GEOGRAPHY

MAPPING
PRELIMS 2025
[World Mapping]
(SAMPLE NOTES)

Part of Static Revision Notes

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INDEX
Section - A
WORLD MAPPING
CHAPTER-1: GENERAL INFORMATION 1
CHAPTER-2: IMPORTANT ISLANDS 2
CHAPTER-3: IMPORTANT WATER BODIES OF THE WORLD 8
CHAPTER-4: IMPORTANT STRAITS 15
CHAPTER-5: MAJOR PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE WORLD 21
CHAPTER-6: OTHER MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL FEATURES 26
CHAPTER-7: ARCTIC CIRCLE 34
CHAPTER-8: ANTARCTICA 37
CHAPTER-9: NORTH AMERICA 40
CHAPTER-10: SOUTH AMERICA 46
CHAPTER-11: CENTRAL AMERICA 52
CHAPTER-12: AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 53
CHAPTER-13: OCEANIA 56
CHAPTER-14: CENTRAL ASIA 57
CHAPTER-15: MIDDLE EAST 59
CHAPTER-16: EAST ASIA 62
CHAPTER-17: SOUTH EAST ASIA 66
CHAPTER-18: AFRICA 69
CHAPTER-19: EUROPE 80
CHAPTER-20: RUSSIA 86
CHAPTER-21: MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 90

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CHAPTER

4 IMPORTANT STRAITS

Straits: A natural narrow strip of water which connects two larger bodies of water. This also separates
two large landmasses. Some of the busiest and most important straits of the world are:
Connecting Water
Strait Connecting Countries Map/Location
Bodies

Strait of Atlantic Ocean and the

Spain and Morocco
Gibraltar Mediterranean Sea

Hormuz Gulf of Oman and the

Iran and Oman
Strait Persian Gulf

Djibouti, Yemen, and

Bab-el- Gulf of Aden and the
Eritrea of the Somali
Mandeb Red Sea
Peninsula

Arctic Ocean and East

Bering Strait Asia from America
Pacific Ocean

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Pacific Ocean to the

Strait of
Malaysia and Sumatra east with the Indian
Malacca
Ocean to the west

Other Straits
Connect-ing Connecting Water
Strait Map/Location
Countries Bodies

The Bay of Bengal in

the northeast with the
Palk Strait India and Sri Lanka
Palk Bay/Arabian Sea
in the southwest

Java island of
Java Sea to Indian
Sunda Strait Indonesia with its
Ocean
Sumatra island

Papua New Guinea — Arafura Sea & Gulf of

Torres Strait
Australia Papua

Mainland Australia Tasmania Sea and

Bass Strait
and Tasmania South Ocean

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North New Zealand

Tasman Sea and South
Cook Strait and South New
Pacific Ocean
Zealand

Stewart Island from

Foveaux Tasman Sea and South
the South Island of
Strait Pacific Ocean
New Zealand

Tsugaru Honshu and Hokkaido Japan Sea and Pacific

Strait in northern Japan Ocean

Formosa
The South China Sea
Strait/ China and Taiwan
and the East China Sea
Taiwan Strait

Crimea and mainland Black Sea and Sea of

Kerch Strait
Russia Azov

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Separate parts of
Bosporus Sea of Marmara and
Asian Turkey from
Strait Black Sea
European Turkey

Dardanelles Black Sea and Sea of

Strait Aegean

Otranto Adriatic Sea and Ionian

Italy and Albania
Strait Sea

Tyrrhenian Sea and the

Messina
Italy and Sicily Ionian Sea, within the
Strait
central Mediterran-ean

Bonifacio Corse (France) and Both sides

Strait Sardinia (Italy) Mediterranean Sea

Yucatan Gulf of Mexico and the

Mexico and Cuba
Strait Caribbean Sea

Gulf of Mexico and the

Florida Strait USA and Cuba
Atlantic Ocean

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Magellan Divides two regions in Atlantic and Pacific

Strait Chile Ocean

Baffin Island and Hudson Bay and

Hudson Strait
Labrador peninsula Labrador Sea

Canada and Greenland Baffin Bay and

Davis Strait
(Denmark) Labrador Sea

Denmark North Atlantic to Arctic

Iceland and Greenland
Strait Ocean

Great Britain and English Channel and

Dover Strait
France North Sea

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Russia (East Russia

Japan sea and Okhotsk
Tartary Strait and Sakhalin Islands)
Sea

North-western
Connected to Yellow
Bohai Strait extension of Yellow
sea via Bohai
sea

Bali Sea and Indian

Bali Strait Bali and Java
Ocean

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INDEX
Section - A
WORLD MAPPING
CHAPTER-1: GENERAL INFORMATION 1
CHAPTER-2: IMPORTANT ISLANDS 2
CHAPTER-3: IMPORTANT WATER BODIES OF THE WORLD 8
CHAPTER-4: IMPORTANT STRAITS 15
CHAPTER-5: MAJOR PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE WORLD 21
CHAPTER-6: OTHER MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL FEATURES 26
CHAPTER-7: ARCTIC CIRCLE 34
CHAPTER-8: ANTARCTICA 37
CHAPTER-9: NORTH AMERICA 40
CHAPTER-10: SOUTH AMERICA 46
CHAPTER-11: CENTRAL AMERICA 52
CHAPTER-12: AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 53
CHAPTER-13: OCEANIA 56
CHAPTER-14: CENTRAL ASIA 57
CHAPTER-15: MIDDLE EAST 59
CHAPTER-16: EAST ASIA 62
CHAPTER-17: SOUTH EAST ASIA 66
CHAPTER-18: AFRICA 69
CHAPTER-19: EUROPE 80
CHAPTER-20: RUSSIA 86
CHAPTER-21: MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 90

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CHAPTER

18 AFRICA

GENERAL INFORMATION
 Latitudinal/Longitudinal Extent: Latitudinal Extent of Africa is 37N to 35S whereas the longitudinal extent
being 51E to 60W.
 Size: Africa is the second largest continent after Asia that is 20% of world’s total Land area.
 Total Number of Countries: It is distributed among 54 countries.
 Extent: It is separated from Europe by Mediterranean Sea in North and from Asia by Red Sea in the East.

 Morocco along with Spain as gateway to Mediterranean Sea through

Strait Gibraltar.
 Djibouti: Strategically important due to Bab-el-Mandeb strait(Here-
China has military base)
 Land locked countries:
o Ethiopia, South Sudan.
o Swaziland: Land locked country surrounded by Mozambique and
South Africa
 Enclave: Lesotho-Surrounded by South Africa on all sides.
NOTE- It is only continent through which Tropic of Cancer, Equator and
Tropic of Capricorn passes through.
 Equator: Gabon, Congo, DRC, Uganda, Kenya, Somalia
 Tropic of Capricorn: Namibia, Botswana, South Africa and
Mozambique.
 Tropic of Cancer: Western Sahara, Mauritania, Mali, Algeria, Libya
and Egypt.
 Petroleum: Nigeria, Libya, and Angola.
 The Prime Meridian passes through Africa on western side.

MOUNTAINS
 Mt. Cameroon: Only active volcano in Africa.
 Mt Kilimanjaro
o Shared between Kenya and Tanzania

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o It is an extinct volcanoes
o Highest mountain peak in Africa
o Just 322km from equator, it covered with perpetual snow throughout year
 Atlas Mountains
o Spread in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia
o Fold mountains
o Highest peak: Ibel Toubkal(4165m) in Morocco.
 Mt. Kenya: 2nd highest peak in Africa.
 Mt. Rouwenzori: Situated near lake Mobutu or Lake Albert in Zaire.
 Tibesti Massif: Desert mountains of Algeria
 Bomi and Nimbas hill: They are the main hills of Liberia
 Mt. Sinai: Desert mountains of Egypt.
Note-Victoria Falls on River Zambezi. It is shared between Zimbabwe and Zambia.

PLATEAUS OF AFRICA
 Katanga Plateau
o The Katanga, or Shaba, Plateau is a farming and ranching region in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
o Rich in copper, uranium, silver and lead.

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 Ethiopian Highlands
o It forms the largest continuous area of its elevation in the continent
o It is sometimes called the Roof of Africa due to its height and large area
o It is volcanic in nature
o Highest peak: Ras Dashan
 East African Plateau
o It is shared between Uganda, Kenya and
Tanzania.
 Bie Plateau
o Bié Plateau or Central Plateau of Angola is a
plateau that occupies most of central Angola
o Famous for Nickle and oil reserves
o Several major rivers originate from the
plateau: Such as the Cunene River, the Kuanza
River, and the Kwango River.
 Jos Plateau
o It is a plateau located near the centre of Nigeria.
 Adamawa Plateau
o It is a plateau region in west-central Africa
stretching from south-eastern Nigeria through
north-central Cameroon (Adamawa and North
Provinces) to the Central African Republic.
o The part of the plateau that lies in Nigeria is more
popularly known as Gotel Mountains.
RIFT VALLEY
 East African Rift System
o It is an active continental rift zone in East Africa.
o Extends from Lebanon to Mozambique.
o Lake Victoria is NOT a part of Rift Valley
Rivers of Africa
River Mapping
River Nile
 Origin: Lake Tana (Ethiopian Highlands)
 Direction Of Flow: The Nile is a major north-flowing river in
north-eastern Africa.
 Drains Into: Mediterranean Sea at Port Said.
 The White and Blue Nile meet at Khartoum (Sudan) to form Nile.
 Size: The longest river in Africa.
 Dams
o Aswan Dam: On the Nile in Egypt.
o Owen Dam: On White Nile
o Sennar Dam: On Blue Nile in Sudan
Major tributaries
 White Nile: Begins at Jinja, Lake Victoria.
 Blue Nile: Begins at Lake Tana in Ethiopia and flows into
Sudan from the southeast.
Note-The two rivers meet at the Sudanese capital of Khartoum.

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Zaire/Congo River
 Formed by confluence of Lualoba and Luapala river.
 Size: Second longest river in Africa,(after Nile) as well as the
second largest river in the world by discharge volume.
 It joins the Atlantic Ocean near the port of Matadi.
 It cuts equator twice.
 The Kasai and Oubangi are main tributaries of Zaire.
 Specific Feature:
o It is also the world's deepest recorded river.
o It crosses Equator twice.
Zambezi River
 It originates from Katanga Plateau & drains into Mozambique
channel.
 Victoria Fall: The Zambezi's most noted feature is Victoria Falls.
 Other Notable Falls: Include the Chavuma Falls at the border
between Zambia and Angola, and Ngonye Falls, near Sioma in
Western Zambia.
 Karimba Dam: On Zambezi.
 Coborra Bassa Dam in Mozambique is also located on Zambezi
river.
Note- It is the largest African river falling into Indian Ocean.
Limpopo River
 Rises In: South Africa.
 Flows Through: Flow generally eastwards through Mozambique
to the Indian Ocean.
 Feature: The Limpopo is the second largest river in Africa that
drains to the Indian Ocean.
 It cuts Tropic of Capricorn
 It separates South Africa from Botswana and Zimbabwe.

River Niger
 Source: The Guinea Highlands in south-eastern Guinea near the
Sierra Leone border.
 Port Harcourt of Nigeria is located on Niger delta.
 It is the third longest river in Africa.

Orange River
 Source: It originates from Drakensberg Mts. (Lesotho) and drained
into Atlantic Ocean.
 Aughrabies falls is located on the river.
 It forms a natural boundary between South Africa and Namibia.

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IMPORTANT COASTS
The coasts have been so named on the basis on materials exported through them during colonial times
 Grain Coast – Sierra Leone and Liberia
 Ivory Coast – Cote’d Ivory
 Gold Coast – Ghana
 Slave Coast – Benin and Nigeria

IMPORTANT ISLANDS OF AFRICA AND WORLD

Island Information Mapping

 Size: World's second-largest island
country, after Indonesia.
 The nation consists of the island of
Madagascar (the fourth-largest island in
the world) and numerous smaller
peripheral islands.
Madagascar

 Location: It is an island nation in the

Indian Ocean.

Mauritius

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 Location: It is an archipelagic island

country consisting of 115 islands in
Indian Ocean at the eastern edge of
Somali Sea.
Seychelles

 Location/Sovereign Territory: Island in

the Indian Ocean is overseas department
and region of France
 Features:
o Outermost region of EU and is part
of eurozone.
Reunion o Réunion (and French overseas
department of Mayotte) are only
eurozone regions in Southern
Hemisphere.

 Location/Sovereign Terrotory: It is an
overseas department/region and single
territorial collectively of France
officially named the Department of
Mayotte

Mayotte

 Location: It is an island country in Indian

Ocean, at northern end of Mozambique
Channel off eastern coast of Africa.
Special Feature:
Comoros  As a member of Arab League, it is only
country in Arab world which is entirely
in the Southern Hemisphere.

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 Location: It is an insular autonomous

region of Tanzania.
 It is composed of the Zanzibar
Archipelago in the Indian Ocean,

Zanzibar

 Location: Port city, and island just off the

shore of Kenya in Indian Ocean.
 Territorial part of: It is a part of East
African country of Kenya.
Lamu

 Location/ Sovereign Territory:

Canary Island Spanish archipelago in Atlantic Ocean,
in region known as Macaronesia.
Madeira  Location: Archipelago situated in the
Islands North Atlantic Ocean, in Macaronesia.
 Location/Sovereign Territory: One of
two autonomous regions of Portugal
(along with Madeira).
Azores Island  Special Feature: An archipelago
composed of nine volcanic islands in
Macaronesia region of North Atlantic
Ocean
 Location: Archipelago and island
Cape Verde country in central Atlantic Ocean,
consisting of ten volcanic islands.
 Location/Sovereign Territory: It is a
British Overseas Territory located in the
South Atlantic and consisting of the
Saint Helena, island of Saint Helena, Ascension Island
Ascension and and the archipelago of Tristan da Cunha
Tristan da including Gough Island.
Cunha

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LAKES IN AFRICA
 Lake Victoria:
o Size: Africa's largest lake by area, world's largest tropical lake, and world's 2ndlargest fresh water lake by
surface area after Lake Superior in North America.
o Surrounded by: Uganda, Kenya, Tanzania.
 Lake Tana:
o Size: It is the largest lake in Ethiopia and the source of the Blue Nile.
o Location: Amhara Region in the north-western Ethiopian Highlands
 Lake Tanganyika
o Size: It is the second-oldest freshwater lake in the world, the second-largest by volume, and the second-deepest,
in all cases after Lake Baikal in Siberia.
o Special Feature: It is the world's longest freshwater lake.
o The Lake is Shared Between Four Countries: Tanzania, the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC),
Burundi, and Zambia.
o Drains Into: The Congo River system and ultimately into the Atlantic Ocean.
 L. Malawi/Nyasa
o Location: It is the southernmost lake in
the East African Rift system, located
between Malawi, Mozambique and
Tanzania.
 Lake Albert
o Old Name: Lake Mwitanzige and Lake
Mobutu Sese Seko.
o Location: Uganda and the Democratic
Republic of the Congo.
 Lake Chad
o Location/Size: It is the largest lake in the
Chad Basin.
o Countries Bordering It: Nigeria, Niger,
Chad and Cameroon.
 Lake Mweru
o Location: Lies along the border of
Democratic Republic of Congo (Zaire)
and Zambia.
 Lake Edward
o Location: Lies between Uganda and
Democratic Republic of Congo
 Lake Nasser
o Location: It lies on the Nile river. It is
located between Egypt and Sudan.
 Lake Assal
o Location: It is located in Djibouti. It is the
lowest point in Africa.
 Lake Turkana
o Old Name/Location: Lake Rudolf, is a
lake in the Kenyan Rift Valley
o Special Feature: It is the world's largest
permanent desert lake and the world's
largest alkaline lake.
o Countries: Ethiopia and Kenya

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Desert Information Mapping

Sahara Features:
Desert  Size: Largest hot desert in the world and 3 rd
largest desert overall, smaller only than the
deserts of Antarctica and northern Arctic.
 It Covers Large Parts Of: Algeria, Chad,
Egypt, Libya, Mali, Mauritania, Morocco,
Niger, Western Sahara, Sudan and Tunisia.
 Divided into several regions, including:
 Western Sahara,
 Central Ahaggar Mountains,
 Tibesti Mountains,
 Aïr Mountains,
 Ténéré desert, and
 Libyan Desert.
Kalahari  Location: Large semi-arid sandy savannah
Desert in Southern Africa.
 It Covers: Botswana, and parts of Namibia
and South Africa.
NOTE- Okavango Delta: One of very few
major interior delta systems that do not flow into
a sea or ocean. It comprises permanent
marshlands & seasonally flooded plains. It covers
part of Kalahari Desert and owes its existence to
Okavango (Kavango) River.

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Namib  Location: It is a coastal desert in Southern

Desert Africa.
 Countries Covered: Angola, Namibia, and
South Africa

Nubian  Location: It is in the eastern region of the

Desert Sahara Desert.

MISCELLANEOUS:
 SUEZ CANAL
o An artificial sea-level waterway in Egypt, connecting Mediterranean Sea to the Red Sea through Isthmus of
Suez and dividing Africa and Asia.
o The canal is part of the Silk Road that connects Europe with Asia.
 VELDS
o It is a type of wide-open rural landscape in Southern Africa.
o Particularly, it is a flat area covered in grass or low scrub, especially in the countries of South Africa, Lesotho,
Eswatini, Zimbabwe and Botswana

CONGO:
 Industries- Likazi and Lubumbashi,
 Bantu Language: Speaking Blacks.
 Kinshasa: Largest and Capital City.
 Matadi: Chief Port (River Congo).

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NIGERIA:
 Most Populous.
 Harmattan: Hot and dust laden winds blow from the north east during dry season.
 Timber and ply wood are important exports.
 Kainji Dam-Niger River.
 Capital-Lagos.
 Port- Harcourt.
 Industrial centres- Kano, Kaduna, and Jos.

EGYPT:
 Mineral Oil: Sinai peninsula along the Red sea Coast.
 Sea Port: Alexandria.
 Capital/Largest City:Cairo.
SOUTH AFRICA:
 River: Orange, Vaal- Flow from Drakensberg mountain westward to the Atlantic Ocean.
 Gold Mines: Johannesburg.
 Diamond Mine: Kimberley.
 Pretoria: Administrative town.
 Cape Town: Seat of legislative and Largest Port.
 Ports: Durban, Port Elizabeth.

Horn of Africa: Ethiopia, Somali, and Djibouti.

Maghreb Region: Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria.
Algeria: Largest Country.
Seychelles: Smallest Country.
Mozambique: Largest Coastline.

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INDEX
Section - A
WORLD MAPPING
CHAPTER-1: GENERAL INFORMATION 1
CHAPTER-2: IMPORTANT ISLANDS 2
CHAPTER-3: IMPORTANT WATER BODIES OF THE WORLD 8
CHAPTER-4: IMPORTANT STRAITS 15
CHAPTER-5: MAJOR PHYSICAL FEATURES OF THE WORLD 21
CHAPTER-6: OTHER MISCELLANEOUS PHYSICAL FEATURES 26
CHAPTER-7: ARCTIC CIRCLE 34
CHAPTER-8: ANTARCTICA 37
CHAPTER-9: NORTH AMERICA 40
CHAPTER-10: SOUTH AMERICA 46
CHAPTER-11: CENTRAL AMERICA 52
CHAPTER-12: AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND 53
CHAPTER-13: OCEANIA 56
CHAPTER-14: CENTRAL ASIA 57
CHAPTER-15: MIDDLE EAST 59
CHAPTER-16: EAST ASIA 62
CHAPTER-17: SOUTH EAST ASIA 66
CHAPTER-18: AFRICA 69
CHAPTER-19: EUROPE 80
CHAPTER-20: RUSSIA 86
CHAPTER-21: MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION 90

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CHAPTER

15 MIDDLE EAST

 The Middle East: A geopolitical region commonly encompassing Arabia (including the Arabian Peninsula
and Bahrain), Asia Minor (Asian part of Turkey except Hatay Province), East Thrace (European part of
Turkey), Egypt, Iran, the Levant (including Ash-Shām and Cyprus), Iraq, and the Socotra Archipelago (a part
of Yemen).
 Countries with Coast on Mediterranean Sea – Syria, Lebanon, Israel, Turkey(SLIT)

Physical features

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Important Gulfs
Gulf Information Mapping
 Location: It is a deep-water gulf between
 North: Yemen
 East: Arabian Sea
 West: Djibouti
 South: Guardafui Channel, Socotra
Gulf of
(Yemen), Somali land and Somalia.
Aden/Gulf of
 Connectivity:
Berbera
 In the northwest: It connects with the Red
Sea through the Bab-el-Mandeb strait,
 East: It connects with the Arabian Sea.
 West: It narrows into the Gulf of Tadjoura
in Djibouti.
 Location: It is a large gulf.
 The Northern Tip: of the Red Sea,
 East Of: the Sinai Peninsula and
 West Of: the Arabian Peninsula.
Gulf of Aqaba/  Coastline Is Divided Among Four Countries:
Gulf of Eilat Egypt, Israel, Jordan, and Saudi Arabia.

 Location: Bordered by
o Jordan: To the east
Dead o Israel and the West Bank: To the west.
Sea/Buhayrat/  NOTE-
Bahret/ Birket o It lies in the Jordan Rift Valley, and its main
Lut tributary is Jordan River.

 Location: Western Asia.

 Extension of Arabian Sea (Gulf of Oman)
through Strait of Hormuz & lies between Iran to
Persian Gulf
northeast & Arabian Peninsula to southwest.
 Shatt al-Arab river delta forms northwest
shoreline.
 Location: Connects Arabian Sea with Strait of
Hormuz, then runs to Persian Gulf.
Gulf of
 Borders:
Oman/Gulf of
 North: Iran & Pakistan
Makran
 South: Oman
 West: UAE on the west.

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Rivers of Middle East

 Tigris and Euphrates: Originate in South-East Turkey.
 Euphrates Flow Into– Syria, Iraq into Persian Gulf.
 Meeting Point: Tigris and Euphrates meets in Iraq.
NOTE-The area drained by both these rivers in Iraq was
historically known as Mesopotamia, one of the earliest
civilizations of the world.
Map- Kurdistan Region

Map-Mountains and Deserts of Middle East (-----)

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