2025 KUGWETSA AGRICULTURE PRACTICAL

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“ A good start breeds enduring trust.”

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 2025 KUGWETSA AGRICULTURE PRACTICAL

You are provided with specimen x and y ( x for tomato and y for maize)

X Y
Name the specimen x and y
X: tomato
Y: maize
Sketch the graph of degree of elasticity in which specimen x and y belong

\
Y X
Name the degree of elasticity of demand in which specimen y and x belong
Y : inelastic demand
X : elastic demand

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Give a reason for your answer
For y
▪ Few substitutes- maize is a staple food in many regions, and alternatives like wheat or
rice may not be easily interchangeable for all consumers
▪ Necessity good- since maize is a dietary staple, people continue buying it even if prices
rise
▪ Storage and long shelf life- unlike perishable goods, maize can be stored for long
periods, reducing immediate demand fluctuations based on price changes
For x
▪ Many substitutes’- consumers can easily switch to other vegetables if the price of
tomatoes increases
▪ Perishable nature -since tomatoes spoil quickly, buyers don’t store them in large
quantities, making their demand more sensitive to price changes
▪ Non-essential good -while commonly used, tomatoes are not a necessity like staple
grains ( eg rice or maize) so demand fluctuates with price changes.

You are provided with specimen R, T S U AND V. (R sugarcane stem, T Irish potato and S
is maize seed U for onion V for tomato )
Classify the specimen into the method by they are propagated
Sexual propagation Asexual propagation
Maize seed Sugarcane stem
tomatoe Irish potato
onion

To which group of asexual propagation does specimen R, S,T, U and V belong to

✓ R(sugarcane stem) is stem cutting
✓ S (maize seed) Seed
✓ T(Irish potato) is tuber
✓ U ( union) bulbs
✓ V ( tomato) seed
✓ W ( aloe vera) leaf cuttings
State any two advantage of specimen R over specimen S
✓ It reduces juvenile period of plants because it matures early
✓ It eliminates the problem of dormancy because some seed need treatment in order to
germinate
✓ It ensures genetic uniformity in crops
✓ Vegetative propagation is more hardy than seedlings

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State two disadvantage of specimen R over specimen S
✓ Risk of transferring pest and disease to a new plant are high
✓ It is more difficult to introduce variation into the crop
✓ Vegetative planting material are bulky
✓ Vegetative planting material are difficult to store for future time
✓ It requires a lot of skills
Draw specimen R and label any two parts

Mention the vegetative planting material for specimen R

✓ Stem cuttings
State any two advantages of using specimen R over specimen S
✓ It reduces juvenile period of plants because it matures early
✓ It eliminates the problem of dormancy because some seed need treatment in order to
germinate
✓ It ensures genetic uniformity in crops
✓ Vegetative propagation is more hardy than seedlings

State two disadvantage of specimen R over specimen S

✓ Risk of transferring pest and disease to a new plant are high
✓ It is more difficult to introduce variation into the crop
✓ Vegetative planting material are bulky
✓ Vegetative planting material are difficult to store for future time
✓ It requires a lot of skills

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State any two advantage of specimen S over specimen R
✓ Seed is easy to carry about (not bulky)
✓ Easy to store for a long period of time
✓ It is cheap
✓ It is only way of propagating some crops that cannot be propagated vegetatively eg maize
State two disadvantage of specimen S over specimen R
✓ It requires long juvenile period before bearing fruits
✓ Do not produce plants that resemble parents
✓ It requires elaborate seedbed preparation for sowing

Draw specimen T and Labelle any two parts

To which group of asexual propagation does specimen T belong to

✓ Tubers

Using a knife or scalpel Cut the longitudinal section of the specimen U.

Draw the longitudinal of specimen U and label any two parts

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Mention the vegetative planting material for specimen U
✓ Bulb
Mention one nutrient found in specimen u
✓ Vitamin c
State two advantage of using vegetative planting material mentioned
✓ It reduces juvenile period of plants because it matures early
✓ It eliminates the problem of dormancy because some seed need treatment in order to
germinate
✓ It ensures genetic uniformity in crops
✓ Vegetative propagation is more hardy than seedlings

State two disadvantages of using the vegetative planting material mentioned above

✓ Risk of transferring pest and disease to a new plant are high

✓ It is more difficult to introduce variation into the crop
✓ Vegetative planting material are bulky
✓ Vegetative planting material are difficult to store for future time
✓ It requires a lot of skills

State two observable differences between specimen R,T and U

▪ R has internode
▪ R it is large in size compared to T and U
▪ R has node
▪ T has lateral bud( eye)
▪ T has scale leaf
▪ T it is small in size compared to R

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 ▪ U has adventures root
▪ U has basal plate (modified compact stem
▪ U has scales

You are provided with specimen w

Name the specimen W

✓ Aloe vera
Mention the vegetative planting material for specimen W
✓ Leaf cuttings
Give two Advantage of using specimen w as vegetative material
✓ It reduces juvenile period of plants because it matures early
✓ It eliminates the problem of dormancy because some seed need treatment in order to
germinate
✓ It ensures genetic uniformity in crops
✓ Vegetative propagation is more hardy than seedlings
Why is it advisable to dry specimen w before planting it?
✓ Prevent rotting since freshly cut leaves have high moisture content ,and planting them
immediately can cause rot due to fungal or bacterial infection
✓ It encourages root formation. The callusing process stimulate root development when the
cutting is placed in soil, improving the chances of successful growth

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You are provided with the following things:

K L Soil sample

• Specimen K (20:23:0+4S (NPK)

• Specimen L ( Compost manure)
• Soil sample
Procedure
i. Divide the soil sample into two separate portions.
ii. Mix the first portion of soil with specimen K.
iii. Mix the second portion of soil with specimen L.

a) Classify the specimen labelled K and L into a group of fertilizers

✓ K is inorganic fertilizer
✓ L is organic fertilizer
b) In which portion of soil are microbial activities likely to be hindered?
✓ Soil portion mixed with specimen K
c) Give a reason for your answer in a above.
✓ specimen K is a chemical fertilizer which alters soil pH(1 mark) hence creating
unfavourable living environment for soil micro-organisms(1mark)
d) Describe two physical functions specimen L would play in the soil.
✓ It influences soil colour (makes the soil look dark)(1 mark)/due to the formation of
humus after decomposition(1 mark)
✓ It binds the soil particles together(1 mark)/hence improving soil structure(1 mark)
e) Mention any one chemical effect of specimen K in the soil.

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 ✓ It improves soil fertility
✓ It lowers or raises soil pH
f) State any two advantages specimen K has over specimen L.
✓ K is less bulky than L
✓ K releases nutrients faster than L
✓ K has higher nutrient content per unit weight than L
g) which specimen promote soil degradation
✓ specimen K
h) Explain one reason for your answer
✓ Inorganic fertilizer increase acidity in the soil which reduce fertility
hence promote soil degradation
i) Which specimen reduce the impact of climate changes
✓ Specimen L (organic fertilizer)
j) explain one reason for your answer
✓ Organic fertilizer do not produce poisonous gas as inorganic fertilizer do which destroy
ozone layer hence reduce climate change
k) name any two agricultural development services that help to ensure availability of
specimen K to a farmer
✓ research services
✓ extension services
l) which specimen is easily released in water
✓ inorganic fertilizer
m) Give a reason for your answer
✓ it is because there composed with elements which are very reactive in water and air

You are provided with three different livestock feeds labelled A, B and C respectively.
a. Complete Table by filling in the type of feed of the specimens provided.

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 Specimen Type of feed
A black jack fruit Concentrate
B (sisal leaves) Roughage
C Dry maize seed Concentrate
b. Mention one main nutrient animal obtain from specimens A, B and C respectively.
A carbohydrates Fats/protein(1 mark)
B. fiber
C carbohydrates

c. Give two reasons why specimen C is highly recommended for a pregnant nanny.

✓ providing energy to the nanny in readiness for parturition.

✓ for healthy growth of the foetus
✓ help the nanny produce more milk upon giving birth
✓ improving the immunity of the pregnant nanny

d. Mention two feed supplements that can be added specimen C when feeding cattle.
✓ mineral supplements e.g. iodised salt
✓ vitamin supplement e.g. oxyvit tablets

e. State one importance of feed supplements in livestock feeds.

✓ improving the immunity of the animal
✓ stimulating growth of animals
✓ enhancing the efficiency of livestock feeds
✓ controlling parasites and diseases
state two characteristic of specimen B
✓ it is high in fibre content
✓ it is reach in moisture content

You are provided with soil samples labeled A, B and C and a beaker containing water.
Procedure

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 -feel each of the soil samples and the rub them between your finger and thumb.
-add a little water to each soil sample to moist them and observe.
-try to mould wet sample of soil into ball or sausage. Which soil sample can be easily moulded
NOTE
Just assuming that
A for clay
B for sand
C for loam
Procedures observation
Feel and rub before moisten A, feels fine
B, feels course or gritty
C, it is partially gritty
Feel and rub after moisten A, it feels sticky
B, feels gritty
C, it is slightly sticky
After mould into a ball and A, it easily mouded
sausage B, difficult to mould
C, it can be moulded

Mention method used to identify the soil samples labeled A, B, and C

✓ Touch and feel method
Which type of soil has a lot of air spaces
✓ A, clay soil
Explain one reason why soil mentioned above has a lot of air spaces
✓ Clay soil has a lot of air spaces in it due to its small particle size and tendency to pack
closely together
What two other methods can be used to determine soil texture
✓ Sedimentation method
✓ Sieve method
Which of the three soil samples has largest nutrients in it
✓ A, clay soil
Give a reason for your answer

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 ✓ It has a poor drainage which help to hold nutrient in it and prevent lose of nutrient by
reaching
Discuss one way how soil structure sample A, affect nutrients uptake
✓ Due to poor penetration of root in soil A, this led to unable the root to reach to the layer
where necessary nutrients found
Mention one method of improving productivity in soil B and C
✓ Apply organic and in organic manure
Mention two crops that can be grown in soil sample labeled B
✓ Carrot
✓ Cucumber
✓ Watermelon
✓ Beetroot
✓ Cassava
DETERMINING SOIL COMPONENTS THROUGH SEDIMENTATION
Apparatus
✓ 50g of fresh soil from your school garden
✓ 250cm3 measuring cylinder or coca cola bottle
✓ Water
✓ Sodium carbonate if available
Procedure
✓ Put soil sample (50g) in the 250 cm3 measuring cylinder or 300ml Coca-Cola bottle
1
✓ Add about 150cm3 of water in the cylinder (about 3 to half full), if you are using the
3
Coca-Cola bottle it should be 4 full.
✓ Add about 10g of sodium carbonate to help in the dispersion of the soil particles in the
suspension.
✓ Cover the mouth of the cylinder or bottle with your hand or palm and shake vigorously.
✓ Let the content in the cylinder or bottle to settle at least for some minutes

Observe what happens.

✓ soil particles when mixed with water, will settle in different layers depending on particles
size
Draw the diagram for the experiment and label it

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EXPERIMENT TO DETERMINE PH OF THE SOIL USING BLUE AND RED LITMUS
PAPER
Requirement
✓ Blue litmus paper
✓ Red litmus paper
✓ Soil sample
✓ Beakers or test tubes
✓ Water
✓ Stirrer
Procedure
- Put soil sample into a beaker or test tube
- Add some water to the soil sample then stir
- Dip a blue litmus paper into solution above. What happens?
- Repeat step 3 above using red litmus paper. what happens?
What can you conclude about soil sample?
✓ blue litmus paper turns red. If the soil solution is acidic
✓ red litmus paper turns blue if the soil is alkaline.

You are provided with the following

• Soil sample labelled A and B (A for sand soil B loam soil)
• Agriculture lime
• 4 strips of blue litmus paper
• Distilled water
• Stirring rods
• 2 beakers
Procedure 1

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 • Put soil samples into separate beakers
• Add distilled water in each beaker and stir to make soil solution
• Dip blue litmus paper in each of the soil solution in a beaker
• Observe the color change
Procedure 2
• Add a spoonful of agriculture lime to each of the beaker containing soil solution

adding agriculture lime to the soil

• Dip blue litmus paper in each solution

• Observe the color changes

Record your observation in the table below

Soil sample Color changes before Color changes after adding
adding agricultural lime agriculture lime
A Changes to red No color changes

B No color changes No color changes

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Explain the observation of soil sample A before and after adding agricultural lime

✓ Before adding agricultural lime to soil A blue litmus paper changes to red because the
soil A contain acid
✓ After adding agricultural lime to soil A blue litmus paper remains the same(no color
change) this is because lime added to the soil is basic which neutralizes acid in soil A
What chemical properties is being investigated
✓ Investigating the PH of the soil
Mention one chemical elements that is contained in agriculture lime
✓ calcium

SECTION B
Describe an experiment that can be conducted to determine soil salinity given the following
materials: salinity meter, soil sample, distilled water, barium sulphate powder and one test
tube and cork stopper. In your description include procedure and expected results

✓ Put 1cm3 /a small sample of soil into a test tube

✓ Add 1cm3 of barium sulphate powder
✓ Fill the test tube with distilled water
✓ Close the test tube with a cork stopper/ your hand and shake the contents
✓ Shake the contents vigourously
✓ Let the mixture settle down
✓ Dip an electrode of a salinity meter into the solution.
✓ Record the readings on the salinity meter screen. ( 1 mark for each step in that order)
✓ Expected results
✓ The salinity meter will show any value ranging from 1 to 14

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 ✓ If the soil is saline, the values will range from 8.5 to 14.
✓ If the soil is not saline, the values will range from 1 to 8.4

Draw Reproductive organ of a hen and label any 4 parts and describe the function of each
part

Ovary it produces ova (yolks) and secretes hormones like estrogen and progesterone which
regulate production
The oviduct along coiled tube where egg formation occurs
Uterus primarily responsible for shell formation and depositing calcium onto egg. It regulates
the egg hydration
Vagina and cloaca this is where fully formed egg passes through. the cloaca allows the hen to lay
eggs
Magnum secretes albumen ( egg white)
Isthmus adds shell membranes around the egg.
Infundibulum captures the ovum after ovulation and is where fertilization occurs if sperm is
present.

Draw Reproductive organ of a cock (male chicken) and label any 4 parts and describe the
function of each part

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Testes hey produce sperm. they also secrete male sex hormones
Epididymis it acts as a temporary store for sperm cells
Vas deferens this is a sperm duct. It arises from each epididymis to the cloaca. It conducts
semen from the epididymis to the cloaca
Papillae this is a projection formed by the terminal ends of the vas deferens. It projects outside
the cloaca to deposit semen into female’s cloaca
Cloaca it allows the exit of semen into the cloaca of the hen

Draw Reproductive organ of a bull (male cattle) and label any 4 parts and describe the
function of each part

Scrotum this is a thin, distended skin which suspends the testicles outside the body cavity
providing an ideal temperature for sperm development. It also a protective skin for the testes
Testicles they are two ovoid and glandular organs enclosed in scrotum. They produce sperm.
they also secrete male sex hormones
Epididymis it acts as a temporary store for sperm cells
Vas deferens ( sperm duct) they conduct sperms from the epididymis to the urethra where
reproductive system joins the urinary system
Urethra saves as a passage for both urine and semen

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Glands this is where reproductive system meets the urinary system
Penis shaft organ that penetrates the vagina at the time of mating. It makes possible for
introduction of sperm cells into the vagina.

Draw Reproductive organ of a cow and label any 4 parts and describe the
function of each part

Vagina this is the female copulatory organ where sperm are deposited
Uterus provides a suitable environment for embryo implantation, fetal development and
nourishment
Fallopian tube this is the site of fertilization where the sperm meets the egg. It also transport the
egg from the ovary to uterus
Cervix act as a barrier between uterus and external environment, protecting against infections.
Urethra and urinary bladder. The urinary bladder stores urine, while the urethra carries urine
from the bladder to the outside of the body.
Ovaries produce eggs and secrete reproductive hormones such as estrogen and progesterone
which regulate the cow’s estrous cycle and pregnancy
Funnel this is a funnel shaped structure at the end of the fallopian tube that catches the ovulated
egg from the ovary and directs it into the oviduct for fertilization.

Describe the phases in oestrus cycle of a cow

- Oestrus (Heat): 12-24 hours, cow is sexually receptive, shows signs like restlessness, vulvar
swelling, and discharge.
- Metoestrus: 3-5 days, cow prepares for ovulation, signs decrease.
- Dioestrus: 10-14 days, cow is not in heat, ovulation occurs around day 10-12.
- Pro-oestrus: 1-2 days, cow prepares for next heat cycle, signs reappear.

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The cycle repeats every 21 days on average, with variations depending on individual factors.

Describe the procedures that is involved is spawn colonization in mushroom

production
Substrate preparation. Chopping soaking, and supplementing with nutrients
Pasteurization/ sterilization. Eliminating contaminants with heat or chemicals
Inoculation mixing the mushroom spawn with the substrate under sterile conditions
Incubation keeping the inoculated substrate in warm, dark and humid environment
Monitoring ensuring proper temperature, humidity and cleanliness
Full colonization then substrate turn white as mycelium fully colonizes it
Fruiting preparation moving the colonized substrate to a fruiting chamber with fresh air,
humidity and light

Steps for preparing maize stover ( maize stalks , husks and cobs ) as substrate
for mushroom
Chop the materials into smaller length this increases the surface area, making it easier for
mushrooms to colonize the substrate
Soak them in water for few hours this helps to soften them making them more suitable for
fungal growth
Drain it from the water because too much water can lead to contamination.
Add supplement this step adds more nutrients to the substrate making sure it has everything
needed to support growth
Treat the substrate you can treat using sterilization or pasteurization, heat treatment and chemical
treatment to eliminate harmful pathogens and unwanted contaminates

Steps for preparing cotton waste as substrate

Soak the cotton waste for few minutes in water mixed with detergent as softener and disinfectant
reducing the presence of harmful microorganisms that can compete with fungal or microbial
growth
Squeeze water out of the cotton wastes to prevent water logging which can lead to unwanted
bacterial or fungal contamination
Loosen the cotton this improves aeration, allowing for better colonization of fungi or
microorganisms.

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Add supplement these serve as additional nutrient sources that enhance the growth potential of
the substrate
Treat the substrate you can treat using sterilization or pasteurization, heat treatment and chemical
treatment to eliminate harmful pathogens and unwanted contaminates

Steps for preparing saw dust from hard wood as substrate for mushroom
Moisten the saw dust this ensures that the microorganisms or fungi have sufficient water for
metabolic activity
Add supplement these serve as additional nutrient sources that enhance the growth potential of
the substrate.
Incubate it overnight this allows the supplement to integrate properly with the saw dust, ensuring
even distribution of nutrients
Add supplement this step adds more nutrients to the substrate making sure it has everything
needed to support growth
Treating the substrate, you can treat using sterilization or pasteurization, heat treatment and
chemical treatment to eliminate harmful pathogens and unwanted contaminates

Describe five husbandry practices for mushroom production

Practice

Ways of processing mushroom

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Ways of processing ripe mangoes

Farmers in a certain in a village have the following resources at their disposal:

• Agricultural research station
• Agricultural cooperative
• Irrigation scheme
Explain any five ways in which the farmers would use the resources to deal
with climate change
• Farmers get loans from cooperative for buy tree nurseries/ establishing woodlot
• Farmers will share knowledge and skills of mitigating climate change eg
conservation agriculture at the cooperative
• They will grow crops twice or more in a year at the irrigation scheme
• They will get drought resistant varieties from research stations

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 • They will learn new ways of conserving water from the research eg mulching,
zero tillage, strip cropping etc

Farmers in a certain area grow maize every year and they are privileged with
the following resources:
Soil testing unit.
Credit cooperatives (SACCO).
Extension office nearby
A big river passing through the village

Explain any five ways in which the farmers would use the resources to deal
with climate change
▪ Soil testing unit would help farmer to know soil ph of their farms in order to select
suitable crops to be grown so that they produce more food/.Soil testing unit helps the
farmer to know texture type so that they can select suitable soil for their crops so that
they produce more food.
▪ Farmers borrow money from credit cooperatives and use them to buy farm inputs/
Improved seeds/ fertilizer(1) in order to produce more food(1)
▪ Credit cooperatives allow farmers to keep their after selling their farm produce for future
use
▪ Farmers seek knowledge from extension office on how they can plan and budget their
farming operations.
▪ Extension officers train farmers on various new farming practices(1) so that they produce
more food(1)
▪ The river helps the farmer to cultivate more than twice a year(1) through irrigation(1)

Process of hay making

Cut the forage crop when 50% of the plants have flowered
Dry the cut crop to about 15-20% moisture content over 2-3days this process prevents mold
growth and fermentation
Gather the hay and store in shade out of reach by rain water
Stack the dry materials in bales. Bailing improves storage efficiency and ease of transport.
Storage. Hay is stored in barns, sheds or covered stacks to protect it from rain and moisture

Process of silage making

Crop selection and harvesting. Crops such as maize, sorghum and grasses are harvested at the
right stage. Harvesting at the correct stage insures a good balance of carbohydrates and moisture
for fermentation

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Chopping. The forage is chopped into small pieces to improve compaction and fermentation
Packing. The chopped forage is placed in a silo, trench, bunker or plastic bag. It packed tightly
to remove air as possible to create anaerobic condition. Inoculant may be added to enhance
fermentation.
Sealing and fermentation. The silage is covered with plastic sheets to prevent oxygen entry
Storage. Silage can be stored for several months if properly sealed.

Layering

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Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem remains attached to the parent plant
while developing roots. Once roots form the new plant is separated and grown independently
And they are in different types
Simple layering
A stem is bent and buried in the soil while the tip remains exposed
Mound layering
Soil is heaped around the base of the plant to encourage root formation
Serpentine layering
Multiple sections of along stem are buried forming multiple rooted segments
Air layering
A portion of the stem is wounded and wrapped with moist material until root develop

Budding
Budding is a type of grafting where a single bud from the desired plant (scion) is inserted into
the bark of rootstock
Steps in budding
A T or chip cut is made in the rootstock
A bud with some surrounding tissue is inserted into the cut
The graft is tied with tape or wax to protect it until it heals and grows

Grafting
Grafting is the process of joining a scion ( a shoot or twig) from one plant to the rootstock of
another plant. It is used to combine desirable traits such as disease resistance and fruit quality
Types of grafting
Whip grafting
A slanting cut is made in both scion and rootstock and they are joined together
Cleft grafting
A deep cut is made in the rootstock and scion are inserted

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Approach grafting
Two plants are joined while both are still rooted and one is later severed

Experiment to find out water holding capacity of soil

MATHEMATICAL RELATED QUESTIONS

1. A certain farmer kept the following record on his farm
• Bought cattle feeds at K100,000
• Paid for casual labour at K60,000
• Paid for drugs at K30,000
• Paid K60,000 for Khola rentals
• Sold 400 litres of milk to Zathu Dairy at K600 per litre
Calculate

a. Income for the farmer

solution
= 400kg x K600 per kg(1)

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 = K240 000(1)

b. Gross margin
solution
Total variable costs = K100 000 + K 60 000 + K 30 000 = K180 000(1)
Gross margin = Total income – Total variable costs
=K240 000 – K180 000 = K60 000(1)

c. Profit or loss
solution
Profit / Loss = Gross margin – Total fixed costs
=K60 000 – K60 000(1)
= 0(1)
OR

Profit / Loss = Total Income – Total costs

= K240,000 – K240,000(1)
= 0(1)

d. Give any two pieces of advice to the farmer

✓ -The farmer should increase yield of milk through proper feeding
✓ Increase price of milk per litre
✓ Reduce costs/Practise input substitution
e. State any two ways in which keeping the record is important to the farmer
✓ it helps the farmer to manage the cattle properly
✓ it helps in detecting/calculating profit/losses
✓ it helps in decision making
✓ it helps the farmer to easily calculate income from the farm
2. The following table shows results of an experiment on effect of fertilizer rates on
maize yield.

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 Fertilizers 0 100 200 300 400 500 600
rate
(kg/ha)
Yield 1000 1700 3000 5000 7000 7500 7600
(kg)

a. Plot the graph showing fertilizer rates and yield

b.

use the graph to find the best fertilizer rate that can be recommended for growing maize
✓ 400kg/ha
c. Give a reason for the answer in b
✓ It is giving maximum/highest marginal yield which will eventually reduce
cost of production
d. State the economic principle which has been illustrated on the graph
✓ law of diminishing returns
e. Give any one way in which the principle mentioned in d is useful to farmers
✓ it helps the farmer to decide on the best level of inputs to use
✓ it helps farmers to use resources wisely
costs K5, 000.00 while use of the milking machine costs K25, 000.00 the whole lactation
period. The milk is sold at K300/kg. a. Prepare a partial budget for the farmer.
a. Partial budget for a dairy farmer

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 Total gains = extra revenue + costs saved
= K120,000.00 + K5,000.00
= K125,000.00

Total costs = extra costs + revenue forgone

= K25,000.00 + K105,000.00
= K130,000.00

Net worth = total gains – total costs

= K125,000.00 – K130,000.00
= - K5,000.00
B. Justify whether or not the farmer should implement his planned change.
. The farmer should not implement the intended change(1 mark) because it is reducing
income by K5,000.00

Mr. NYOZE has 4 hectares of land on which he grows DK8053. However, wants to change
the following
- To apply 5bags of CAN fertilizer instead of 7bags per hectare at k2000/bag
- To store maize in 100 sacks at K20 each instead of storing in nkhokwe
- To sell 100 bags of maize at K1500 per bag to Grain and milling company instead of
K900 per bag to itinerant trader
- To spend K1000 instead of K600 on actelic
- To spend K2000 instead of K1000/hectare on casual labour

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 Prepare a partial budget for Mr. NYOZE

Should MR. NYOZE go ahead with his plan?

✓ yes
Give a reason for your answer
✓ In new changes he is going to produce more profit
State any two uses of partial budget
✓ Introducing new enterprise
✓ Buy new machinery or equipment
✓ Change one enterprise to another

A farmer has one hectare land and plans to grow either maize or groundnuts.

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Additional Information
1. Maize
Yield (Kg/ha) 4000
Price (MK/Kg) 50
Costs: fertilizer K20000, permanent labour K20000, casual labour K5000, Chemicals
K5000,
Depreciation K3000.

2. Groundnuts
Yield (Kg/ha) 1000
Price (MK/Kg) 500
Costs: Permanent labour K100000, casual labour K150000, Chemicals K50000,
Depreciation K5000.
(i) Prepare a complete budget. (5 marks

ITEMS UNIT PRICE OR QUANTITY TOTAL

COST COST
MAIZE Kg/ha 50 4000 K200000
VARIABLE
COST FOR
MAIZE
Cost of fertilizer 20000 1 20000

Casual labour 5000 1 5000

Chemicals 5000 1 5000

Depreciation 3000 1 3000

TOTAL
VARIABLE
COST FOR K33000
MAIZE
FIXED COST
FOR MAIZE
Permanent labour 20000 1

Blessings Nyoze 0990638340 kugwetsa!!

 TOTAL FIXED K20000
COST

GROUNDNUTS Kg/ha 500 1000 K500000

Variable cost
for groundnuts
Casual labour 150000 1 150000

Chemicals 50000 1 50000

Depreciation 5000 1 5000

Total variable
cost for
groundnuts K205000
Fixed cost for
groundnuts

Permanent 100000 1 K100000

Labour

Total fixed cost

for groundnuts K100000

(ii) Which enterprise would be recommended to the farmer? (1 mark)

✓ groundnuts

(iii) Give one reason for the answer to your answer ().
✓ He is going to make profit

TABLE SHOWS A RECORD KEPT ON THE FARM

(i) Identify the type of production record represented in table

Blessings Nyoze 0990638340 kugwetsa!!

 ✓ Breeding record
(ii) State any other two types of production record.
Field operations record, Labour record, Milk production record, Health record,
Egg production record, Farm produce record, Livestock number records, Farm
input records, Vaccination record, Feeding records/Labour records
(iii) Give any two ways in which the record named in 2a(i) is important.
• The farmer will know the number of lambs born so that he/she can determine
whether the animal is more productive or not
• Helps the farmer to know expected date for parturition so he can get prepared
• Pregnancy test results can reveal which animals are not fertile so that they can
be culled

MARKETING COST AND MARKETING MARGIN

Afarmer sold 30bags of maize at 10,000/bag to an iritenant trader who want to
sell maize to the final consumer
Therefore he perform some marketing function to the maize and incurred the
following cost
Transport K10,000
Sacks K6,000
Actelic K6,000
Itinerant trader profit K3,500
Calculate the total marketing cost of itinerant trader level
Solution
Total marketing cost of itinerant trader = farm gate price
30bagsX 10,000

= K300,000
Find the price received by final consumer

Retail price = farm gate price + profit oof itinerant

K300,000 + 3,500

= K303,500

Calculate marketing margin for itinerant trader

Solution
Marketing margin for itinerant trader = selling price - cost price

=K303,500 – 300,000

= K3,500
Calculate marketing margin for a farmer

Blessings Nyoze 0990638340 kugwetsa!!

 Marketing margin for a farmer = selling price – cost price
= K300,000 – K10,000+K6000+K6000
= K300000 – K22,000
= K278,000
Calculating depreciation
Mr. Nyoze bought a maize shelling machine at K9000.00. the estimated salvage value is
K1000.00 and estimated life span is 4years. calculate annual straight line annual
depreciation
a) Using straight line
Depreciation value = original cost – salvage value
= K9000 – K1000
= K8000
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒐𝒇 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕−𝒆𝒔𝒕𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒔𝒂𝒍𝒗𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝑲𝟗𝟎𝟎𝟎−𝑲𝟏𝟎𝟎𝟎
Depreciation per annual = = = K2000
𝒆𝒙𝒑𝒆𝒄𝒕𝒆𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒔𝒔𝒆𝒕 𝟒

The value of depreciation used to estimate current market price of an asset

Year end Straight line annual depreciation Value of the machine at the end of the year
(mk) (mk)
1 2000 9000 – 2000 = k7000
2 2000 7000 – 2000 = k 5000
3 2000 5000 – 2000 =k 3000
4 2000 3000 – 2000 =k 1000
Total k8000

When you are asked to draw a graph using straight line the graph will look like this

(Value mk)

Years
B) using reducing balanced method
This method involves use of constant percentage rate against the net asset value each year

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 𝟏 𝟏
For example depreciation rate 𝒍𝒊𝒇𝒆 𝒔𝒑𝒂𝒏 in our example life span is 4 years ( 𝟒 which is 25%)

This is how we achieved/got 25%

𝟏
= 0.25
𝟒

0.25 x constant percentage rate which is 100%

0.25 x 100%
25%
Year end Reducing balance annual depreciation at Value of the machine at the end of the
25% year (mk)
1 25% of 9000 = 2250 (9000-2250= 6750) 9000-2250 = 6750
2 25% of 6750= 1687.50 ( 6750 -1687.50= 6750 -1687.50 = 5062.50
5062.50
3 25% of 5062.50 =1265. 63 (5602– 5602–1265.63 =3796
1265.63=3796)
4 25% of 3796.87= 949.22 3796.87-949.22 =2847.15
Total K 6152.35

The graph will look like this

Reducing balance(MK)

Year
Break even budget
To produce 2000kg of beans a farmer had to spend k125000 0n fixed costs and k175 000 on
variable costs. Calculate
a) Break-even price
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
Break-even price =𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑

Blessings Nyoze 0990638340 kugwetsa!!

total cost = variable cost + fixed cost
175000 + 125000 =k300500
Expected yield = 2000kg
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑘300500
Therefore, Break-even price = 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑦𝑖𝑒𝑙𝑑 = = K150.25/kg
2000𝑘𝑔

Break-even price = K150.25/kg

b) the expected selling price is K250/kg calculate break-even yield

𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 300500
break-even yield = 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑒 = = K1202/kg
𝐾250/𝑘𝑔

break-even yield = K1202/kg

c) calculate the total revenue
total revenue = price per unit x quantity sold
= 250 x k2000
= k 500,000
d) calculate gross income
gross income = total revenue – cost of goods sold
= 500000 - k175000
= k325000
e) calculate gross margin
𝑔𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
calculate gross margin = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
325000
= x100%
500000

= 65%

f) calculate profit

Profit = total revenue – total cost

= k500000 - k300000

= k200,000

Blessings Nyoze 0990638340 kugwetsa!!

Other areas to focus

How to make compost or green manure

Procedures for making good house for cattle( khola)

Procedures for making garden fence

Vegetable processing( nkhwani and other vegetables)

Crop improvement (how to come with hybrid crops)

Pasture ( seed treatment)

Types of soil structure

Blessings Nyoze 0990638340 kugwetsa!!