SPECIAL ELECTRICAL UNIT 1
MACHINES
LINEAR ELECTRIC MOTORS
▪ Recently, the linear electric motors have gained considerable attention in applications
requiring linear motion such as robotic assembly systems, transportation system, laser
cutting system etc.
▪The direct linear motor drive system have advantages over the conventional motor
drive system coupled with the belt drive or similar system for conversion of rotary
system to linear system.
▪In case of systems with linear motors, the thrust developed by the motor can be
directly applied to the payloads without any mechanical transmission or conversion in
between.
CLASSIFICATION
▪ The linear induction motors are classified into three groups (This classification is based upon
the application for which these machines are used):
Power Motors
Energy Motors
Force Motors
Power Motors: In transportation system like traction, cranes, conveyers and so on, power
motors are used. They are characterized by high power efficiency.
Energy Motors: In applications like aircraft, missile launchers and others, it is essential to have
high acceleration from low to high speed in short time and short distance. The motors used for
such applications are said to be the energy motors. Their energy efficiency should be high.
Force Motors: The applications like door closers, impact metal forming, stop valves and other
require high force at rest or at low speeds during short intervals. The motors used for
providing thrust for these applications are called force motors. They have high force to input
power ratio.
ADVANTAGES OF LINEAR
INDUCTION MOTOR
▪ Simple construction
▪ Low maintenance cost
▪ No limitation on tractive effort due to adhesion between wheel and rail i.e. they do
not rely on the friction (adhesion) between wheels and rails to generate propulsion,
unlike conventional rotary electric motors used in trains.
▪ Unlimited maximum speed as the centrifugal force is absent.
▪ Tractive effort is independent of speed.
▪ Higher power to weight ratio9.
LINEAR INDUCTION MOTOR
A Linear Induction Motor (LIM) is a type of AC motor that produces linear motion
instead of rotational motion. It operates on the same principles as a traditional
induction motor but is designed in an "unrolled" form to create thrust along a straight
path.
CONSTRUCTION
The design and construction of a linear induction motor resemble those of a three
phase induction motor, but with a unique flat appearance. By cutting and flattening
the stator of a polyphase induction motor, we form the system’s primary
component. Similarly, flattening the rotor creates the system’s secondary
component
There is another variant of LIM also being used for increasing efficiency known as the
Double Sided Linear Induction Motor or DLIM, as shown in the figure below. It has
primary on either side of the secondary, for more effective utilization of the flux from both
sides.
WORKING PRINCIPLE
● The primary of a LIM, when excited by a balanced three-phase power supply, generates a
flux that travels its entire length. This flux, moving linearly, is similar to the rotating magnetic
field seen in conventional three phase induction motor or synchronous motors. The relative
motion between this traveling flux and the secondary conductors induces an electric current,
which interacts with the flux to produce linear thrust.
● If the primary is fixed and the secondary is free to move, the force will pull the secondary in
the direction of the force and will result in the required rectilinear motion. When we give
supply to the system the developed field will result in a linear traveling field, the velocity of
which is given by the equation,
Vs = 2tf m/s
● Where f is the supply frequency in Hz, Vs is the velocity of the linear traveling field in meter per second,
and t is the linear pole pitch i.e. pole to pole linear distance in meter.
● Much like in traditional induction motor, the secondary or runner in a LIM cannot match the
magnetic field speed, resulting in a measurable slip. The speed of the linear induction motor, given
a slip s, can be calculated accordingly.
● V= (1-s)Vs
Principle Video
[Link]
Specific Electric Loading (q)
Specific electric loading is the total number of ampere-conductors per unit
circumference of the armature in an electrical machine. It is a measure of the
current-carrying capacity of the machine and affects its size, efficiency, and performance
q=IZ/L
q = Specific electric loading (A-conductors per meter)
I = Current per conductor (A)
Z = Total number of conductors in the active length
L = Effective length of the primary (m)
Specific Magnetic Loading (BBB)
Specific magnetic loading refers to the average magnetic flux density over the air gap
of an electrical machine. It determines the magnetic field strength and impacts the
design, efficiency, and size of the machine.
B = phi /L*W
Where:
● L = Length of the active stator (m)
● W = Width of the stator (m)
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