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HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
PAPER 2
JULY/AUGUST 2012
BARINGO EDUCATIONAL IMPROVEMENT EXAMINATION
Kenya Certificate of Secondary Education
HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT
PAPER 2
This paper consists of 3 printed pages
MARKING SCHEME
1
SECTION A ( 25 marks)
1. Give two electronic sources of information on History and government (2 marks)
Microfilms
Radio
Audio-visual sources
Data banks and databases (Any 2x1=2
marks)
2. Identify the Hominid that was discovered at Taung in Botswana in 1994 (1mk)
Australopithecus/Zinjanthropus/Southern Ape (1x1=1
mark)
3. Give two early centres of Agrarian system ( 2 marks)
Yellow river
Nile valley
Danube valley in Europe
Indus valley (Any 2x1=2
marks)
4. State one political effects of using modern means of transport (1mk)
It contributed to the colonization of Africa and some Asian countries such as
India and Pakistan
Political control in nations is enhanced by the existence of sound transport
network (Any
1x1=1mark)
5. Reasons why industrialization in Africa has taken too long? (1mk)
Lack of skilled personnel as a result of Brain drain
Long period of colonization
Poor transport and communication systems
Lack of adequate capital to support meaningful industrialization
Poor technology
Low literacy levels
2
Stiff competition from developed countries since their products are of higher
quality
High poverty levels leading to small domestic market and low consumer
purchasing power.
Political instability which has paralysed industrialization
Protectionist policies adopted by developing countries e.g imposition of high
import duties
African countries lack disaster management strategies thus natural calamities like
drought and floods affect the industrialization process(Any 1x1=1mark)
6. Why do you think Trans-Atlantic trade contributed to the decline of Trans-Saharan
Trade? (1mk)
Traders were drawn to Trans-Atlantic trade at the expense of trans-Saharan trade
7. Factors that led to the decline of early Urban centres (2mks)
Exhaustion of mineral deposites e.g Axum Meroe
Decline of trading activities e.g Kilwa
Wars of conquests also led to decline of some urban centres e.g Gedi
Change in trade routes had a significant impact on decline of some urban centres
Water shortages
Urban centres that served as administrative centres of empires declined when the
powers of these empires diminished(Any 2x1=2 marks)
8. Name two people credited with the development of modern roads in the 18th century
(2mks)
Thomas Telford (1757-1834)
George wade (1673-1749
John Mac Adam (1756-1836)
John Metcalfe (1717-1810)
9. Main factors which enhanced unity between the Shona and Ndebele against the
British in Chimurenga War of 1896 – 1897 (1m)
Religion(Any 1x1=1 marks)
3
10. Reasons for direct rule in Zimbabwe (2mks)
Adequate number of white settlers to take charge of the Administration
Lack of confidence on the African leadership by the Europeans following the
Chimurenga
Non-existence of traditional systems and indigenous political institutions since
they had been destroyed during the British wars of conquest
In order for the British to take full control of the African communities
(Any 2x1=2
marks)
11 Similarities between the British and French Administration (2mks)
In both the positions of chiefs were created especially in decentralized societies
e.g Kenya, S. Nigeria and French Somali
In both African resources were greatly exploited for the Europeans benefits
(minerals, National and human resource)
Africans were subjected to oppressive colonial laws such as taxation, forced
labour arbitrary arrest , imprisonment and lack of voting rights.
Europeans occupied senior administrative positions with the African at the lower
levels in the administrative hierarchy. (Any 2x1=2 marks)
12. Major contribution of Woodrow Wilson in the treaty of Versailles (1m)
He came up with the 14 principles consequently persuading states to come into
terms( 1x1=1 mark)
13. Benefit of international relations (1mk)
Promotion of economic growth through trade which enables states to acquire
goods they do not have
Promotion of peace and security
Promotion of cultural exchanges which enhances international understanding
Enhances collective solving of problems of global concern e.g terrorism
(Any 1x1=1 mark)
4
14. Identify the names of the two camps that fought during the first world war
(2mks)
The Allied forces
The Central powers ( 2x1=2
marks)
15. State one reasons for enhanced Pan-Africanism in Africa after 1945 (1mk)
Increased African Nationalism after world war II and the support by U.S.A, U.N
and U.S.SR in fighting for political independence
Unity brought by 1945 congress at Manchester in which majority delegates came
from Africa after being inspired by others to join the Pan –African movement e.g
Kenyatta, Leopold Senghor etc
Attainment of political independence of India in 1945, Pakistan in 1948 and
Myanmar (Burma) in 1948 thus serving to motivate the African Nationalist
Reduced role of Afro-Americans such as George Padmore as government of
U.S.A tried to contain USSR and her ideology during the cold war
Attainment of independence of Ghana in 1957 inspired other Africans states to
fight for liberation rather than for betterment of terms for Africans
(Any 1x1=1 mark)
16. State one way in which the powers of Barack Obama as U.S President are checked
(1mk)
Congress controls his powers by approving all appointments made by the
President
Congress can refuse to approve funds to finance unpopular foreign policy
The congress can impeach the President
Constitution limits the Presidents term in office to a two four year term
Mass media monitors closely the Presidents action and speech
Public opinion in the U.S.A reflects the wishes of the people and the President has
to respect it(Any 1x1=1 mark)
5
17. Mention two political challenges facing Africa since Independence (2mks)
Ideological differences
Cold war divided and locked in border conflicts that continue to date
Coups d’état
Strained international relation
Conflicting interests have been in conflict with global and continental policies
Neocolonialism. The divide and rule policies inherited by leaders of independent
states have contributed to anarchy
Ethnicity –ethnic groups has contributed to severe inter-ethnic wars that have
claimed hundreds of thousands of lives as was in the case in Rwanda, Burundi,
Sudan and Nigeria
Mal-administration –The leadership in many African states that independence was
unprepared and inexperienced in administration hence instability e.g Angola and
Mozambique. (Any 2x1=2
marks)
SECTION B ( 45 marks )
18. (a) Mention three factors which influenced the evolution of man. ( 3 marks)
Natural selection.
Mutations
Adaptation to changing environments
Isolation. (Any 3x1=
3mks)
(b) Explain six reasons why it is important for students to study History and
Government in school. ( 12 marks)
To develop a sense of belonging and faster National pride.
To understand and appreciate their past way of life which help them to predict
future events.
To acquire the capacity for political thinking as they analyse historical
information.
To appreciate culture of other people.
To attain a career and get employment e.g. Teaching.
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To prepare student for life and the way they should react to future challenges.
To attain knowledge and the pleasure for reading and finding out new
information.
To foster empathy or ability to understand how other people think and feel as well
as their roles and positions in the society. (Any
6x2=12mks)
19. (a)State five problems that were encountered by the Trans-Saharan trade
( 5 marks)
Bites by desert creatures
Extreme desert temperatures i.e. very cold night and very hot days
Journey was long and tiresome
Some got lost on the way
Attack by marauding desert robbers
Lack of food and water in the desert
Heavy sand storms in the desert (Any 5x1=5 marks
(b) Explain five effects of the Trans-Saharan trade on the African Continent
( 10 marks)
A class of rich merchants emerged in Western Sudan
Acquisition of guns has increased warfare
Increased suffering for Africans
Depopulation in Africa
Introduction of new trade items
Growth of new urban centres
Decline of traditional industries
Decline in economical development
Foundation of Sierra Leone and Liberia as settlement for freed slaves
Growth of population of mulatoes in Africa
Decline of the Trans-Saharan trade
Eventually colonization of Africa (Any
5x2=10MKS)
20.(a) State three ways through which the industrial revolution in Europe contributed to
the Scramble for colonies in Africa. ( 3 marks)
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European countries needed markets for their manufactured goods.
European countries needed raw materials to feed their industries.
European countries needed areas to invest their surplus capital.
European countries needed agricultural land in Africa to grow food crops.
European countries needed cheap labour from African to produce raw materials.
European countries developed a high demand of minerals speculated to be
available in Africa
(Any3x1=3mks)
(b) Explain six economic impacts of the partition of Africa among the European
colonial powers ( 12 marks)
Africa became a source of raw materials and markets on European manufacture
goods.
Development of infrastructure.
Disruption of African traditional economic activities.
Recruitment of Africa labour for European economic gain.
It speeded up economic growth or European countries.
African was underdeveloped due to exploitation of her resources.
Introduction of large – scale agriculture.
It created over – dependence on Europe by Africa on financial and technical
support.
Africans were introduced on the international system of trade and finance.
There was introduction of wage labour to Africa
(Any6x2=12mks)
21. (a) State the provisions of the Arusha declaration of 1967 in Tanzania. ( 3 marks)
Self reliance on local resources
ujamaa(socialism) establishment of a socialist state.
Equality of all citizens/avoidance of dissemination.
Nationalization of resources. (Any
3x1=3mks)
( b) Explain six economic reforms introduced in Tanzania since 1985 ( 12 marks)
Ujamaa policy was ended.
Nationalism policy was abolished.
8
Encouragement of privatization of Agriculture business and industrial sectors and
reduction of government
involvement in business ownership.
Markets have been liberated with limited government control of prices.
Tanzania currency was also devolved to reduce inflation.
Disposal of unprofitable government times.
Has also enhanced her bilateral and multilateral economic relations with
neighbours and the west.
She has also embraced world bank and IMF aid contributions to attract foreign aid
investment.
Has also improved infrastructure through construction of more roads.
She has expanded mineral production by opening up of Gold mines and Natural
gas plants (Any 6x2=
12mks)
SECTION C (30 marks )
22. (a) Identify the three presidents of democratic republic of Congo since
Independence ( 3 marks)
Mobutu Sese Seko
Laurent Desire Kabila
Joseph Kabila (Any 3x1=3
marks)
b) Describe six political challenges which DRC has faced since
Independence ( 12 marks)
Political upheavals from ideological differences, tribalism and colonial hangover
Ethnicity
Secession of Katanga and Kasai regions weakened the country
The foreigners in Congo turned to the former colonialists for support hence
undermining Congo’s independence
Lumumba’s assassination made the country to almost disintegrate
9
Between 1960-1964 the UN and Belgian interfered a lot with the country’s
internal affairs
When Mobutu took over there was a shift from democracy to dictatorship e.g one
party system
Between 1977 to 1978 there was the rebellion and Zoo soldiers died
Kabila was assassinated in 2001 his successor found it difficult to bring peace I
SRC
Poor relationship with neighbouring countries due to the rebel groups
(Any 6x2=
12mks)
23. (a) State five functions of political parties in the United states of America (U.S.A)
(5
marks)
They are agencies of political education
They make electoral politics coherent by acting as agent of each candidate
They nominate candidates for elections to various political offices
Parties provide accountability when party policies fail the votes can hold its
candidates accountable at election time
Parties help to put the desire of the people on the government policy agenda
Parties provide outlets for citizens to express their sentiments about nominees
Different parties have different policies and principles this helps voters sort
out candidates (Any
5x1=5MKS)
(b) Describe the powers of President of India. ( 10 marks)
powers to dissolve parliament
powers to declare an emergency in a state and rule that state by decree
powers to assent or Veto a bill
Commander –in- Chief of the armed forces
Powers to appoint state governors and supreme court judges
10
Powers to appoint the Prime Minister
The President is the major symbol of National Unity (Any
5x2=10MKS)
24 (a) State three reasons why the United States of America (USA) was reluctant to
join the First World War during the initial stages ( 3 marks)
Desire to abide by the term of the Monroe Doctrine of 1823 which forbid USA
from interfering with European affairs.
Fear of revolt by her citizens of Germany origin.
Fear of outbreak of civil war been American of German decent and those of other
European nationalists.
The war had not interfered with the USA’s interest until 1916.
(Any3x1=3mks)
(b) Explain six results of the first world war ( 12 marks)
Many people were killed and many others wounded.
Outbreak of disease e.g. the Spanish influenza caused tens of thousands of deaths.
A lot of money was spent on the war. Nations spend a lot to buy guns, food,
ammunitions and other war materials.
International trade came to a standstill and this brought economic disaster
especially to Europe.
The world experienced vandalism and wanton destructions of property e.g. means
of transport and communications were destroyed.
Africans became politically aware. The Africans soldiers who participated in the
war overcame the myth of European superiority.
German was made to pay for the damages as it was declared solely responsible.
German lost Alsace and Lorraine to France.
Led to the creation of new nations in Europe e.g. Hungary and Yugoslavia.
USA emerged as the leading world power.
11
Germany lost all her overseers territories.
Germany lost all her overseas territories (colonies) which were declared mandated
territories placed under the supervision of League of Nations.
Led to the formation of n international organization the League of Nations in
1919 to check any other outbreak of war in future.
It laid the foundation for the WW2. German felt that they were falsely accused of
being solely responsible.
Led to the rise of dictators like Benito Mussolini in Italy and Adolf Hitler in
Germany (Any
6x2=12mks)
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