (Any 6 x 2 = 12 marks)

SECTION C (30MARKS)
22a) Give five functions of the Lukiko among the traditional Baganda (5mks)
i. it advised Kabaka
ii. it represented the wishes of the people
iii. it assisted in settling disputes/ acted as court of appeal
iv. it directed the collection of taxes
v. it formulated laws for the kingdom
vi. it helped the kabaka in general administration (Any 5 x 1= 5 marks)
b) Explain five factors that led to the growth of the Baganda Kingdom by the 18th Century (10mks)
i. the fertile soils and good climate favored agriculture thus increase in food production
ii. able leadership of the kings, eg Kabaka Mutesa
iii. centralization of governance under the kingship
iv. the kingdom had a strong standing army that was used for Defence
v. the kingdom was small in size thus making it easy to govern and defend
vi. the decline of their rivals the Bunyoro kingdom created power vacuum
vii. trade with the arabs and Swahili enabled them acquire weapons used for defence
viii. the traditional religion/ ganda tradition united the people
(Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks)
23a) State five reasons why King Lewanika of the Lozi collaborated with the British (5mks)
i. they wanted to safeguard their independence
ii. in order to get support against their enemies/ Portuguese/ Germans
iii. so as to protect their land from being allianated
iv. they wanted to acquire Europeans manufacture goods/ trade
v. the leader was influenced by missionaries
vi. their leader was influenced by chief Khama of Gwato ( Any 5 x 1 = 5 marks)
b) Explain five factors which enabled Samori Toure to resist the French colonization by 1882 (10mks)
i. he had a well-organized army which was a formidable force for the French
ii. he equipped the army with modern weapons which were acquired from trade/ locally made
iii. he used Islam to unify the soldiers / convinced his people that they were fighting a jihad war
iv. he had adequate food supply which sustained the army
v. he used the guerrilla warfare / scorched earth policy tactics which were effective
vi. some of his solders had served in the French army and were familiar with their tactics
vii. the use of horses during the war enhanced effectiveness
viii. the soldiers were familiar with the terrain to enable them be effective
ix. he was a competent military leader who inspired his soldiers
x. he used diplomacy / played the French by signing treaties to delay their attack
xi. samori shifted his empire and capital further inland to give more time to re organize his forces
xii. he was able to pay his soldiers well (Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks)
24a) Give five reasons why the British policy of Indirect rule was successful in Northern Nigeria (5mks)
i. Northern Nigeria had a centralized system of government that made it easy to apply their rule
ii. Existence of one religion, Islam unified the people
iii. Linguistic unity of the region made it easy to unify the people
iv. The British did not want to interfere with African culture in Northern Nigeria
v. African chiefs supported the British in recruiting labour
vi. Africans were ruled by Emirs/ Chiefs a fact that diffused rebellion
vii. District officers gave guidance in local government and instruction on national matters thus minimizing
conflicts (Any 5 x 1= 5 marks)
b) Describe the structure of the French colonial administration in the West African communes (10mks)
i. At the top was the minister for colonies based in Paris France
ii. West Africa was governed as a federation ruled by the Governor General based in Dakar
iii. There were colonies below the federation ruled by Lieutenant Governors
iv. The colonies were divided into provinces administered by commandant de Cercle
v. The provinces were divided into districts governed by chef de sub division
vi. The districts were divided into locations headed by chefs de Canton
vii. The locations were divided into sub locations headed by chefs de village
viii. Each colony elected a Deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies in the French Lower House
(Any 5 x 2 = 10 marks)