INTRODUCTION TO

ELECTRICAL DRIVES
Motor Theory and Selection

Presented by
SRIKANT PATI
CENTRAL TOOL ROOM AND
TRAINING CENTER
What u will learn ??
 Students will be able to…
 Understand the basic theory of electrical motor
action.
 Describe the basic structure and characteristics
of a motor.
 Develop a simple Ladder Logic diagram for a
motor Stop/Start circuit.
Why does a motor turn?
 Magnetism
 Magnetic forces generated by the electric current
flowing in the windings interacts with mechanical
motor components.
 The repulsion of lines of magnetic force causes
the motor to rotate
 This is the same repulsion that you see when two
similar magnetic poles are pushed together.
Magnetic attraction and repulsion.

.
Left-Hand Rule
 When your left thumb points in the direction
of current flow in a conductor, the fingers curl
in the direction of the magnetic force lines.
 When the fingers of the left hand curl around

the turns of an electromagnet in the direction

of electron flow, the thumb points to the north
pole.
Magnetic field around a current-
carrying conductor.

.
Faraday’s Law
 The voltage induced across a coil of
wire equals the number of turns in the
coil time the rate of change of the
magnetic flux
A demonstration of Faraday’s first observation: The amount
of induced voltage is directly proportional to the rate of
change of the magnetic field with respect to the coil.

.
A demonstration of Faraday’s second observation: The
amount of induced voltage is directly proportional to the
number of turns in the coil.
Motor Action
 Motor action is the result of two magnetic
fields interacting with one another.
 The fields aid or cancel.

 The resultant force is always from the

stronger to the weaker field.

Generator Action
 There must be a change in the flux in order to
generate an induced voltage.
 The amount of induced voltage is

proportional to:
 The number of turns of wire
 The rate of change of flux

 The polarity of induced voltage is determined

by Lenz’ law.
Amount of Induced Voltage
 The faster the flux changes, the higher the
induced voltage.
 When the flux changes at a constant rate, the

induced voltage is constant.

 Lenz’ Law:

Induced current has a magnetic field that

opposes the change causing the induction.
A basic dc generator.
End view of loop cutting
through the magnetic field.
Basic operation of a dc
generator.
Induced voltage over three
rotations of the loop.

.
Generator Action
 By adding additional loops of wire, additional
pulses are produced
 The DC nature of the electricity is caused by

the split ring commutator

 When slip rings are used instead of a

commutator an AC output is obtained

The induced voltage for a two-loop generator.
There is much less variation in the induced
voltage.
Generation Of AC Sine Waves
Motors/Generators
 The actions are reversible
 Mechanical energy can be converted to electrical
energy
 Electrical energy can be converted to mechanical

energy
 There are many types, designs, and

constructions of motors

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Major Motor Types
 AC Polyphase
 AC Single Phase

 Direct Current (DC)

 Gearmotors

 Brakemotors
AC Induction Motors
 The term “induction” derives from the transference
of power from the stator to the rotor through
electromagnetic induction.
 No slip rings or brushes are required since the load
currents in the rotor conductors are induced by
transformer action.
 The induction motor is, in effect, a transformer - with
the stator winding being the primary winding and the
rotor bars and end rings being the movable
secondary members.
AC Polyphase
 In polyphase motors, the placement of the
phase winding groups in conjunction with the
phase sequence of the power supply line
produces a rotating field around the rotor
surface.
 The rotor tends to follow this rotating field

with a rotational speed that varies inversely

with the number of poles wound into the
stator.
AC Polyphase
AC Polyphase
 Polyphase induction motors are specified by
their electrical design type:
 A, B, C, D or E, as defined by the National

Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA).

 These designs are suited to particular

classes of applications based upon the load

requirements typical of each class.
AC Polyphase
 Because of their widespread use throughout
industry and because their characteristics
lend themselves to high efficiencies, many
types of general purpose three-phase motors
are required to meet mandated efficiency
levels under the U.S. Energy Policy Act.
 Included in the mandates are NEMA Design

B, T frame, foot-mounted motors from 1-200

HP.
AC Polyphase
 Polyphase AC motors are reversible.
Changing any two phase connections to the
stator windings will reverse the rotation
 A list of properties associated with various

design types can be found on page 14 of the

Leeson Basic Training Manual on your
course CD.
AC Single Phase
 Single phase motors do not produce a
rotating field at a standstill, so a starter
winding is added to give the effect of a
polyphase rotating field.
 Once the motor is running, the start winding
can be cut out of the circuit, and the motor
will continue to run on a rotating field that
now exists due to the motion of the rotor
interacting with the single-phase stator
magnetic field.
AC Single Phase
 Types of single-phase motors are distinguished
mostly by the way they are started and the torque
they develop.
 Shaded Pole motors have low starting torque, low
cost, low efficiency, and no capacitors.
 There is no start switch. These motors are used on
small direct drive fans and blowers found in homes.
 Shaded pole motors should not be used to replace
other types of single-phase motors.
AC Single Phase
 PSC (Permanent Split Capacitor) motors have
applications similar to shaded pole, except much
higher efficiency, lower current (50% - 60% less),
and higher horsepower capability.
 PSC motors have a run capacitor in the circuit at all
times. They can be used to replace shaded pole
motors for more efficient operation and can be used
for fan-on-shaft fan applications, but not for belted
fans due to the low starting torque.
AC Single Phase
AC Single Phase
 Capacitor Start motors are designed in both moderate and high
starting torque types with both having moderate starting current,
high breakdown torques.
 Moderate-torque motors are used on applications in which
starting requires torques of 175% or less or on light loads such
as fans, blowers, and lightstart pumps.
 High-torque motors have starting torques in excess of 300% of
full load and are used on compressors, industrial, commercial
and farm equipment.
 Capacitor start motors use a start capacitor and a start switch,
which takes the capacitor and start winding out of the circuit
when motor reaches approximately 75% of its operating speed.
AC Single Phase
AC Single Phase
 Capacitor Start/Capacitor Run motors have
applications and performance similar to
capacitor start except for the addition of a run
capacitor (which stays in circuit) for higher
efficiency and reduced running amperage.
 Generally, start/ capacitor run motors are

used for 3 HP and larger single-phase

applications.
AC Single Phase
Direct Current (DC)
 The DC motor is the oldest member of the electric
motor family.
 The rotating member is called an armature, and the
stationary windings are called the field
 This is as opposed to the AC terms of rotor and
stator
 Permanent magnet DC designs are generally used
for motors that produce less than 5 HP. Larger
horsepower applications use shunt-wound direct
current motors.
Direct Current (DC)
 DC motors have extremely high torque
capabilities and can be used in conjunction
with relatively simple solid state control
devices to give programmed acceleration and
deceleration over a wide range of selected
speeds.
 Because the speed of a DC motor is not
dependent on the number of poles, there is
great versatility for any constant or variable
speed requirement.
Direct Current (DC)
 In most common DC motors, the magnetic
field is produced by high strength permanent
magnets, which have replaced traditional field
coil windings.
 The magnets require no current from the
power supply. This improves motor efficiency
and reduces internal heating.
 In addition, the reduced current draw
enhances the life of batteries used as power
supplies in mobile or remote applications.
Direct Current (DC)
Gearmotors
A gearmotor is made up of an electric motor,
either DC or AC, combined with a geared
speed reducer.
 Spur, helical or worm gears may be used in

single or multiple stages.

 The configuration may be either that of a

parallel shaft, emerging from the front of the

motor, or a right-angle shaft.
Gearmotors
Gearmotors
 Gearmotors are often rated in input horsepower;
however, output torque, commonly measured in inch-
pounds, and output speed are the critical values.
 Gearmotors may be either integral, meaning the gear
reducer and motor share a common shaft, or they may
be created from a separate gear reducer and motor,
coupled together.
 Integral gearmotors are common in subfractional
horsepower sizes; separate reducers and motors are
more often the case in fractional and integral
horsepowers.
 For more on gear reducers and gearmotors, see Chapter
IX in the Leeson manual on your CD
Brakemotors
A brakemotor is a pre-connected package of
industrial-duty motor and failsafe, stop-and-
hold spring-set brake. In case of power
failure, the brake sets, holding the load in
position.
 Brakemotors are commonly used on hoists or
other lifting devices. Brake features can also
be added to standard motors through
conversion kits that attach to the shaft end of
either fan cooled or open motor.
Brakemotors
Ladder Logic
 Ladder diagrams are specialized schematics
commonly used to document industrial control logic
systems.
 They are called "ladder" diagrams because they
resemble a ladder, with two vertical rails (supply
power) and as many "rungs" (horizontal lines) as
there are control circuits to represent.
 If we wanted to draw a simple ladder diagram
showing a lamp that is controlled by a hand switch,
it would look like this:
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic
 The "L1" and "L2" designations refer to the
two poles of a 120 VAC supply, unless
otherwise noted. L1 is the "hot" conductor,
and L2 is the grounded ("neutral") conductor.
These designations have nothing to do with
inductors, just to make things confusing.
 The actual transformer or generator
supplying power to this circuit is omitted for
simplicity.
 In reality, the circuit looks something like this:
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic
 Note the number "1" on the wire between the switch
and the lamp. In the real world, that wire would be
labeled with that number, using heat-shrink or
adhesive tags, wherever it was convenient to identify.
 Wires leading to the switch would be labeled "L1" and
"1," respectively.
 Wires leading to the lamp would be labeled "1" and
"L2," respectively.
 These wire numbers make assembly and maintenance
easier. Each conductor has its own unique wire
number for the control system that it's used in.
Ladder Logic
 Wire numbers do not change at any junction or
node, even if wire size, color, or length changes
going into or out of a connection point. Of course, it
is preferable to maintain consistent wire colors, but
this is not always practical.
 What matters is that any one, electrically continuous
point in a control circuit possesses the same wire
number.
 For example, in the next slide wire #25 is a single,
electrically continuous point threading to many
different devices:
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic Review
 Ladder diagrams (also called "ladder logic") are a type of
electrical notation and symbology frequently used to illustrate
how electromechanical switches and relays are interconnected.
 The two vertical lines are called "rails" and attach to opposite
poles of a power supply, usually 120 volts AC. L1 designates the
"hot" AC wire and L2 the "neutral" (grounded) conductor.
 Horizontal lines in a ladder diagram are called "rungs," each one
representing a unique parallel circuit branch between the poles of
the power supply.
 Typically, wires in control systems are marked with numbers
and/or letters for identification. The rule is, all permanently
connected (electrically common) points must bear the same
label.
Ladder Logic
 Another practical application of relay logic is
in control systems where we want to ensure
two incompatible events cannot occur at the
same time.
 An example of this is in reversible motor
control, where two motor contactors are wired
to switch polarity (or phase sequence) to an
electric motor, and we don't want the forward
and reverse contactors energized
simultaneously:
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic
 When contactor M1 is energized, the 3 phases (A,
B, and C) are connected directly to terminals 1, 2,
and 3 of the motor, respectively.
 However, when contactor M2 is energized, phases
A and B are reversed, A going to motor terminal 2
and B going to motor terminal 1. This reversal of
phase wires results in the motor spinning the
opposite direction.
 Let's examine the control circuit for these two
contactors:
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic
 If someone were to push both buttons at the same
time, phases A and B would be short-circuited
together by virtue of the fact that contactor M1
sends phases A and B straight to the motor and
contactor M2 reverses them; phase A would be
shorted to phase B.
 Obviously, this is a bad control system design!
 To prevent this occurrence from happening, we can
design the circuit so that the energizing one
contactor prevents the energizing of the other. This
is called interlocking, and it is accomplished through
the use of auxiliary contacts on each contactor, as
such:
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic
 Now, when M1 is energized, the normally-closed
auxiliary contact on the second rung will be open, thus
preventing M2 from being energized, even if the
"Reverse" pushbutton is actuated.
 Likewise, M1's energization is prevented when M2 is
energized. Note, as well, how additional wire numbers
(4 and 5) were added to reflect the wiring changes.
 It should be noted that this is not the only way to
interlock contactors to prevent a short-circuit condition.
Some contactors come equipped with the option of a
mechanical interlock: a lever joining the armatures of
two contactors together so that they are physically
prevented from simultaneous closure.
Ladder Logic Review
 Switch contacts installed in a rung of ladder logic
designed to interrupt a circuit if certain physical
conditions are not met are called permissive
contacts, because the system requires permission
from these inputs to activate.
 Switch contacts designed to prevent a control
system from taking two incompatible actions at once
(such as powering an electric motor forward and
backward simultaneously) are called interlocks.
Ladder Logic
 The interlock contacts installed in the previous
section's motor control circuit work fine, but the
motor will run only as long as each pushbutton
switch is held down. If we wanted to keep the motor
running even after the operator takes his or her
hand of the control switches, we could change the
circuit in a couple of different ways:
 we could replace the pushbutton switches with toggle
switches
 we could add some more relay logic to "latch" the control
circuit with a single, momentary actuation of either switch.
 Let's see how the second approach is implemented,
since it is commonly used in industry:
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic
 However, this creates a new problem: how to stop
the motor!
 As the circuit exists right now, the motor will run
either forward or backward once the corresponding
pushbutton switch is pressed, and will continue to
run as long as there is power.
 To stop either circuit (forward or backward), we
require some means for the operator to interrupt
power to the motor contactors. We'll call this new
switch, Stop:
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic
 If our hypothetical motor turned a mechanical load
with a lot of momentum (e.g., a large fan), the motor
might continue to coast for a substantial amount of
time after the stop button had been pressed.
 If the fan was still coasting forward and the
"Reverse" pushbutton was pressed, the motor would
draw excessive current and potentially reduce the
life of the motor, drive mechanisms, and fan.
 What we might like to have is some kind of a time-
delay function in this motor control system to
prevent such a premature startup from happening.
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic
 If the motor has been running in the forward direction, both M1
and TD1 will have been energized. This being the case, the
normally-closed, timed-closed contact of TD1 between wires 8
and 5 will have immediately opened the moment TD1 was
energized.
 When the stop button is pressed, contact TD1 waits for the
specified amount of time before returning to its normally-closed
state, thus holding the reverse pushbutton circuit open for the
duration so M2 can't be energized.
 When TD1 times out, the contact will close and the circuit will
allow M2 to be energized, if the reverse pushbutton is pressed.
In like manner, TD2 will prevent the "Forward" pushbutton from
energizing M1 until the prescribed time delay after M2 (and TD2)
have been de-energized.
Ladder Logic
 By looking at the schematic, there is one
additional simplification that can be made.
 The interlocks are now redundant
Ladder Logic
Ladder Logic Review
 Motor contactor (or "starter") coils are typically
designated by the letter "M" in ladder logic
diagrams.
 Continuous motor operation with a momentary
"start" switch is possible if a normally-open “latch"
contact from the contactor is connected in parallel
with the start switch, so that once the contactor is
energized it maintains power to itself and keeps
itself "latched" on.
 Time delay relays are commonly used in large motor
control circuits to prevent the motor from being
started (or reversed) until a certain amount of time
has elapsed from an event.
Ladder Logic
 Programmable logic controllers
 Before the advent of solid-state logic circuits,
logical control systems were designed and built
exclusively around electromechanical relays.
 In an effort to make PLCs easy to program, their
programming language was designed to resemble
ladder logic diagrams.
 An industrial electrician or electrical engineer
accustomed to reading ladder logic schematics
would feel comfortable programming a PLC to
perform the same control functions.
Where to Get More Information
 The course CD contains
 Leeson’s Basic Motor Training Manual
 Siemen’s DC controls tutorial

 Lessons In Electric Circuits, Volume IV – Digital

 Circuit Maker Ver. 6

 Square D motor data calculator

 Convert – software for converting units

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