Best Practices, Case Studies

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples

INDEX
SOCIAL ISSUES.................................................................................................................. 3
POLITY & GOVERNANCE................................................................................................. 15
ECONOMY ...................................................................................................................... 26
ENVIRONMENT .............................................................................................................. 31
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY ............................................................................................... 40
SECURITY ....................................................................................................................... 44
DISASTER MANAGEMENT .............................................................................................. 50

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
SOCIAL ISSUES
Separatist movements:
 Demand for Khalistan in Punjab (Negative example)
 Demand for Dravida Nadu- Dravidian Movement, also known as ‘Self- Respect
Movement’ which started in Tamil Nadu in 1925. Initially focused on empowering
Dalits, non-Brahmins, and poor people.
 Bodoland Demand within Assam- The Bodo agitation is led by the Assam Bodo
Students Union which is demanding a separate state.
 Gorkhaland movement in West Bengal
State formation:
 Formation of Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh, Uttaranchal, and Jharkhand, reconstituting
Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Bihar.
Development based regionalism:
 Under development as a cause of regionalism- Vidharbha, Saurashtra and
Bundelkhand.
 Over development as a cause- Harit Pradesh (Western UP), Tulunadu (South
Karnataka).
 Demand for Purvanchal (Eastern UP)
 Demand for Kongu Nadu (Western Tamil Nadu)
Inter- state conflict:
 Cauvery river water dispute.
 Boundary disputes- Between Karnataka and Maharashtra over Belgaum where
Regionalism Marathi speaking population is surrounded by Kannada speaking people, between
Kerala and Karnataka on Kasargod,
 Dispute between Assam and Nagaland over Rengma reserved forests.
 There is a dispute over Chandigarh in Punjab and Haryana.
 Krishna river water dispute among Maharashtra, Karnataka, Telangana, and Andhra
Pradesh
Sub-Regionalism:
 Saurashtra in Gujarat
 Telangana movement (before statehood)
 Vidarbha movement in Maharashtra
 Kodagu (Coorg) movement in Karnataka
Supra-State Regionalism:
 Rivalry between North and South India
 Northeast India's perceived alienation from mainstream India
 Coastal vs. Inland state interests
 Hindi Belt vs. Non-Hindi speaking states' interests
Ethnic and Cultural Conflicts:
 Son of soil movements- Clashes between Bodos and Bengali speaking Muslims in
Assam.
 Delhi hospital's ban on Malayalam (nursing staff) [Later Revoked]
 Marathi Manoos movement in Maharashtra
 Anti-Hindi agitations in Tamil Nadu and Karnataka

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Job Reservation based on region:
 Local job reservation in states such as Haryana, Andhra Pradesh and
Telangana.
 Domicile-based job reservation in Jharkhand
 "Sons of the soil" job preference in Maharashtra
Regionalism Evolving into Sub-Nationalism:
 Bangladesh
 Sri Lanka LTTE examples.
 Kashmiri separatist movement
 Khalistan movement in its more extreme phases
Extreme Forms of Regionalism:
 IsacMuivah's National Socialist Council of Nagaland
 Islamic fundamentalist groups in Kashmir and Assam
 United Liberation Front of Asom (ULFA) in Assam.
 People's Liberation Army (PLA) in Manipur
Positive examples:
 Haj Subsidy, Kailash Mansarovar subsidies.
 Hindus celebrate Makara Sankranti by flying kites and most of the kite makers are
Muslims.
 Muslims and Hindus respectfully close down their shops during processions of
Muharram and Ganesh Chaturthi.
 Inter-faith celebration of festivals (e.g., Hindus participating in Iftar, Muslims in
Diwali)
 Sikh langars (community kitchens) open to all religions
 Multi-faith prayer rooms in airports and public spaces
 Sarva Dharma Sthal (multi-faith worship place) in many institutions
Negative Examples:
 Triple Talaq→Shayara Bano case (2017)
 Restrictions on women temple entry: Shani Shignapur, Haji Ali Dargah.
Secularism  Communal riots (e.g., Gujarat 2002, Delhi 2020)
 Love Jihad laws in some states
 Beef ban controversies
 Debates over religious symbols in public spaces (e.g., hijab controversy in schools)
Secular Practices in Education
● Teaching of all religions in schools
● Celebration of different religious festivals in educational institutions
● Secular textbooks and curriculum
● Mixed-religion student bodies in public schools
Secularism in Public Life
● Multi-faith representation in politics
● Secular oath-taking in government offices
● Religious diversity in armed forces
● Secular national holidays (Republic Day, Independence Day)

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Media and Secularism
● Multi-lingual and multi-religious programming on state-run media
● Secular content regulations for broadcast media
● Representation of diverse religious views in public debates
Soft Power:
 Butter Chicken: Indian cuisine emerging as most popular-.
 Glocalized Saree draping is a rising fashion theme
 On Yoga day, lakhs of people performed yoga on the banks of the Nile River, on the
beaches of the Red Sea.
Growth and Employment:
 Kutchcraft– Association of craftswomen groups generated over 6,000 job
opportunities since India embarked on path of Globalization (Positive)
 MNCs conduct business on a worldwide scale and have branches and satellite
offices all over the world. Eg: Google, Facebook, Microsoft.
 Automotive industry- India provides better economies of scale. MG, Hyundai,
Renault, Nissan, Citroën, Jeep, Honda, Toyota, KIA, Volkswagen, Škoda, Audi,
Jaguar, Land Rover, Mercedes-Benz, BMW and MINI are the foreign automotive
Globalisation
companies that manufacture and market their products in India.
Negative effects:
 Gujarat- Women gum collectors from Julifera (Baval trees) lost their
employment due to import of cheaper gum from Sudan.
 Loss of IPRs- Neem, Ayurveda patent controversies
 Spread of communicable diseases such as AIDS, COVID-19.
 Women silk spinners of Bihar lost their jobs once Chinese and Korean silk yarn
entered the market (Negative).
Other:
 Banking industry- Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Limited (HSBC)
is a foreign bank under Banking Regulation Act, 1949.
 KFC do not sell beef items in India.
 Mc Donald going vegetarian during Navaratri.
Issues and Negative examples:
 Muzzaffarnagar riots, 2014
 Anti-Sikh riots, 1984
 Assam communal violence, 2012 (between indigenous Bodos and Bengali
speaking Muslims)
 UPSC Jihad program by Sudarshan TV
Communalism  Tablighi Jamaat Issue during lockdown last year.
 Nikah halala, Polygamy, Triple talaq
 Pehlu Khan Lynching case
 Lynching of Bangladeshi Nationals in Assam (alleged cattle thieves)
Positive examples:
 Kerala-> No segregated residences; so strong emotional bond and less communal
conflicts occur.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Biwandi ‘Mohalla Comittees’- Successful in institutionalizing cross- communal
interactions.
 Community Policing- Friends of Police in TamilNadu, Janamaithri Suraksha
Project: Kerala; Meira Paibi: Manipur.
 Quami Ekta Committees: Communal harmony community in Jaipur
Inclusion:
 Zomato announced that it would allow female and transgender employees to
take up to ten days of paid “period leave” per year.
 SHE-Box→Online complaint management system
 Birth of girl is celebrated by lighting lamps in Haridaspur, Telangana. All girl
children in the village to have accounts of Sukanya Samriddi Yojana (SSY).
Empowerment/Skill development:
 Avani Chaturvedi - First Indian Woman to fly a solo fighter aircraft (MiG-21
Bison)
 Mary Kom - First woman from the country to win a medal in boxing at the
Olympics.
 Tessy Thomas - Missile Woman of India (Agni-V missile project)
 ISRO scientist Ritu Karidhal Srivastava, fondly known as the ‘Rocket Woman of
India’, revealed that the Chandrayaan-3 lunar mission’s landing site, the ‘Shiv
Shakti Point,’ was chosen by women scientists.
 Navchetna bakery (Dhantewada, Chhattisgarh)-> exclusively by trafficked and
rescued women and members of the transgender and differently-abled community.
 Ghar Doghaanche Abhiyan-> Joint ownership of housing by husband and wife in
Maharashtra.
Women  An all-women team, piloted the longest non-stop commercial flight from the
(Positive United States to India.
Example)
 Women Entrepreneurs- Pepsi by Indra Nooyi, Axis Bank by Shikha sharma,
ICICI bank by Chanda Kocchar.
 Ghar Doghaanche Abhiyan- Joint ownership of housing by husband and wife in
Maharashtra.
 Supreme Court of India held that daughters, like sons, have an equal right to inherit
ancestral property
 International Women’s trade centre at Gender Park, Kozhikode.
 All women crew for Air India commercial flight
 Women’s India Premier league 2023.
 Women Army Officers are now eligible for permanent commission: SC
 Nirbhaya Vahini by Manasi Pradhan demand ban on liquor trade, trading of girls.
Safety and security:
 Bharosa cells by Atul k Kulkarni for women safety
 Maharashtra government has decided to raise an all women battalion of the state
reserve police police force
 All-women ‘Nirbhaya Squad’ of Jaipur police→The bike-borne Nirbhaya Squad
with women constables are trained in martial arts, who are deployed at schools,
colleges, malls and bus stops to extend protection to women.
 'Pad Squad', an initiative to distribute free sanitary pads in Mumbai

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Chuppi Todo Abhiyan- Awareness campaign about menstrual hygiene in Nagaur
district, Rajasthan.
 Janani Auto rickshaws of Odisha (for women delivery)
 Kerala’s Muhamma becomes India’s first synthetic pad free village.
Exploitation:
 Honour Killing in Dausa, Rajasthan
 Kathua, Unnao, Hathras and Hyderabad Rape Case
 Muzaffarpur shelter home rape case/Bihar shelter home case
 Dowry calculators on Internet based on age, caste, profession, colour.
Preventive care:
 Arogyakeralam: Palliative care and support for the chronically ill and infirm in
Kerala.
 Comprehensive annual and total health check-up for healthy Sikkim (CATCH)
 Health A.T.M at railway stations act as point of care devices
 Mo Masari, Odissa - successful malaria prevention initiative
Individual efforts:
 Yanung Jamoh Lego -> beacon of hope for over 3,00,000 patients suffering from
life-threatening illnesses such as cancer, diabetes.
 Hemchand Manjhi -> famous traditional practitioner ‘Vaidyaraj’ of Narayanpur
district, Chhattisgarh providing affordable healthcare to villagers.
 Dilip Mahalanabis, medical professional returned from the United States to serve
in the 1971-Bangladesh war refugee camps. By promoting the worldwide use of
Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS), he saved over five crore lives globally.
 Ratan Chandra Kar, a retired government doctor from Andaman, treated Jarawas
during the Measles Epidemic of 1999 and brought them back from the verge of
extinction.
 Vennila Vadivelu awarded ‘Covid women warriors, the real heroes’ award by
Health
NCW for her work during pandemic.
 A medical practitioner in Kadapa, Andhra Pradesh has carved a name for herself
by offering medical check-ups to the poor for a consultation fee of Rs 10.
Innovation:
 Early detection and screening of breast cancer (Thrissur)-> Mass screening for
breast cancer in females
 Sadarjung hospital in Delhi -> use of both Ayurveda and allopathy (integrated
medicine centre).
 Smart Anganwadi in Gujarat- eliminates use of multiple registers.
 Concept of a hospital adopting a village where students participate in community
activities.
Use of Technology:
 Delhi’s desh ke mentor programme -> app based conservation on career
exploration, mental health.
 e-Sanjeevani portal has turned out to be boom for the people living in Arunachal
Pradesh
 Tele-medicine in Erode, Tamil nadu
 Telehealth model at Ganjam District, Orissa

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Accessibility:
 Jagananna Gorumudda Scheme -> healthcare professionals would visit each
household in their jurisdiction and give treatment for ailments
 Heal in India initiative by Union Health ministry to standardize treatment
packages for foreign nationals
 Can Kids, Kids Can- Founded in 2004 and it is the only national NGO working
across the entire spectrum of childhood cancer care in India.
Out of Pocket expenditure:
 Yeshashwini micro health insurance in Karanataka
 Jan Aushadikendras- Bring down healthcare budget of every citizen through
providing quality generic medicines at affordable prices.
 Success story of PM Janaushadhi Pariyojna in Assam.
 Rural Health Care Foundation (RHCF) working for healthcare since 2009 and
provides high quality and affordable primary medical care to low-income and
underprivileged groups in West Bengal.
 Janta clinic in Jaipur for urban poor, Rajasthan
International Examples:
 Australia has introduced regulatory reforms to influence prescriber behavior to
combat Anti-microbial behavior (AMR).
 Asia Health and Wellbeing Initiative (AHWIN) by Japan: Aims to promote
bilateral and regional cooperation that fosters sustainable and self-reliant health care
systems in the Asian region.
 Open kitchen concept in Gujarat: Kitchen with glass doors and windows.
 Healthier menus in canteens (Maharashtra)
 Decentralised ICDS supplementary nutrition programme of Odisha.
Nutrition  Mamata Programme: It provides a cash benefit scheme to pregnant and lactating
women to improve nutrition and promote health-seeking behaviour in Odisha.
 Matri Amrit Ahar: Ceremony is organized in Assam for pregnant women in last
trimester and comprise of providing nutritious food like locally available fruits, pulses
etc.
Government Efforts:
 Himachal Pradesh on track to achieve target of 33% women in police set by Union
Home ministry
 Kerala govt announced menstrual leave for women students in all state-run
universities
 Maharashtra government to raise all-women battalion of state reserve police force
(SRPF)
Poverty and
 Manodarpan initiative to provide psychosocial support to students
Inclusion
Local Examples:
 Rajasthan ‘Apna Gaon Apna Kaam’
 Jaga Mission in Odisha- Transforming slums into livable habitat; It is the world’s
largest slum land title project under Land rights for slum dwellers act, 2017.
Other:
● Painting on 100 Episodes of Mann Ki Baat by divyang woman from Ajmer,
Rajasthan.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
● 100% electrification to rural schools-> Dr. Jitendra Soni, district collector in
Nagaur, Rajasthan ensured that schools in rural region are 100% electrified.
International cases/examples:
● Bolsa Familia – Brazil → Financial aid to poor Brazilian families.
● Mexico- Opportunidades→Government social assistance in which cash payments
are made from the government directly to families to decrease overhead and
corruption.
● Sri Lanka- SamruddhiKosh
● Kenya has 22% and 31% representation of women in National assembly and senate
● Philippines social protection support project
● China – Yunnan Integrated road network development project
Inclusion:
 Mahindra logistics launches queer inclusion policy to foster inclusion of
LGBTQAI+ employees.
 Transgender Community desk at Gachibowli, Hyderabad
 Kerala- 1st state to formulate transgender policy
 Gender Neutral Toilets in Delhi
Rights:
 Sameera M. Jahagirdar fight for the rights of LGBT+ to the Medical Council of
India, which has not recognized need to restructure the MBBS Curriculum
 Sultanpuri's Bobi, shattered the proverbial glass ceiling and became the AAP's
first councillor in Delhi from the transgender community.
 Kalki Subramaniam- Sahodari Foundation, helps other transgender people like
herself.
 Shanavi Ponnusamy- Wrote to President alleging Air India denied her cabin crew
job despite her clearing written exam.
 Pranathi Prakash- Broken all norms associated with Hindu marriage traditions,
LGBT when he performed all the rituals usually undertaken by a father at the wedding of
Community his foster daughter.
Initiatives and successes:
 Manipur has become the first state in the country to have an all- transgender
football team
 India’s first transgender sports meet organized by Kerala.
 Chennai Trans kitchen-> first transsexual only restaurant in Chennai
 Sathyasri Sharmila- first transgender lawyer.
 Manabi Bandopadhyay- Appointed as India’s first college principal in 2015.
However, she resigned citing ‘immense mental pressure’
 Manjamma Jogathi: Received the Padma Shri Award in 2021 for her contribution
to folk dance.
 Achinta Das Mazumder-> first person in Bengal to get Aadhar card by using
transgender id card as a proof of identity.
 Sweekurti project (Odisha)-> skilling transgender community
International:
 Ugandan government passed anti-LGBTQ law-> life imprisonment for anyone
who has been in consensual same-sex sexual encounter.’
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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Ireland, Denmark allows for self-determination of gender without medical
treatment.
Use of Technology:
 E-Talim → Video recording of lectures by best teachers in Kishangarh district of
Bihar.
 Delhi Model Virtual School - provide education to students remotely through
personalised teaching-learning, effective assessments and use of cutting-edge
technology.
 E- takin: Kishangarh district, Bihar - video recording of lectures by best teacher in
district
 Mera Mobile, Mera Vidyalaya: Banka, Bihar.
 IT club of school at Koothattukulam in Kerala will train students to blog and post
videos on Youtube, Going beyond mere basics of IT
 Distribution of Smartphone by Punjab Government for Students to access Online
education
 Digital library initiative in Basti Uttar Pradesh will provide huge benefits to the
candidates appearing in the competitive exams.
 Sampark: Reaching out through school student helpline in Odisha
Accessibility:
 The AaoGhar Mein Seekhein (let’s learn at home) programme in Rajasthan,
improved access to education amidst COVID-19 pandemic.
 Pota cabins → residential schools for the children in LWE affected areas of
Chattisgarh.
Education
 "Namath Basai" - Kerala Government unique programme of teaching tribal
children in their mother tongue.
 Ammachi Labs - Mobile vocational education in rural India.
 Sonam Wangchuk started New hope revolutionizing education in Ladakh.
 Pune Zilla Parishad has appealed to citizens to donate old smartphones and used
laptops to help poor students continue with e-classes during the lockdown
 Central Sector Scheme of Free Coaching Scheme (FCS) for SC and OBC students'
is implemented in the state of Andhra Pradesh.
 New NCERT textbooks to be made/ developed in 22 languages included in the VIII
Schedule.
 Ngurang Learning Institute installed free library station in various districts of
Arunachal Pradesh.
Assessment:
 Pratibha Parv: M.P-regular assessment of teaching learning and evaluation of
education
 Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) launched ‘Learning Science via Standards’, a
unique initiative for students for learning science via standards.
 Learning improvement programme (LIP) in Sangli, Maharashtra
Nutrition:
 UP govt announced that it would use millet in mid-day meal programme
 Library Langar Program by Punjab government

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Innovation and Individual efforts:
 School principal from Jharkhand developed unique blackboard model outside every
house to teach children, their parents and grandparents.
 Social worker from Nagaland, Ramkuiwangbe Newme, protected and promoted
Heraka indigenous culture through awareness camps and programmes, and
established 10 primary schools and encouraged education for women.
 Over 9000 teacher vacancies complemented by Teach for India
 Effort of Cubbon Reads (a reading community) for inculcating the love of reading
among people.
 Harekala Hajabba-> never received formal education but built primary school for
the underprivileged.
 Baste Ka Bojh Kam project (Rajasthan)- Integrated book for different subjects.
 Mobile libraries ran by girls in MP during CoVID
 Karnataka govt reintroduced “water bell” concept in schools-> encourages school
children to drink water at regular intervals.
 Dare to Dream contests -> promote individuals and start-ups for innovation in area
of defense and aerospace
Other:
 Mandla district, a tribal region in Madhya Pradesh reported as fully 'functionally
literate' district, where a person can write his or her own name, count and read.
 NCERT proposed a 10-day bagless period for students of Classes 6 to 8->
bridge theoretical knowledge with practical skills.
 Ghoda library (Nainital, Uttarakhand)-> books are reaching children even in
the most remote areas and the service is absolutely free.
 Cuban literacy campaign-> In a world in which over 770 million people still lack
basic reading and writing skills, Cuba is one of the few countries in the world with
a literacy rate of 100 percent.
 Chitrakoot district (Uttar Pradesh)-> Smartclasses, inclusive education and
improved infrastructure increased enrolment of children in govt. schools
 Kerala became the 1st state which helped struggling students to repay education
loan debts after the completion of their course.
 Ministry of Women and Child Development launched the ‘Poshan Bhi, Padhai
Bhi’ campaign-> It aims to transform the 14 lakh Anganwadi centres into pre-
schools that offer early childhood care and education.
 Seekho aur kamao-> placement-linked skill development scheme for minority
youth
Child Marriage:
 Increased number of Child Marriages in Tiruchi post lockdown
 Many child marriages are solemnised on Akshay Tritiya in Rajasthan
Children  Village heads to be held accountable if child marriages solemnised in Rajasthan:
High Court
 Unprecedented crackdown on child marriage in Assam.
 SC asks Centre to ensure appointment of child marriage prohibition officers in all
districts

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Akha Teej Occassion in Rajasthan for mass Child Marriages
Child Abuse:
 The Prevent It project (EU): Program to prevent child sexual abuse
 Instances of illegal Child Adoption during 2ndCoVID wave.
 Madhya Pradesh suspends licence of Som Distilleries over child labour row
 Hungary president resigns after outcry over pardon to man convicted in child sexual
abuse case
Other:
● Aangan – Digital inspection of Child Care institutes run by the department and
registered under the Juvenile Justice act.
● Kalika Chetarike – Activity based learning in Karnataka
● Beljipuram Youth Club (Srikakulam, Andhra Pradesh)-> helped children trapped in
child labor to get out of that vicious cycle by teaching them various skills.
● Committees led by mothers to ensure better monitoring of services delivered at
Anganwadis in Madhya Pradesh
● Internet addiction among children (children in the virtual space)
● Rise in unvaccinated children in India (WHO and UNICEF)
● Bichharpur village-> Infamous for illicit liquor and intoxication earlier. With efforts of
Raees Ahmed, a former national player, it became popular for football -> more than 40
national and state level players have emerged from Bicharpur.
Youth
● The 22-year-old Manu won her first bronze in the women's 10m air pistol event, while
her second bronze came in the 10m air pistol mixed team event, alongside Sarabjot
Singh.
 Gurvinder Singh-> Social worker from Sirsa holding the beacon of hope for orphans
and divyang.
 Divya Kala Mela-> to celebrate talent and craftsmanship of disabled entrepreneurs,
artisans, in Bhubaneswar.
National initiatives:
 Sugamya Bharat campaign- Enable persons with disabilities to gain access for
equal opportunities and live independently and participate fully in all aspects of life.
 The Archaeological Survey of India (ASI) will develop disabled-friendly facilities at
seven sites in Tamil Nadu
 Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016
Disability Local Initiatives:
 MAGIK homes: Making accessible gateways for inclusive Kerala.
 Purple fest, a festival for divyangs in Goa
Other:
 Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (a set of globally recognised parameters to
determine how disabled friendly an app or website is)
 A report by the Centre for Research and Planning revealed lack of disable friendly
infrastructure across court premises in India.
 Sanchi Stupa in Bhopal and Lakshmana Temple at Sirur in Chhattisgarh have both
Braille signage and tactile pathway.
 Fatehpur Sikri, oldest disable friendly infrastructure.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Indian Initiatives:
 Jharkhand’s Jamtara: Club instituted to deal with elderly loneliness and depression
 Ayushman Bharat – Ayushman Arogya Mandir (Health and Wellness Centres)
 Senior Care Reforms in India: Reimagining the Senior Care Paradigm (NITI
Aayog).
 Longitudinal Ageing Study of India (LASI) 2021 report (highlights that a
significant portion of the elderly population suffers from chronic diseases,
functional limitations, depressive symptoms, and low life satisfaction.)
Digital Initiatives:
 Google and Telangana government signed MoU to train senior citizens in using
the internet
 NITI Aayog- Aadhar based smart cards containing health details of senior citizens.
 HelpAge India runs Digital Empowerment Centres for elderly in rural India.
Elderlies International case studies:
 Germany- Multi Generational homes.
 USA: National Healthy Brain Initiative and BOLD (Building Our Largest
Dementia) Act.
 European Union: HELIOS programme, European anti-poverty programmes and
equal treatment between women and men in the matter of social security.
 Australia: DSOA (Disability Support for Older Australians) program to supports
older people with disability who received specialist disability services from the
Continuity of Support (CoS) Programme, but were not eligible for the National
Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS).
Other:
● WHO Brascilia declaration on promoting healthy ageing
● Vulnerability: During Chennai floods, elderlies formed a large proportion of total
deaths.
Schedule Caste:
 Dalit man with an unspecified mental illness beaten to death in MP
 Dalit boys forced to clean up excreta in Tamil Nadu
Death of Manual Scavengers in Delhi Patparganj Industrial Area
 Bhima Koregaon violence/Elgaar Parishad Case
Schedule Tribes:
 Araku coffee: India's first tribal growers organic coffee; produced in Alluri Sita
Scheduled Caste Rama Raju district of Andhra Pradesh.
and Scheduled  Karthumbhi Umbrella crafted by tribal women in Attappady, Kerala -> Today
Tribe these umbrellas are popular globally.
 SEARCH: Voluntary organisation fir tribal welfare, health,
education.(Established by Padma Shri awardees Dr Rani & Abhay Bang)
 Killing of American citizen by Sentinels tribe
 Odisha with most diverse tribal population is making efforts on multilingual
education by supporting more than 21 tribal languages
 Tribals of Mannakumbri of Karnataka had to tie the body of a woman to a pole
and carry it back as their hamlet has no road connectivity

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Organization of first Janjatiya Khel Mahotsav at Bhubaneswar - Role of tribal
players.
Manual ● Daliya Jalao -> Liberating and rehabilitation of manual scavengers in Badaun of Uttar
scavenging Pradesh.
 Animal Sports like Jallikattu and Kambala
Culture vs  Use of Manja (Kite string) during Makar sankranti
Animal Rights  Kerala Animals and Bird Sacrifices Prohibition Act of 1968 that prohibits sacrifice of
animals and birds in temples to ‘please’ the deity.
 Bengaluru – Cubbon Park: Every Sunday, children, youth and elders talk to each other
in Sanskrit. The name of this initiative is Sanskrit Weekend!
 ‘BhadaraviPoonam Fair’ (Gujarat): People who came to the fair conducted a cleanliness
campaign across a large part of Gabbar Hill.
Culture
 Thiru A. K. Perumal Ji from Kanyakumari done a commendable job of preserving the
story telling tradition of Tamil Nadu.
 Uma Maheshwari -> 1st female harikatha exponent who has performed globally in
different ragas.
#LahuKaLagaan-> campaign by Trisha Shetty to abolish tax on sanitary napkins
 Family Pehchan patra (identity cards) for residents of J&K.
 Bhashini-> local language translation mission
 Dhara initiative by Ministry of Culture-> promotion and revival of multiple domains of
Indian Knowledge Systems.
Miscellaneous
 NAMASTE scheme-> enumeration of the Sewer/Septic Tank Workers (SSWs).
 Ghar Doghaanche Abhiyan: Joint ownership of housing by husband and wife in
Maharashtra
 NCERT recommended for gender-neutral uniforms, Gender neutral toilets and removal
of reference to caste system

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples

POLITY & GOVERNANCE

Competitive federalism:
 Resurgent Rajasthan, Invest Odisha etc.
 School Education Quality Index, State Health Index, Composite Water Management
Index, Sustainable Development Goals Index etc.
 Aspirational District Program/Aspirational Block Program (From Competitive
Federalism to Competit ive Sub-Federalism)
 Finance Commission’s performance incentives and grants to states.
 74th Constitutional Amendment: Empowering our cities
 Business Reform Action Plan: states are categorised and ranked as ‘top achievers’,
‘achievers’, or ‘aspirers’.
Cooperative federalism:
● Team India wing of NITI Aayog.
● ST Sangamam celebrates ancient bond of Gujarat & Tamil Nadu
● COVID 19: Telangana sends team to learn from Kerala [state - state]
● During disaster both NDRF and SDRF work together
● Smart Cities Mission is a joint effort of centre & states
● MGNREGA, PDS involve collaboration between the centre and states.
● Swachh Bharat Abhiyan (Clean India Campaign): A nationwide cleanliness drive
● GST Council: States as equal members who are part of national fiscal policy.
● Ujwal DISCOM Assurance Yojana: Coordination between center & state to improve
Federalism financial health of power distribution companies.
● Assam & Arunachal signed MoU to resolve decades long boundary dispute over 800
Km shared boundary.
● ‘Chintan Shivir’ / Brainstorming sessions on critical issues held by Centre & States
Minister on Internal Security, Sports, etc
Confrontational Federalism / Issues:
● GST compensation cess devolution (Complaints of Delayed GST Compensation
Payment)
● Centre vs Punjab over increasing jurisdiction of BSF
● Lockdown was implemented by centre but responsibility of lifting curbs left on
states
● Karnataka vs Maharashtra dispute in Belgaum [state - state]
● Autonomy-States (Tamil Nadu, Punjab, West Bengal) and many parties (DMK,
Akali Dal, CPI-M) have made demands of autonomy from time to time. (Negative
example)
● Financial powers-In 1977, the Left Front Government in West Bengal brought out a
document demanding a restructuring of Centre-State relations.
● Tussle between CM of West Bengal & Governor over appointment of senior
professors as Vice-Chancellors (VC) of state-run universities
● Union Home Minister urged to use Hindi as the lingua franca, rather than English.
● Tamil Nadu Governor refused to read some parts of Governor’s address at the
beginning of session of State Legislative Assembly.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
● Kerala Assembly passed University Laws (amendment) Bills to remove the
Governor as the Chancellor of State universities.
● 10 States (Punjab, Jharkhand, Kerala, Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, West Bengal,
Mizoram, Telangana, Meghalaya, and Tamil Nadu) withdrew general consent
accorded to CBI to probe cases in state.
● Chief Minister of Delhi invitation to Singapore for world cities conference denied by
central govt.
Judicial Overreach & Activism:
 National Anthem- It directed mandatory playing of the national anthem in all
cinema halls.
 SC directing centre to conduct NEET
 SC ban on sale of alcohol within a distance of 500 metres from National Highways
(Judicial Executivism)
 Reserving premium seats at five times the normal prices in Delhi metro for car
users affected by Odd-Even system
 Vishaka guidelines (Judicial legislation)
Judicial Activism: Positives
 Cleansing of Taj Mahal (MC Mehta case)
 Rescuing children working in industry
 Representation of People’s act judgements
 Police reforms in Prakash Singh case and DK Basu guidelines
Judicial appointment related international Practice:
Judiciary ● In the US, judges of the Federal Court are appointed by the President with the advice
and consent of the Senate.
● In the UK, it is the independent Judicial Appointments Commission (JAC) that
oversees the process of judges’ appointments.
● In France, judges are appointed by the President on the recommendation of the
Higher Council of the Judiciary.
● In South Africa, there is a 23-member Judicial Services Commission (JSC) that
advises the President to nominate the judges.
● In most Latin American countries like Argentina and Brazil, the President nominates
the judges, subject to the approval of the respective Senates.
Other:
 Australia- Ethics commissioner to ensure Code of Ethics for judges.
 Delhi high court imposed fine of rupee 2 lakhs on man for filing false and frivolous
case.
 Recently, SC on two tweets initiated suo motu proceedings for criminal contempt
against Prashant Bhushan.
 SC ruled that "Office of Chief Justice of India" comes under RTI Act.
Outcomes of PIL:
 Shah Bano Case: Outlawed Triple Talaq
Public Interest  NALSA Judgement: Provided fundamental rights to
Litigation transgenders in India.
 Bandhua Mukti Morcha Vs Union of India: SC ordered the release of the bonded
laborers.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Sumit Batra case: SC laid emphasis on right to be protected from solitary
confinement of undertrials.
 SC judgement in Hussainara Khatoon Vs State of Bihar led to the release of
thousands of under-trials who served their maximum period.
 Expanding scope of Article 21 to include right to clean air, livelihood etc.
Procedural issues:
 Passing of farm laws in parliament by voice vote [However, repealed now]
 Nine members of Parliament did not speak in the 17th Lok Sabha throughout their
term.
 No Deputy Speaker appointed in 17th Lok Sabha (First time)
 Lowest number of sittings in 17th Lok Sabha
 Criminal reform Bills passed when 70% of the Opposition MPs were suspended.
 Lok Sabha and Rajya Sabha suspended 141 Opposition Members of Parliament
(MPs) for disrupting its proceedings in 2023 Winter session
International best practice:
Parliament
 In Britain, every bill is scrutinised by a committee.
 India needs a Parliamentary Budget office akin to the US Congressional Budget office.
Other:
 Privilege motion against ex-Chief Justice of India
 Participatory budget analysis-> DISHA in Gujarat
 Two men with gas canisters jumped onto the floor of the Lok Sabha.
 Rights of Transgender Persons Bill, was initially introduced as a private member's
Bill later taken up by the government and passed
 Cash for Query scandal: Expulsion of MP on allegations of accepting cash and gifts
to ask questions in Lok Sabha.
Local government
● Budhannoor village (Alappuzha District of Kerala) -> focusing primarily on earning
its own source of revenue through tax collection. The Gram panchayat collated
enlisted all the institutions, persons, and traders liable to pay taxes.
● Pullampara gram panchayat in Thiruvananthapuram has become the first digitally
literate panchayat in Kerala.
● Rahuri Municipal Council of Ahmednagar district in Maharashtra -> first Municipal
Council to attain the status of integrated with digital locker for the issuance of all
essential Documents.
Local ● Ibrahimpur gram panchayat (Telanagana)-> It had poor social infrastructure,
Government however, with intensive community involvement transformed into a model village
for sustainable development. Steps taken by it are: Door-to-door visit for awareness,
construction of toilets with the convergence of SBM(G) and MGNREGS; Banned
the single-use of plastics; Installation of an 'Any- Time Water Machine' -> allows
locals to fill up 20-litre cans at least two to three times a day after they swipe a card
that can be recharged.
Digital Panchayat
● Balrampur district (Chhattisgarh)-> Model district where every Panchayat office has
become multifunctional in delivering services to its citizens; rightly called as
Biometricpur district in real terms.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
● Cashless Village Palnar (Dantewada): Gram Panchayat Palnar, made first cashless
panchayat of the state. “Digital Army” has been created for awareness and
promotion – using Digital band, caps and T-shirts to attract localities.
Women in Local government:
 Women panchayat leader invested 48 percent more than male counter parts for
village development (Study by ‘India spend’).
 Fatima Bi, women Sarpanch in Kurnool district (Andhra Pradesh)- UN's Race
Against Poverty Award.
Government Efforts:
 Ministry of Panchayati Raj has prepared a Model Panchayat Citizens Charter for
delivery of the services across the 29 sectors.
 National Mobile Monitoring System (NMMS) App for MGNREGS-
o ↑transparency in MGRENS scheme
 Ministry of Panchayat Raj: People’s Plan Campaign as ‘Sabki Yojana Sabka Vikas’
since 2018 for preparation of evidence based, holistic and inclusive Plan.
 PM Awas Yojana
 Rashtriya Gram Swaraj Abhiyan: Skill development
 Pradhan Mantri Rashtriya Gaurav Gram Sabha Puraskar: Incentivising Gram
Panchayat for involving Gram Sabha in developmental activities.
Successful Examples:
 Meenangadi Gram panchayat in Kerala’s Wayanad district-> Carbon neutral
meenangadi project to transform meenangadi into a state of carbon neutrality.
 Chhavi Rajavat-> Harvard graduate returned to work as Sarpanch
 Madamakki village gram panchayat, Karnataka adopted innovative methods to
establish a circle at junction of roads by donation from Vijaya bank.
 Bijili panchayats in Haryana-> encouraging consumers to pay arrears and in return
govt waives off surcharge.
 Panchayat banks (Jharkhand)-> providing banking facilities at village level.
 7 Star Rainbow Scheme (Haryana): Panchayats rated on basis of Performance.
Initiatives:
● Santhanam Committee: To study corruption related issues
● SEVOTTAM Model: Transparency
● Lokpal.
● Anti-Corruption Day on 9th December: Awareness initiative.
Scams:
 Augusta Westland VVIP chopper deal
Corruption/  Narada scam
Scams
 Vyapam Scam
 Rs 600-crore Unipay2U scam, in which people were cheated through Ponzi
schemes
Legacy of corruption/ Reasons:
 Official Secret Act, 1923: Helped to institutionalise graft culture
 License Permit Raj: Encouraged Bribery
 Opaque allocation of coal blocks and the telecom spectrum.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Other:
 Karnataka Lokayukta indicted the then chief minister in illegal mining graft cases.
 Alleged corruption in NEET exam (2023).
 Recently 2G mobile phone network was installed in Vijaynagar, one of the
remotest administrative circles in Arunachal Pradesh.
 Optical fiber launched for A&N island
 Smart Anganwadi - app for aganwaditeachers ,Gujarat
 Bharat 6G vision to be rolled out by 2030.
Digitalization
 Kerala fibre optical network (KFON) to provide high speed connectivity;
 Kerala is only state which has made right to access internet as basic right
International examples:
● DigiD, Netherland: A digital Identity built on unique Dutch social security number.
● ASAN Centers, Azerbaijan: One stop public service shops
Transparency
 Padma Award Portal (to democratise the process)
 Right to Information (RTI) applications seeking information pertaining to the PM
CARES Fund have been stonewalled
 Jan Soochna portal of Rajasthan :first ever, aims to provide information to public
about government authorities and departments
 Srijan app: For defence export clearances
 Resignation of Kerala Higher Education Minister on rounds of Nepotism
 CVigil-> ECI launched app to report violation of MCC
Swachh Bharat:
● Nirmal grams-open defection free villages in Jharkhand through community
Good participation
Governance ● Ransapara village in Assam got title of cleanest village through community
cleanliness drives
Other:
 Jharkhand’s man carried his 100-year-old mother on his back to bank to withdraw
her pension money from Jan Dhan account
 'Parivar Pehchan Patra'(Haryana): To enable the citizens to get the benefit of
various Centre and State government schemes at their door-step in a fair and
transparent manner"
 First district good governance index of Arunachal Pradesh
 Andhra Pradesh recently decided to impose hefty fines on illegal sale and
transportation of Sand
 2000 Primary Agricultural Credit Societies (PACS) to open Pradhan Mantri Bhartiya
Jan Aushadhi Kendras across the country.
 Tamil Nadu's custodial deaths: father-son duo arrested for a lockdown violation in
Tamil Nadu
Police & Prison
 Video footage, of the police officials attacking citizens in the name of enforcing
Reforms
restrictions during Lockdown
 Hyderabad police killing of 4 accused in the ‘Disha’ case

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Encounter of Vikas Dubey
 Bhondshi Jail case - nexus between Inmates & Jail officials
 Tihar jail model By Kiren Bedi: Separate barracks for the hardened criminals, Vipassana
(Meditation) etc
Tax collection:
 Project FRIENDS in Kerala- Single window facility providing citizens to pay
taxes and other dues to government.
 GIS based property tax monitoring by Surat Municipal corporation.
 T Bhoobalan, IAS (Taxman of Tumakuru)-> doorstep tax collection facility.
Service delivery:
 TS-iPASS (Telangana State Industrial Project Approval and Self certification
system).
 Khajane project in Karnataka- Comprehensive online treasury computerization
project; tracks from approval of state budget to point of rendering accounts to the
government.
 e-bill platform→ All central ministries will be brought under this by 2024; timely
clearance of bills.
 Digital India Bhashini portal-> 260 open-source API based AI models available for
speech to text conversion
E-Governance Grievance redressal and Accountability:
 CPGRAMS portal-> public can lodge complaints to hold public servants
accountable
 PRAGATI 2.0 – It is a unique integrated and interactive platform through which
PM oversees the implementation of various government schemes, grievances, state
and central related projects & programmes by directly interacting with all
stakeholders through Video Conferencing on a single platform
Citizen Participation:
 MyGov.org- Draft schemes and policy will be put in public domain and asked for
feedback and suggestions.
 E-daakhil portal for consumer complaints Akshaya big campaign
for document digitization -> Wayanand becomes first district to provide basic
facilities such as Aadhar to all tribal people
Other:
 Bhoomi project (Karnataka)- Online delivery of land records.
 E-BIZ Project- Single window support for all queries related to business.
 Patanjali Ayurved’s claim of having discovered a “cure” for COVID through Coronil
went unchecked
Regulation De-
 Amendments to UAPA Act and NIA Act
Regulation Mis-
Regulation  Centre opens up coal sector, does away with end-use restriction
 Recent Amendment to deregulate Commodities under Essential commodities Act,
1955
For Rights:
Role of NGOs  Association for Democratic reforms (ADR) and Human rights watch (Protection
of human rights).

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Azad Foundation, CERA is a feminist human rights organization; build leadership
in women).
 People’s Union for civil liberties (PUCL) and Right to Food.
 Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan- pioneering role in getting the Right to
Information (RTI) law passed in India.
 Naz Foundation- LGBT rights to social inclusion.
For Marginalised sections:
 Smile Foundation- Promotes education among underprivileged.
 Helpage India- Focuses on concerns of elders like healthcare & pension.
 Reuters- Unbiased NGO in the world.
 SEWA: Women empowerment
For Education:
 Nanhi Kali- Founded by Anand Mahindra; supports education for underprivileged
girls in India.
 Pratham- Works for provision of quality education for underprivileged children in
India.
 CRY (Child Rights and You)- Helps restore children’s rights to build a society that
promises equality, justice and respect.
 Akshay Patra foundation implementing Mid-day meal scheme.
For Environment:
 Green peace- Protested against Arctic oil drilling (Russia) and Whale poaching
(Japan)
 Environmental NGOs in India- Green Peace, WWF, Bombay Natural History
Society (BNHS), and Energy research institute, Kalpavriksha, Birdlife International
and Centre for Science and Environment.
 Samata partnered with Gram panchayat for proper implementation of FRA,
CAMPA act etc.
Other:
 PRS Legislative research- Journal, documentation, research & awareness.
 Goonj- relief activities during Rahat floods in Assam.
 Awareness: Amnesty International and Red cross.
Anti Corruption:
 Sagayam: Anti-corruption measures related to illegal mining of granite in Madurai
 Ritu Maheswari installed new electricity smart metres to tackle electricity theft in
Kanpur (Facilitated industrial development).
 Ashok Khemka: Exposed Robert Vadra DLF land grabs scam
 Durga Shakti Nagpal: Took on the sand mafia involved in illegal sand mining of
Role of Civil
the Hindon and Yamuna river banks
Servants
Women Empowerment:
 Chuppi Todd campaign (Break silence)- IPS Arif Shaikh – Whatsapp number is
provided through which women can lodge complaints with police.
 Devansh Yadav (IAS)- Empowered SHGs to start sanitary pad making unit and
bamboo furniture unit.
 Aruna Sundararajan: Headed the Kudumbashree project

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Other:
 Umakant Umrao (collector of Dewas) helped farmers in Madhya Pradesh to fight
against drought by construction of 16,000 ponds.
 P Narahari provided a barrier free environment for people with disabilities
(Mobilization of human and financial resources).
 Smita Sabharwal “Fund your city” in Warangal, Telangana- Secured support of
people for development by involving them.
 iGOT Karmayogi Platform for training of civil servants
 IAS Inayat khan adopted two kids of Pulwama Martyr.
 Citizen charter of Delhi Transport Corporation- Focused on awareness of citizen
charters through brochures and publicity materials
 People of Chandigarh demanded adoption of Citizen Charter in order to pay taxes
like House Tax in order to curb harassment by administration
 TISCO implemented social audit in 1979.
Citizen Charter
 Annual social audit by social welfare department revealed 11,700 people missing
& Social Audit
from the list of pensioners.
 Meghalaya Community participation and public services social audit act, 2017-
First state to legalize social audit for almost all government programmes.
 Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan (MKSS) conducting audits in Rajasthan.
 NGO promoting social audits among people in Andhra Pradesh
Entrepreneurship:
 Gaura SHG- Food processing (Uttarakhand)-> Promoting food processing
enterprise among rural women SHGs for alternate livelihood opportunities.
 Women Self Help Groups forming SakhiMandals in Gujarat to start business.
 Women SHG in Odisha operating e-Auto rickshaw service from Hospital
 SEWA under Ela Bhatt- organized women workers such as home based operators
like weavers, potters and small producers like cattle rearers, salt workers, gum
collectors, cook and vendors.
 Kerala kudumbashree provides training in banking and in skills to set up micro-
enterprises.
Agriculture:
SHGs  Namo Drone Didi initiative-> drones to 15,000 selected women SHGs for
providing rental services to farmers.
 The women of Nibiya Begumpur village, associated with SHGs, prepare bio-
fertilizers. More than 6 thousand farmers from nearby villages are buying bio
products from them.
 Bivalve farming by women SHG in Kasargod and Kollam (Kerala)
 Arunachal Pradesh marketing board helped women farmer groups and SHGs to
supply local surplus produce to army units in Lower dibang valley under Mission
krishi veer.
Government Efforts:
 JHarcraft project (Jharkhand)-> SHG project provided employment to women
and improved social indicators.
 Initiative for women SHG to ensure tap connection to every house(Burhanpur, MP).

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Waiting rooms maintained by SHG at Kollam railway station
 Mahila Samakhya Program, Uttar Pradesh
Other:
 Silver jubilee celebration of ‘Kudumbashree’ - and launch of ‘Unnathi’– an umbrella
programme to create opportunities for employment and self-employment, among the
youth belonging to SC and ST communities.
 Chami Murmu-> Tribal warrior who has planted over 30 lakh plants &
empowered 30,000 women through SHGs.
 Dheeram, a self-defense classes initiative for women started by Kudumbashree
 SHG volunteers assigned in PDS shops in Tamil Nadu
 Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat have better empowered SHG than Uttar Pradesh and
Bihar.
 Members of SHGs across TamilNadu to be trained as mental health counsellors
under ‘ManamInidhu’ initiative.
 SHG in urban area: Denglang SHG of Manipur.
 Cause Based: India against corruption, Narmada Bachao Andolan, Chipko
Movement.
 Insider Groups: Civil services Association, Police welfare organisation,
Confederation of Indian Industry (CII), Bar council Of India, Indian Medical
Association
 Business related: Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and
Industry(FICCI), The Associated Chambers of Commerce & Industry of India
(ASSOCHAM), Society of Indian Automobile Manufacturers (SIAM)
 Agriculture: All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) and Mazdoor Kisan Shakti Sangathan,
(MKSS)
 Socio Cultural Pressure groups- Hindu Vikas Mandal, Tamil Sangh, Arya Samaj,
RSS, Vishwa Hindu Parishad, jamaat-e- Islami, Harijan Sevak Sangh, Nadar Caste
Association.
 Trade Unions: AITUC, INTUC, Hind Mazdoor Sabha.
Role of
Pressure  Student Organisation: ABVP, AISF, National Students Union of India.
Groups  Anomic Groups: ULFA, Naxalite groups, etc
Functioning/ work of National Pressure groups:
 ASSOCHAM research on boosting agri-processing.
 Jharkhand Mukti Morcha- Enable tribals, SC/ST women to voice their opinions.
 GoI consulted milk cooperatives before RCEP deal.
 SEWA: SEWA's advocacy secured recognition for informal sector workers' rights
 Bhoomiheen Kisan Sangharsh Samiti: BKSS’s protests in UP, reshaped land
acquisition policies
 India Against Corruption: Prompting anti-corruption legislation reforms like RTI
Functioning/ Work of International Pressure Groups:
● Amnesty International: Advocacy pressured global abolition of death penalty.
● Human Rights Watch: Exposed abuses, catalyzing UN action on humanitarian crises.
● Oxfam: Lobbying influenced international policies on poverty alleviation and
inequality.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
● Doctors Without Borders: Advocacy led to improved access to essential medicines
globally.
Global South:
 During his inaugural address to the Global South Summit, Indian PM called for
global agenda of 4Rs (Respond, Recognize, Respect & Reform) Global south.
 First coined by social activist Carl Oglesby in 1969.
 Initiatives: Aarogya Maitri, Global South Centre of Excellence, Global South
Science and Technology Initiative, Global South Young Diplomats Forum, Global
South Scholarships
India- Central Asia:
 India-Central Asia dialogue
 India-Central Asia Business Council launched in New Delhi (2021)
 India sent 800 Kgs of medicines & medical accessories to Tajikistan
 Economic Initiatives: India- CA Business Council, East- West Trans Eurasian
transit economic corridor, Trilateral transit-and- trade corridor agreements
 Infrastructure Initiatives: Connect Central Asia” Policy of 2012, Chabahar port,
Zaranj– Delaram Road, INSTC
 Security Initiative: Exercises- Kyrgyzstan- Khanjar, Uzbekistan- Dustlik, Kazind-
Kazakhstan, Farkhor Air base(Tajikistan)- India’s 1st Military base in foreign
country)
India EU:
 “EU strategy on India”
International  “India-EU Strategic Partnership: A Roadmap to 2025”
Relations  India- EU setup Trade & technology council
 EU criticised India’s abrogation of article 370
 Initiatives: Science & Technology Agreement 2001, Joint Vision Statement for
promoting Cooperation in the field of Information and Communications Technology
 Security Initiatives: India-EU Foreign Policy & Security Consultations (2018), 1st
Maritime security dialogue (2021)
India USA:
 U.S. lawmakers met the exiled Tibetan spiritual leader the Dalai Lama in India
upsets China.
 Diaspora: India is the top source of immigrant doctors and the second-largest source
of registered nurses in the US.
 Technological Initiatives: India-US Initiative on Critical and Emerging Technology
(iCET), India USA co-production of GE F414 engines in India.
 Security Initiatives: India has now signed all four foundational agreements with the
USA: LEMOA (2016), COMCASA (2018), BECA (2020)
 U.S - India Counterterrorism Joint Working Group and the Defense Policy Group.
India - China:
 India Shuns China's Calls to Resume Passenger Flights After 4 Years
 India restricted use of Chinese apps ex: TikTok, Shareit, etc
 Galwan Clashes (2020)
 Indian and Chinese troops clashed in Arunachal Pradesh’s Tawang sector (2022)

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Cyberattack on AIIMS in Delhi traced IP addresses from Hong Kong and China’s
Henan province.
 Initiatives: Wuhan Summit, Mahabalipuram Summit
Other:
 Jacinda Ardern, a young PM of New Zealand gave birth during office; took her
daughter Neve to UNGA meeting.
 Abiy ahmed awarded nobel peace prize for ending civil war between Ethiopia and
Eritrea.
 PM honoured with the highest civilian award of Papua New Guinea.
 Ammal Farhat, first female taxi driver in Saudi Arabia
 Iran protests over Hijab issue
 PM praises German Embassy's celebration of Naatu Naatu.
 Germany’s new feminist foreign policy
 SCO Millets Food Festival in Mumbai's Taj Mahal Palace.
 Arunachal Pradesh and Ladakh demand for 6th schedule status
 171 Hospitals de-listed from PM-JAY(Health insurance scheme) after fraud.
Miscellaneous  Alleged phone tapping scandal in Karnataka
 Ministry of Parliamentary Affairs organizes Youth Parliament Competitions in various
schools.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
ECONOMY
Water and Irrigation
 Mission Kakatiya- Restoring minor irrigation with community participation.
 Maljangiri dist (Odisha)-> micro irrigation success
 Pani panchayat in Orissa
 Traditional irrigation techniques such as Tankas, Khadins, Vav, Ahar Pynes
(Bihar).
 Neer Padhivu app (Puducherry)-> Revival of 198 water bodies + to digitise
water bodies.
 Bamboo drip irrigation in Meghalaya.
 Dhara Vikas (Sikkim): Spring-shed development
e-Technology:
 Agriculture technology management agency (ATMA) facilitated commodity-
based groups to partner with private agencies in production and marketing of
basmati rice.
 e-PMB app: Mobile app to connect Agriculture Market (Punjab). Allows
farmers to check for the availability of space of foodgrains in the mandi and book
their slots accordingly
 ‘Kisan Satyagrah’ Campaign: Online farmers’Satyagrah demands
better price for produce in Madhya Pradesh
 Development of Digital Public Infrastructure (DPI) for agriculture to provide
relevant information services for crop planning and health, improved access to
farm inputs, credit and insurance, help for crop estimation, market intelligence
Agriculture (+) etc.
 ITC e-Choupal: Programme instals computers with Internet access in rural areas
of India to offer farmers up-to-date marketing and agricultural information.
 Kanda Chawls in Maharashtra-> Storage units for onions near farms maintained
by FPOs.
Farmers Income:
 Kisan Rail by Indian Railways
 Transport perishable items (dairy, poultry, fruits, vegetables, etc) from regions of
high production (or surplus regions) to regions of high consumption
 PPP approach in Patna district brought replacement of traditional rice varieties
with basmati rice.
 GeM to organise District level Buyer-Seller workshops in U P.
 Group Farming in Gujarat leading to women empowerment.
 Krishi Nivesh Portal -> Portal for all Agri- investors to avail benefits from
various Government schemes.
 Sufla Bangla scheme, West Bengal-> Higher remuneration to farmers.
 Chervuvayal Raman-> promoted 55 indigenous high-yielding hybrid rice
varieties.
Organic Farming
 Organic rice production by SRI: Empowering women in Maharashtra
 Maharashtra Organic Farming Federation (MOFF): Organic farmers
volunteer organisation to improve organic agriculture practices in Maharashtra.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 ZBNF- Andhra Pradesh found that ZBNF in paddy farming has led to a saving of
1,400 to 3,500 cubic meters of water per acre per paddy cropping period.
 R Pappammal (Coimbatore, TN), 105- years-old woman, awarded Padma Shri
for popularising organic farming.
Allied Activities:
 Efforts of farmers of Sirsa showcased benefits of PM Matasya Sampada Yojana.
 Matsya Mitra (Jharkhand)-> Cage culture and aquaculture popularized.
 Crop colonies (Telangana)- Plan to divide cultivable land into crop colonies so
as to establish FPIs and provide unadulterated and quality processed foods at
competitive prices.
Millets:
 AgLive 2023 – The Millet Challenge,-> by increasing interaction amongst millet-
based innovators/entrepreneurs, investors, and other stakeholders, was held as
part of the Global Shree Anna Conference in New Delhi.
 Millet Cafe at AIIMS Rishikesh.
 APEDA entrusted to promote Indian millets in international market
 Bhojpur's Millet Festival to increase the awareness among the people
Other
 Manikstu Agro: Goat rearing initiated by it improved lives of unprivileged
marginal farmers of Kalahandi district (Odisha).
 Sarbeswar Basumatary (Assam)-> model for all in mixed integrated farming -
fruits and vegetable farming, poultry farming, rice-fish farming and mixed
farming in one farm.
 Kamachi Chellammal -> farmer from Andaman; innovative organic coconut
plantation-> mulching, integrated pest management, and diversified cropping.
 Millet startups: ‘Keeros Foods’ started from Lucknow, ‘Grand-Maa Millets’ of
Prayagraj and ‘Nutraceutical Rich Organic India’.
 Nedumangad block panchayat (Kerala)-> model ‘nutrition garden’ project to
ensure healthy and nutritious food to every person; intended to increase the
production of nutritious food products and enhance acceptability for organic
farming methods.
 Sathyanarayana Beleri (Seeding Sathya)-> ‘Polybag Method’ –conserved
indigenous rice varieties and traditional seeds of arecanut, nutmeg and black
pepper.
 Vikram Yadav (IAS) -> posted in Ambala, Haryana, has helped cut stubble
burning in the district by 80%, by helping farmers use alternate methods to
remove, or reuse, wheat and paddy stubble.
 Nutri Garden Project’ in Lakshadweep
 Coffee cultivation in Bastar (Chattisgarh)
 Strawberry cultivation in Meghalaya
 Rajiv Gandhi Kisan Nyay yojana (Chattisgarh)-> to increase agricultural
acreage.
 "Trench farming to grow vegetables in Ladakh during extreme winters"
 Farmer field schools (Shetishala) in Maharashtra-> weekly schools with focus on
intro of crops, sowing and best practices.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Yantradoot villages-> model for agri mechanization for farmers in Madhya
Pradesh.
 Onions were exported from Egypt to curb Inflation
 Feminisation of Agriculture in Gaur Village, Ghaziabad
 Attack by Pink Bollworm insect causing farmer" suicide in Punjab
 Lakhimpur Kheri violence over farmer killings ‘Rail Roko’ stir in Punjab against
farm laws
Agriculture (-)  Stacking paddy on roads in Odisha protesting against “faulty procurement
procedures”
 loss of lives due to an accident in cold storage in Chandausi, U P.
 ‘Chakka Jam’ in Rajasthan to protest against the contentious farm laws Farmer
protest in Singhu border
 Maruti halted production at 2 Haryana Plants
Automobile sector  Harley-Davidson will discontinue its India operations and exit the world's
largest motorcycle market. It cited issue of weak demand
 Punjab and Maharashtra Co-operative (PMC) bank Scam
 Yes Bank Crisis
 Vijay Mallya and Nirav Modi – Fugitive Economic
Offenders (FEO)
Banking sector
 Insurance limit of DICGC Raised to 5 lac from 1 lac in recent budget
 Digital sakhis in Madhya Pradesh to create awareness of digital payment options in
rural and semi-urban communities.
 Financial literacy camps by AP Grameena Vikas bank
 First flight from Srinagar to Sharjah
 Opening of Kushinagar airport
 World's first 200m long Bamboo Crash Barrier installed on Vani- Warora
Highway,Vidarbh, Maharashtra.
 National Waterway-68 reduced distance between Panjim to Vasco in Goa by 9 Kms
 Completion of Ahmedabad-Mahesana (64.27km) Gauge conversion Project
 “SWAYATT”, an initiative to promote Start-ups, Women and Youth Advantage
through e-Transactions on GeM.
 NTPC commissions India’s first Air cooled condenser at North Karanpura Super
Critical plant in Jharkhand
Infrastructure  Completion of 51 km Yangte-Tali road in Kra Daadi district of Arunachal Pradesh
 Indian Railways completed 100% electrification of Odisha
 Udyam Assist Platform-> to bring Informal Micro Enterprises under the formal ambit
 Sagar Manthan’, the Real-time Performance Monitoring Dashboard of Ministry of
Ports
 India’s first National Centre of Excellence in Green Port & Shipping (NCoEGPS) in
Gurugram, Haryana.
 Train 18 Project
 PM expresses delight as Meghalaya gets electric trains for the first time- completed
the electrification of important sections between Abhayapuri – Pancharatna; Dudhnai
– Mendipathar.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 PM lauds electrification of 100% broad gauge rail routes of Uttarakhand.
 Odhisha’s MO Bus service-> employs real-time technologies like live tracking,
travel planner and e-ticketing.
 'Bharat EMart'-> provides facility of pick-up of consignments from the premises of
traders and will ensure delivery at the doorsteps of the consignees across the country.
 Automobile company Ford exiting India (FDI moving Out)
 Lack of diversity in export baskets mainly dominated by basmati and marine
products (Negative of exports)
Positives Negatives
 Govt Cuts down corporate tax (Positive for FDI)
 New Income tax regime, Introduced by recent Budget(Positive for wages)
 Rating agency Moody’s downgraded India’s foreign currency and local currency
long term issuer ratings to Baa3 from Baa2
 Depreciation of Rupee
 Chattisgarh- Barcoded ration cards issued at single point in the state.
 Odisha- Gram panchayats managing PDS.
 Bihar- Food coupons for reducing black marketing.
 GPS based tracking of trucks
 Arun e-PDS: To improve delivery through process re-engineering and use of ICTs.
Public Distribution  Lek ladki scheme of Maharashtra government-> yellow and orange ration card
System holders given subsidy of Rs. 5000 after birth of a girl child.
 Dilli Annashree yojana- DBT mechanism to provide food security to households in
Delhi.
 e-Uparjan initiative, Madhya Pradesh- Speedy and transparent transfer of
Minimum support price (MSP) dues into accounts of farmers directly.
 11 year old Santoshi kumara died of starvation in Jharkhand due to lack of ration for
not linking Aadhar.
 Taxman of Tumakuru, T Bhoobalan, IAS officer of Karnataka.
Fiscal Management  GIS based property tax monitoring in Surat, Gujarat
and Taxation  Madamakki gram panchayat (Karnataka)- Gram Panchayat wanted to establish a
circle at junction of roads but there was no special grant for this.
 Saral Eindhan Vitaran Application (SEVA) app for increasing consumer connect
and transparency and accountability in coal dispatch.
 Use of LHB coaches (high technology coached by German company).
 Technology like TRINETRA to reduce dependence on visual sight.
 IREDA issuing Green bonds to raise domestic and foreign capital.
 Proposal to setup development bank to fund Infra projects
Miscellaneous  Centre new norms for all e-commerce entities, including Amazon, Flipkart and
Snapdeal, have to ensure the mandatory declaration of country of origin of imported
products sold on their respective sites
 Chile Compra-> e-commerce public procurement system of Chile
 Amazon Air -> First e-commerce firm to have its own air cargo fleet in India.
 Digital document execution-> platform for paperless execution and storage of
financial contracts.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 IIT-Delhi established electric charging station in campus to promote electric vehicles
 Supreme Court judgment on the Essar Steel case has clearly laid down the roles of
the committee of creditors (CoC) and the adjudicating authority, and accepted that
financial and operational creditors are distinct and cannot be equated
 Price Deficiency payment- no procurement needed and thereby preventing the
accumulation of unwanted stocks.
 Indiahandmade.com, a one-stop-shop for India's rich handloom & handicraft
heritage.
 MAARG (mentorship, advisory, assistance, resilience and growth) platform->
facilitate mentorship between startups and entrepreneurs across sectors, stages and
functions.
 ‘AIS for taxpayers’ app by IT department -> to facilitate taxpayers to view their
information available in Annual Information Statement (AIS).
 Success of privatisation of discoms in Brazil
 Maharashtra Goseva commission-> facilities for embryo fertilization to protect
indigenous breeds of cattle.
 Poshan app success-> complete beneficiary management for pregnant women,
lactating mothers and children.
 MSME Competitive (LEAN) scheme => to reduce waste in manufacturing
 PM MITRA mega textile parks will be a great example of Make in India and Make
For the World.
 India Post signed MoU with Shiprocket to boost last- mile
Ecommerce delivery services across the country.
 Google’s work culture -> Employees are encouraged to work when t and how they
like; fun activities (offices have video games and ping pong).
 Fit for life initiative for TATA employees
 India’s first migration monitoring system started in Mumbai.
 Migration card and Migration monitoring system in Gujarat
 KIDROP: Preventing vision loss in premature infants of undeserved areas in
Karnataka
 E-Uparjan: Re-inventing procurement system through digitization in MP
 Prajjwala challenge by MoRD -> invite ideas to transform rural economy
 Chanpatia model of bihar-> entrepreneurs provided loans and space
 Grameen Udyami scheme-> augment skill training in tribal communities
 Model cooperative village programme by NABARD in Gujarat-> to create
‘Atmanirbhar Gaon’ through the vision of ‘Sahakaar se Samridhi’

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
ENVIRONMENT
 Melghat tiger reserve (Maharashtra)-> Tribal families in Khatkali village
converted their houses into homestays; a big source of income for them.
Protected Areas
 In Southeast Delhi, the Asola Bhatti Wildlife Sanctuary was remoulded from
degraded village common land to reserve forest and then was ratified as a sanctuary.
 Stubble burning: Pusa bio-decomposer, IKEA rice straw, Happy Seeder
 Vehicular pollution: Catalytic Converter, Exhaust gas recirculation, Switch Delhi,
EV Policy
 Indoor: Ujjwala yojana, Neerdhur, HEPA filters,
 Others: GRAP, WAYU, green crackers, FGD in power plants, India's first Smog
Tower in Delhi
 Pusa bio-decomposer- Developed byIARI; turns crop residue manure in 15-20 days
Air Pollution by accelerating decomposition process.
 IKEA uses rice straw as a raw material to make furniture – solves stubble burning.
 Green crackers
 Turbo Happy Seeder (THS)- It can uproot stubble and also sow seeds in area
cleared; can then be used as mulch for the field.
 WAYU (Wind Augmentation Purifying Unit)- addresses pollution at traffic
intersections and dense traffic zones.
 Delhi exploring artificial rain through cloud seeding to mitigate air pollution.
Recent Examples -
 Bengaluru crisis: Day Zero
 Delhi water crisis 2024
 600 Million people facing acute water shortage - CWMI by NITI Aayog
 125 districts facing drought - SPEI data by IMD
 Wells and Borewells running dry
 Low soil moisture
 Receding groundwater levels
What can be done:
 Conventional -
o Rajendra Singh (Water Man of India) - Use of Johad, rainwater storage
tanks and check dams.
Water Scarcity
o Construction of farm ponds, raising of farm bunds and intensive plantation of
trees (Jakhni village, Bundelkhand)
 Best practices -
o Maharashtra's 'Buldhana Pattern' of water conservation.
o Ground Water management by local authority in Pimpri village, Maharashtra
o Lake restoration on lines of Mansagar (Rajasthan) and Kaikondrahalli
(Karnataka)
o Mansagar lake, Jaipur ➔ Restoration achieved under PPP model; Strategy
– Cleaning, setting up STP, dredging, introducing fish etc.
o Bhungroo - Groundwater injection well in Gujarat
o Sivaipally village Telangana - a role model for all in cleanliness, promotion
of water harvesting and improvement of groundwater table

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
o Artificial glaciers in ladakh
o Mazhapolima (Kerala) -> Ensuring water security through harvesting
rainwater from rooftops, filtering it, and feeding it into open dug wells to
recharge them.
o Tulsiram Yadav ji (Pradhan of Luktara Gram Panchayat)-> built more than
40 ponds in the area. He has made the basis of his campaign – farm water in
farms, village water in villages.
o Dhara Vikas: Creating water security through spring-shed development in
Sikkim.
 Various Initiative across states-
o City of lakes project (Delhi)
o Neeru Chettu Programme (Andhra Pradesh)
o Kapila Dhara Yojana (Madhya Pradesh)
o Apna Talab Abhiyan (Uttar Pradesh) - Partial funding to farmers for creation
of small ponds.
o Dhara Vikas (Sikkim) - Spring revival
o River interlinking projects - Ken-Betwa, Mahadayi
o Chennai - Roof top harvesting is made compulsory for buildings having more
than 3 storeys.
o Ganga and Yamuna given the status of “legal and living entities”
o Jaladharini dooars initiative (Alipurduar, WB) - to rejuvenate water bodies
o BMC proposed desalination plant at Manori, Mumbai
 International learnings:
o Israel – Desalination of seawater, recycling of urban waste water for use in
agriculture; Government does accounting for every drop of water, ensuring
good water governance.
o Kuwait – 90% of all water used in the country is derived from desalination.
o Australia – Metered extraction and hefty fines to ensure compliance
 People Initiatives:
o Water ATM in Marathwada- Provide water at 25 paise/litre a day.
o Water Use Associations- controlled by users of water who pay for the
services offered by the associations
Groundwater and surface water Pollution
Recent examples -
 Arsenic is prevalent in 230 districts and fluoride in 469 districts across India.
 Water pollution causing kidney ailments in Kaliapani in Odisha
 Idols Immersion in rivers despite ban
 Frothing in Bellandur lake (Bengaluru), Yamuna (Delhi)
Water pollution  Nearly 37.7 million people in India suffer from waterborne illnesses annually -
WHO
Initiatives:
 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Amendment Act, 2024
 Human excreta - STPs, EcoSan toilets, Bio-toilets in rails
 SWASTIIK Technology for Disinfecting Water
 Ganga and Yamuna are given status of “legal and living entities”

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Phytoremediation - Sanjay Van Lake (Delhi) was cleaned and rejuvenated
using a unique combination of Floating wetlands and Aeration technology
 Yamuna drain cleaning - Lime and Alum box, stone weir, debris catcher,
floating booms
 Microplastics detected in Ganga from Haridwar to Patna
 A town in Sikkim, is introducing bottles made of bamboo to tourists
 “Unplastic India” campaign launched by Times of India
 Drive to rid Vembanad lake of plastics: SPCB offers to collect 100 plastic bottles
and win a relaxing houseboat cruise on the backwaters of Alappuzha.
 Students take pledge to ban use of single use plastics and act as
"Green warriors" under Mission LiFE
 Scuba Divers organise underwater clean-up in coral reefs and seagrass meadows
Plastic Pollution
to clear the plastic debris in the coral reefs in Tamil Nadu as part of LiFE
movement.
 Kannur (Kerala) became first plastic free district
 Mawlynnong, Meghalaya => plastic banned, regular volunteer sweepers => cleanest
village in India and Asia.
 Use of giant 'vacuum cleaner' by Belgium to remove plastic from nature reserve
 Directions for mandatory use of plastics in highway construction by Kerala State
Pollution Control Board
 Untreated solid waste mountains in Deonar (Mumbai) and Ghazipur (Delhi)
 Indore - Garbage mountain containing 13 lakh tonnes garbage cleared from
100 acre landfill
 Vadodara Municipal Corporation raised Rs 1 billion by issuing Asia's first
certified green municipal bond - Funds to be used for liquid waste water
management
 Interceptor sewage system, Delhi => To divert untreated sewage reaching
Yamuna river to treatment plants.
 E-parisaraa-> indigenous tech for extracting metals from printed circuit boards
(e-waste collection)
Innovation
 Bidadi waste-to-energy plant (Karnataka)- Process 600 tonnes per day of
Waste inorganic waste; inorganic waste which consists of bad quality plastics and used
Management
cloth pieces can be processed as Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF).
 Saathi Pads - Banana plant waste used to make biodegradable sanitary pads;
also reduce plastic waste
 Floral offerings at temples which were earlier dumped as garbage are now a
major source of rehabilitation of widows in Vrindhavan.
 E-waste eco park in Delhi - to handle rising e-waste
 E-Waste clinic - Bhopal (MP)
 India canteens, Karnataka - selling cups of tea for four plastic bottles.
 Akshar Forum school in Assam collect plastic waste every week, which is
used in making items like eco-friendly bricks and key chains.
 Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh-> Integrated Solid Waste Management and
Generation of Power from Waste.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Recent instances:
 Wildfires:
o Australian bushfires - 25.5 mha forest lost
o Amazon fire - 17.5 mha forest lost
 Uttarakhand forest fire (2024)
 Coal mine to be operated by Adani Enterprises with a coal-fired power plant in
Odisha’s Talabira forests
 Massive deforestation in Aravallis - 100’s of hills in Aravalli’s disappeared,
causing increased sandstorms reaching to Delhi, increased Human Wildlife
conflict and near extinction of some plants
Stopping forest degradation:
 Dukhu Majhi: planted over 5,000 trees in various areas, including the difficult
terrain of Ajodhya Hills in Purulia.
 Gurgaon’s Aravalli Biodiversity Park created as a haven for native species in
a degraded landscape by unique partnership b/w municipal corporation, civil
society, corporations.
 Warje urban forest in Pune, Maharashtra’s first ever urban forestry project.
 'Ek Ped Maa Ke Naam' campaign-> Ministry of Defence undertook 15 lakh
trees plantation drive as part of this.
 Palle Prakruthi Vanam / Village Nature Park (Telangana)-> Creating dense
mini forests in rural areas using the Yadadri Model of plantation.
 Panna case study - controlled blasting in rocks to allow root penetration
 Miyawaki technique - applied in city forests in Delhi
Forest
 My village-my forest project (Fazilka district, Punjab)-> mini- forests are
developed in 75 local villages using Miyawaki technique.
 Haritha Haram model (Telangana)
 Aerial spreading of seeds in inaccessible areas
 Urban Forestry: Chandigarh increased its green cover from 21% in 2001 to
50% in 201
 Piplantri village, Rajasthan => plant 111 trees every time a girl is born; fixed
deposit for girls.
 Green Tamil Nadu mission => action plan to remove invasive species from
Nilgiris.
 Focus on Gross environment product in Uttarakhand
 MISTHI scheme => facilitate mangrove plantations along India’s coasts
 Forest produce tracking system, Karnataka
 NHAI Enables FASTag Based Payments at forest entry points in
Nagarjunasagar-Srisailam tiger reserve.
 5000 hectares of mangrove across Surat conserved through PPP initiatives.
 Establishment of seed bank at Asola Bhatti wildlife sanctuary - to store seeds of
species of plants native to Aravallis - to revive native species lost to invasive
prosopis julifora
 Restoration of old mines - Nandini mines (Chhattisgarh)
 Shriman Raafi Ramnath, a teacher from Kerala, grew a mini forest with the
Miyawaki technique and named it – ‘Vidyavanam’.
International initiative:
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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 El Salvador recognises Forests as Living Entities
 Great Green wall- Initiative by GEF – Focused efforts to fight against land
degradation and revive native plant life to the landscape.
Loss
 Rhino poaching in Kaziranga National Park
 Coral Bleaching of Great Barrier Reef
 Etalin Hydropower Project in the biodiversity-rich Dibang valley of
Arunachal Pradesh
 NBWL Nod for Coal mining in Assam’s Dehing-Patkai Elephant Reserve
(which was suspended later)
 Illegal diamond and stone mining is flourishing under the nose of the Forest
Department and Panna Tiger Reserve
 New Highway project across Pakke tiger reserve
 Illegal coal mining in Meghalaya and Goa
 Illegal trade - Pangolin (scales), Mongoose (hair), sea cucumber (food)
Conservation efforts:
 Elephant Corridors in Delhi-Dehradun highway
 Vulture restaurant in Pong Dam Lake, Himachal Pradesh
 No Rhinos poached in Assam in 2022 - moved to VU from EN category
Biodiversity
 Electric lines to go underground in the Great Indian Bustard area.
 Tamil Nadu setting up Dugong conservation reserve in Palk Strait
 Indian coast guard’s operation Olivia - to safeguard the breeding habitats of
Olive Ridley turtles and their environment
 Operation Kachhapa- Uniting all stakeholders in turtle conservation.
 Swaraj Sangathans: Tribal protest in Rajasthan to protect soil biodiversity
 Tribal protest in Hasdeo forest against coal mine plants
 Tribal protest in Uttarakhand against Dehradun airport expanding project
 Vishnu Society of Rajasthan sacrificed their lives to save the local Keladi tree.
 Amur Falcon, Pangti village (Nagaland) - Local nagas once used to hunt these
birds for sale and meat on a massive scale. Due to NGOs and conservation
activist efforts, locals turned from predators to protectors => Pangti village
became the “Falcon capital of the world”.
 WEF launched “Giving to Amplify Earth action” to unlock $3 trillion of
financing needed every year to reach net zero and restore biodiversity by 2050.
 Wildlife corridors: Kanha-Pench, Kanha Bandhavgarh, Rajaji Corbett
Negatives
 Electrocution of Elephants in Palakkad district of Kerala
 Recent case in Kerala, where a pregnant female elephant was fed with Bomb
filled fruit
Animal Human
 Animals, including cattle, elephants, lions and leopards, have been killed on
Conflict
railway tracks
 Electric fences leading to deaths of Elephant
 Stray dog menace in Delhi
 Rising monkey menace in urban areas due to lack of foraging areas

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Positives
 Living with Leopards initiative by NGO's in Tehri, Uttarakhand
 Air gun surrender campaign in Arunachal Pradesh => voluntary surrender of
guns by people to stop indiscriminate hunting of birds
 The compensation for human deaths has been increased from Rs 2.5 lakh to
Rs 5 lakh in case of Animal human conflict
 Nylon fencing on Sunderban Islands prevents tigers from swimming across to
inhabited islands.
 Parbati Baruah-> India's first female elephant mahout who started taming the
wild tuskers at the age of 14 to overcame stereotypes.
Innovation
 Use of Artificial Intelligence to reduce conflict between humans and tigers in
Chandrapur district. with the help of AI, local people get an alert whenever a
tiger comes near a village.
 ‘Hamar Hathi – Hamar Goth’ radio program (Chattishgarh) -> announce
area of the forest a herd of elephants is passing.
 Drones to track crocodiles-> In Roorkee, Uttarakhand, Rotor Precision Group
in collaboration with WII developed drone to keep an eye on the crocodiles in
Ken River.
 Nylon fencing on Sunderban Islands prevents tigers from swimming across to
inhabited islands
 PLAN BEE – Unique strategy adopted by Northeast Frontier railway to keep
wild elephants away from railway tracks through use of buzzers imitating bees.
 Faked scent to avoid eggs of endangered animals (Olive Ridley) being eaten by
carnivores
 Planting Non-edible plants on the boundaries of sugarcane fields to avoid
elephant attack
 Geotagging (virtual wall) to trace animal movement - Taboda Andheri NP
 Immune-contraception has been introduced in order to control the population
of nilgai, monkeys and wild boars
 Use of satellite phones for officials in Kaziranga National Park
 Cummin’s India’s initiative of ‘Creating Oxygen Hub’- planted around 35,000
trees with help of NGOs.
 Jadav “Molai” Payeng is an environmental activist and forestry worker from Majuli
Other Island popularly known as the Forest Man of India.
Conservation  World Sparrow Day celebrated at National Zoological Park-> unite people and take
Efforts action to protect and conserve sparrows (Conservation efforts)
 Pashmina Certification Centre set up in Wildlife Institute of India (WII) Dehradun
-> certification for purity of Pashmina products.
 Mission Sahbhagita to enable a society ownership approach for participatory
conservation and wise use of Wetlands.
Polluter pays
Steps towards  NGT ordered Oil India Limited (OIL) to deposit Rs 25 crores for environmental
Sustainable living damages due to the fire at Baghjan Oil field
 Maradu Flats demolition

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Promoting Sustainability
 Bamboo barriers - Alternative to steel
 Promoting bamboo based items - bottles, toothbrush, handicrafts
 Zerocircle, a startup turned sea-weed into low-cost, eco-friendly plastic
alternatives for packaging.
 Use of sustainable material (plastic waste and fly ash) in NH-334B
 Tripura Government e-cabinet - completely paperless functioning
 District administration of Sahasra (Bihar) goes paperless at all levels.
 Manjapai vending machine: Tamil Nadu => To make cloth bags easily available
to the masses.
 Swachh ATM by Ministry of Urban affairs => people deposit garbage and take
cash in return
 Meri LiFE, Mera Swachh Seher Campaign -> Thousands of Reduce Reuse
Recycle (#RRR) Centres set up for the LiFE campaign.
 Switching to eco-friendly dietary choices - Millets
 Indian Railways to become Net Zero Carbon Emitter by 2030
 Nation’s first Water Metro in Kochi
 Vidarbha (Maharashtra)-> Cultivation of fish with paddy; fields and farm
ponds used for fish cultivation.
 First carbon-neutral village, Wayanad, Kerala.
 NHAI’s First ‘Sustainability Report’ captures initiatives taken for Environment
Sustainability.
 Korea- SSR Campaign- Save, Share, Swap and Reuse
 International day of zero waste by UNEP and UN-Habitat
 Coir to replace nylon fibre
Waste to wealth
 NHAI Uses Steel Slag in Highway Construction on Trial Basis
 Badaut Gram Panchayat (Waste to Energy) - energy from vegetable leftovers
 Coal India limited transformed 30 abandoned mines into eco-tourism
destinations in Odisha’s Sambalpur district
 IISC Bangalore researchers used discarded solar panels as a construction
material.
 Kabad se Jugaad campaign in Meerut-> waste like scrap, plastic used to beautify
the city.
 SAGAR SAMRIDDHI’ - the online dredging monitoring system for ‘Waste to
Wealth’.
 Chattisgarh’s Godhan Nyay Yojana-> dung and urine procured by government
 Making briquettes from dead pine needles; also helps in clearing fuel for forest
fires.
 Melting glaciers
o Alps losing 10 per cent of their volume over the past two years
o 1200 new lakes formed in Alps range
Climate Change
 Warming oceans - 0.4F temp rise in past 50 years
 Extreme weather -
o Deadly Mediterranean heatwave

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
o Flooding in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Iran
o Rising Tornados and cyclones
 Global sea levels have risen by over 10cm between 1993 and 2024
 USA Begins formal pullout from Paris deal
Some steps:
 United Kingdom- First major economy to legislate a law to make itself carbon
neutral by 2050.
 LOHAFEX- Indo German Ocean-Iron fertilisation project.
 Building Fake trees- Contain compounds which can react with CO2 to absorb it
and store it in solid form.
 Nuclear power is saving 41 million tonnes of CO2 emissions annually.
 Green Hydrogen mission - arresting 50 MMT CO2 emissions annually
 Cell-based meat can have a huge impact on global livestock industry and can be
a potentially decrease GHG emissions
 Denmark to store CO2 1800m beneath the North Sea becoming the first country
in the world to bury CO2 imported from abroad.
 Pokkali rice seedling - Salt resistance verity
 Naandi Foundations "Arakunomics" model - ensures profits for farmers and
quality for consumers through regenerative agriculture, was based on work with
Food security
tribal farmers in Araku for nearly 20 years
 Direct seeding of rice (DSR) technique to grow Paddy
 SATHI portal for seed traceability by Ministry of Agriculture
 Drone strikes on Saudi Arbia's Oil facility at Aramco lead to jump in crude
prices
 Bowenpally Sabzi Mandi (Hyderabad) generating electricity from vegetables
[Waste to Energy Example]
 Largest solar power plant of the world in Bandla, Rajasthan
 Rewati Devi from Alwar district of Rajasthan has got a 2 MW capacity solar
power plant installed in Sanoli village of Alwar.
Energy Security
Biofuel Planes
or
 Adani group to deploy hydrogen fuel operated cell trucks for transportation
Renewable and logistics.
Energy
 Amroha district, UP => 100% dependence on solar power for all of its needs
 PM declared Modhera in Gujarat as India’s first 24*7 solar-powered village.
 Dharnai village, Bihar => runs entirely on solar power
 Diu becomes the first district in India to use 100% clean energy for all day time
needs.
 Surya gram => a village where solar energy is primary source of electricity
 Salai Haimana, Reasi district (J&K) - 5.9 million tonnes of Li reserves found.
 Great Nicobar Project - Massive deforestation for transhipment post, 2 PVTG
tribes (Shompens, Nicobarese) affected
 Buxwaha forest - 2.15 lakh trees to be cut
EIA
 Chardham project - sinking of Joshimath
 Niyamgiri hill tribes vs Vedanta (Bauxite Mine project)
 POCSO steel company - closed

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
● Indian Railways initiatives => use of energy efficient technologies like completely
switching over to production of three phase electric locomotives with regenerative
features, use of head on generation (HOG) technology, use of LED lights in buildings
and coaches, star rated appliances and afforestation.
Positive Steps
● Kalinje ecotourism in Maharashtra-> Tourists from Mumbai taken by locals on
mangrove trail and bird watching
● Ganga Pushkarala Yatra in Bharat Gaurav Tourist Trains will boost spiritual tourism.
● Kerala’s Responsible tourism (RT) mission => making tourism a tool for
development of village and local communities.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
 Bois Locker Room(was an Instagram scandal, allegedly involving a chat room of
teenage boys)
 Recent incident where pictures of college students were posted on porn sites after
being lifted from photo and video sharing platform Instagram
Social Media  Armstrong Pame through social media collected funds to construct roads in Manipur.
 Support for NEET controversy
 Faster grievance redressal - Use of twitter for railway complaints
 Pune Porsche crash case
 Digital activism - Metoo, Black lives matter
 Food adulteration: Starch in milk, Mashed potatoes in ghee, artificial colour in chilli
powder, food grains, watermelon.
 R-21/Matrix M Malaria vaccine approved by WHO
 Organ transplant rackets - Flipside of medical tourism
 Noma - the latest addition to WHO's list of neglected tropical diseases
Health and
 Antimicrobial resistance in gonorrhoea has increased rapidly in recent years and has
associated
reduced the options for treatment.
 WHO ‘Access, Watch and Reserve’ strategy to deal with AMR.
 India conducted 1st human clinical trials for ‘haemophilia A’ gene therapy
 Solar powered refrigeration units to store vaccines by UNICEF and Japanese government
in Vardara village, Rajasthan.
 RTGs as nuclear batteries - used in space application
 Record 2,500 tonnes of mango with radiation-enhanced shelf life shipped to USA from
KRUSHAK facility (40% of total export from country)
 Kakrapar Unit 3 (KAPP - 3) started full power commercial power production and
Kakrapar Unit 4 (KAPP- 4) attained criticality
Nuclear
 India’s first Fission Molybdenum-99 Plant operationalized at Mumbai
 India enters the construction phase of the Indo-US collaborative Fermilab project
 Preservation of Onion using Radiation Technology with Integrated Cold Storages
 Hybrid granular sequencing batch reactor (hgSBR) developed for effective decentralised
wastewater treatment in a single treatment tank
 Quantum Key Distribution(QKD): Application of QKD is already happening in a
number of industries to safeguard and protect both sensitive client information and
business critical data.
 Smart City Networks: Optical fibre-based quantum links are starting to provide secure
communications across critical points in cities such as security services, government
Quantum agencies, banks, grids, and healthcare centers.
 Financial and Banking Industry: Banking industry can effectively use the quantum
random number generators (QRNG) technology to generate keys for security applications
and cryptologic operations, such as authentication, digital signatures, and secure access
control.
 Quantum computing use in Material simulation - drugs discovery and battery chemistry
 Nanofertilizers - Nano Urea (world's first 'Nano Liquid Urea), Nano DAP, Nanu Urea
Nanotech
plus (with higher nitrogen)

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples

Development of Carbon Nanotubes based Gas Sensor, at Jamia Millia Islamia New Delhi

IISER Kolkata discovered a new artificial light-harvesting system using organic
nanotubes useful for solar cells, photocatalysis, optical sensors & tunable multi-color
light emitting materials.
 3-D Nanostructure based miniaturised and flexible rechargeable lithium batteries for
flexible electronics, C-MET, Pune
 Nanoscale films - water and residue repellent, anti-reflective, self-cleaning, resistant to
UV or IR light, anti-fog, anti-microbial, scratch-resistant, or electrically conductive.
 Smart fabrics using nanomaterials - health monitoring, solar energy capture, and
energy harvesting through movement.
 Flexible, bendable, foldable, rollable, and stretchable electronics
 Researchers have developed a nanofabric "paper towel" woven from tiny wires of
potassium manganese oxide that can absorb 20 times its weight in oil for cleanup
applications.
 Bio-fortification: Golden rice (Vit-A enriched), Dhanashakti Pearl Millet (Iron and Zinc
Enriched), WB02 Wheat (Zinc Enriched)
 Bioremediation: Phytoremediation in Bellandur Lake, Microbial Degradation in Alang
Shipbreaking yard
Biotech  Stem cell therapy: leukaemia, diabetes type I
 Transgenic animals: Rats for vaccine testing
 rDNA, ELISA and PCR techniques
 Production of bioethanol and biodiesel
 Bio-mining: treatment of mining waste containing iron, copper, zinc, and gold
 Chandrayaan-3: Travelling across lunar surface, India becames the first country to touch
down near the lunar south pole
 Aditya L1: Uncovering the Secrets of the Sun
 Xposat: Uncovering Universe Mysteries - supernovae, neutron stars, and black holes
 BHUVAN - Geo-spatial data (ISRO) - users can chart routes, plot areas, view terrain
Space profile and overlay images.
 GAGAN (ISRO) for navigation
 EDUSAT - providing interactive educational services to over 35000 classrooms
 Digantara startup - part of Maitri mission to manage space debris
 Lasers and Harpoons to be used for space debris removal
 Agnikul and Skyroots developing launch vehicles for small payloads
 Meghraj GI Cloud- Optimum utilization of infrastructure and speed up development
and deployment of eGov applications through National cloud initiative.
Computer &  AI Supercomputer ‘AIRAWAT’, installed at C-DAC, Pune has been ranked 75th in the
IT world.
 Virtual Reality (VR): Used extensively in gaming, medical training, and education to
create immersive experiences and simulations
Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
 DRDO's Centre for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics (CAIR) introduced ATMAN
Emerging tech AI, an app for Covid detection via Chest X-rays.
 CottonAce, an Al-driven early warning system, aiding farmers in safeguarding their
crops by localised advice on pesticide application.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Government of Assam has developed 'Shiksha Setu’ for recording the digital
attendance of both students and teachers.
 Supreme court portal for assistance in courts efficiency (Supace) => AI - powered
tool to compile facts relevant to particular cases.
 Natural language processing (NLP) - enables machines to understand and interpret
human language
 Use of GenAI in banking - detecting frauds, debtor credibililty
 An AI-chess playing robot fractured a 7 year old boy's finger when he attempted a
quick move.
 Autonomous vehicle accidents: Uber faced a major backlash when one of their
autonomous vehicles killed a pedestrian in Arizona.
 Rembrandt's painting was recreated by 3D printer in 2016, 351 years after the death
of the painter by analysing his 346 paintings.
 BESCOM, Karnataka => AI to answer complaints
Robotics
 Daksha is one of India’s current military robots.
 Bandicoot - robot for manhole cleaning
 Kerala has introduced India’s first AI teacher robot named ‘Iris’
 Indian Television sees spurt of AI-Driven Robotic news anchors in multiple
language channels
 ARTPARK, India's pioneering Al and robotics hub - nurtures startups, supports
research, and tackles societal challenges.
Blockchain
 Changing insurance landscape - facilitate secure transactions along with policy
management and claim settlement.
 IIT-M uses blockchain for student polls - have a scope of replication to larger level
 Nambikkai Inaiyam: a single platform that can be used for developing and
deploying block chain applications for all departments and public sector enterprises
in Tamil Nadu
 Blockchain-based seed distribution is proving to be a game-changer for farmers in
Jharkhand.
 Firozabad Public Grievance Management System - an online portal based on
blockchain technology, which can be used to file and track complaints.
Drones:
 Railways deploys ‘Ninjas’ Drones for surveillance
 Maharashtra has become the first State in the country to get the go ahead to use
drones for aerial surveillance and inspection of extra high voltage (EHV) power
transmission lines
 Survey of India to deploy 300 drones for mapping country
 Drone attacks - are emerging threats on Indo-pak border
 Skye Air - delivery of medicines and groceries via drones in Gurugram
 BotLab Dynamics: Drone Light Shows in India
Facial Recognition Technology
 Deployed for State Surveillance and Monitoring by linking NCRB and CCTNS
 Used in Digi Yatra - paperless movement on airports
 Rising risk of automated FRT in law enforcement
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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
Other Emerging Tech
 Use of 3D printing technology in construction of a post office in Bengaluru.
 Deep fake videos - Rashmika Mandhana
 Semiconductor: 3 new units inaugurated
 Mannequins with cameras to scan Bengaluru traffic
 Over the top platforms like NetFlix and Amazon prime competing Cinema
 CSIR Achievements - Solar tree, rejuvenated Digboi refinery, Indigenous lithium
battery.
Defence:
Miscellan-eous
 Netra airborne early warning and control aircraft and the Pinaka multi-barrel rocket
launcher systems, are in demand in European and Southeast Asian nations.
 LCA Tejas - light weight, all weather multi-role 4.5 generation aircraft
 Fully indigenised fuze YDB-60 for underwater Rocket RGB 60 manufactured for
the first time by a private Indian industry.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
SECURITY
Various cyber attacks
 Malware ‘DTrack’ breached a system at Kudankulam power plant (2019)
 Petya ransomware attack (2017) - Impacted container handling functions at
JNPT.
 Mumbai power system hack
 AIIMS Ransomware Attack - in 2022 and 2023
 CoWIN Data Leak - 2023
 Aadhar Data leak: In October 2023, an American cybersecurity firm reported
that the personal information of over 800 million Indian citizens, including
Aadhaar details and passport information, was put up for sale on the dark web
 Facebook Data leak (personal data of over 500 million Facebook users was
posted in a low-level hacking forum)
 Stuxnet - alleged involvement in destabilising Iran’s nuclear programme.
 Estonia (2007) - became standstill - public metros hacked allegedly by Russia
 Lone wolf attack in France traced to social media
 Event Bot Trojan horse - Information stealer that abuses Androids- in-built
accessibility features.
 Cyber heist (2016) of $950mn from Bangladesh - Bankers handling over SWIFT
codes to hackers.
 WannaCry ransomware attack (2017)
 Legion - Hacking of emails and twitter accounts
Cyber Security  Cyber espionage - Titan rain, Moonlight maze, Operation Shady rat, Red October
NSA surveillance program as revealed by Edward Snowden in USA.
 Pegasus, a spyware developed by an Israeli company NSO installing malicious
code into users' phones.
 Denial of Service - Mirai botnet and UDP flooding
 Rootkit - NTRootkit
 Distributed denial of service (DDoS) attack - GitHub attack and cloudflare
attack.
 Phishing - Lazarus group targeted nearly 5 million individuals and businesses in 6
countries including in India.
 Microsoft – CrowdStrike Outage caused worldwide IT disruption. An
assessment by the RBI showed that 10 banks and NBFCs in India had minor
disruptions due to this global outage.
Steps:
 A recent raid by the Haryana Police in Nuh revealed that cybercriminals have so
far defrauded around 28,000 people, to the tune of more than Rs 100 crore, from
all states and Union Territories.
 Government blocked 59 widely used apps, most linked to Chinese companies like
TikTok, UC Browser, SHAREit etc
 Government blocked PubG Game
 RBI Data localisation Norms
 USA, Australia and New Zealand have anti-spam legislations.
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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 M-Kavach 2 by C-DAC → comprehensive mobile device security solution
addressing emerging threats to Android based mobile devices.
 App Samvid: An application whitelisting software.
 USB Pratirodh – Free bot removal tool
 Cyber Swachta kendra: Botnet cleaning & Malware analysis centre.
 Telangana - 1st state with policy on cyber security; established cybersecurity
centre of excellence (CCoE)
 Cyberdome project in Kerala
 Cyber Safe women in Maharashtra
 Tallinn manual- academic, non-binding study on how international law applies to
cyber conflicts and cyber warfare.
 During the 2024 elections, various deepfakes and manipulated content were circulated
on social media to mislead voters and influence public opinion
 Bihar Migrant Crisis: A YouTuber from Bihar was booked under the National
Security Act for spreading false news about migrant workers being mistreated, which
caused panic and unrest
 Amitabh Bachchan Health Rumor: False reports about actor Amitabh Bachchan
Fake News undergoing angioplasty spread widely, prompting him to publicly deny these claims
 COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation: Various false claims about the safety and efficacy of
COVID-19 vaccines circulated, leading to vaccine hesitancy among the public
 Tablighi Jamaat issue
 Rumors about Africans on social media affecting their safety and security
 Misinformation about polio vaccination
 Sheena Bora Murder Case: The media's extensive coverage of this high-profile case
involving Indrani Mukerjea influenced public opinion and the legal proceedings
 Aryan Khan Case: Media portrayed him negatively before court verdict. Eventually,
Media Trials he was cleared of all charges.
 Priyadarshini Matoo case (2006): Law student was raped and judgement was
suspected to have been influenced by media trial.
 Jessica Lal case (2010)
 External state actors- ISI against India, KGB against USA during cold war and CIA
against Cuba.
Role of External  Non state actors- ISI in Pakistan accused of using NSAs like LeT and JMB to fuel
state terrorism in India.
and Non state  26/11 attacks
actors  ISIS recruitment using social media
 NGOs funded by foreign entities have been accused of instigating environmental
protests to stall development projects in India, affecting economic growth.
 Recent attacks - Bihar (2023), IED Blasts in Bastar (2023), Killing of Security
Left Wing Personnels in Sukma and Bastar
Extremism
 Tri-junction of Chhattisgarh, Telangana and Odisha has been a vulnerable point
(LWE) and
Maoism  LWE are targeting new States and are trying to carve out the base at the tri-junction of
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 SAMADHAN – security doctrine to counter naxalism
 Tribal Panchsheel policy
 Bamboo chicken- Its popularity in Andhra Pradesh’s East Godavari agency
(Maredumilli) has attracted foodies from far and wide → mainstreaming area and
reducing its remoteness - thereby making it less attractive for Maoists.
 Specialized forces - Greyhounds (AP), CoBRA (CRPF), C-60 (MH), Black Panther
(CG)
 Government providing financial incentives for surrendering with
weapons/ammunition
 Joint command and control centre at Maoist hotspots such as Jagdalpur and
Gaya.
 Pota Cabin- residential schools for children in LWE affected areas of Chhattisgarh
 School on wheels - LCD mounted van in LWE affected areas
 Swabhiman Anchal Initiative of Odisha
 Odisha government has planned to connect inaccessible villages in Odisha's
Swabhiman Anchal, a stronghold of CPI(Maoist), in Malkangiri district by setting up
mobile towers for the first time
 Chhattisgarh Special Public Security Act, 2005 to contain Maoism
 Revolving Door arrests in Kashmir: youth picked up and released under a continuous
process
 Under "Back to village" program of J&K, entire administrative apparatus of state
government is going to visit all the 4483 Panchayat Halqas to get the grassroots level
feedback from general public
 Kashmiri students attacked at university in Rajasthan
Kashmir Related  Detention of former CMs under Public safety act in J&K
 Curb on Internet Use post abrogation of Article 370
 Hybrid model of smart fence along LoC
 Enemy Agents Ordinance, 2005 - More stringent than UAPA
 Operation Sadbhavana (Goodwill) - a unique humane initiative undertaken by Indian
Army to address aspirations of people affected by terrorism, sponsored and abetted by
Pakistan
 Bastariya battalion - local representation to combat capabilities in naxal hit area
 Sri Lanka programme- 6+1 tenets designed→education, vocation, psychological
and creative therapies, society, culture and family, spirituality and religion etc.
 ULFA and Naga insurgents are involved in arms smuggling, human trafficking, and
drug trafficking to finance their militant activities
North East  North East- Extortion, kidnapping and gunrunning
Insurgency  Armed gangs and Groups like NSCN-Khaplang undermining sovereignty of
legitimate Government
 Agreement of Govt and Bodo Groups to maintain peace in Assam
 Bru Refugee Issue
 “Operation Sunrise 2” between India and Myanmar : coordinated operation by
armies of India and Myanmar along the border

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Recent terror attacks: Reasi pilgrim bus attack (2024), Attack at hiranagar
border village (2024), Attack near Chattergala (2024)
 2001 Indian Parliament attack
 26/11 attacks - Terrorists entered via sea route
 Narcotics: Nexus between drug traffickers in Punjab and Pakistan-based terrorist
groups has been well-documented.
 Hawala network: 1993 Bombay blasts were financed using the Hawala network
 Counterfeit currencies - Supporting extremism in J&K
 Opium production and Cocaine trafficking - Financing of Taliban
 Fake currency cartels - Hizbul Mujahideen based in Pakistan.

ISIS and Boko Haram activities

Dawood Gang- Transnational crimes mainly narcotic drugs and contract killing.
Organized Crime 
Arun Gawli Gang- collection of protection money from rich businessmen and
and Terrorism contract killings.
 Indian airlines flight to Kandahar was hijacked where passengers were held
hostage – freed in return for release of Pakistani militants.
 Operation Chakravyuh of the IB, where a dedicated set of officers monitor the
web all day long tracing the activities of the youth who are in touch with ISIS
operatives or viewing the material posted, should be conducted.
 Maharashtra passed Maharashtra control of organised crime act, 1999
 Gujarat Control of Terrorism and Organised Crime (GCTOC) Act
Other Terrorisms
 Ethno nationalist terrorism - Tamil nationalist groups in Sri Lanka
 Narco terrorism - Al Qaeda and Hizballah in Lebanon
 State terrorism - Nazi holocaust, Rohingyas in Myanmar, recent killing of Saudi
journalist Jamal Khashoggi in Saudi consulate in Istanbul allegedly by Saudi
government agents
 Maharashtra de-radicalization program led by Anti-terrorism squad; cases led by
friend officers.
 Operation Pigeon in Kerala
De-radicalization
 Winning Hearts and Minds (WHAM), Union Government- reduce alienation of
Kashmiris
 Mission Pehal by Indian army and Elixir foundation
 Kerala gold smuggling case (2020)
 INX Media case
 Aircel-Maxis case
Money
 Daiichi-Ranbaxy case
Laundering
 Kavveri Telecom Infrastructure case
 Mahadev betting app case
 Delhi Excise case
Protests  JNU Attacks

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Shaheen Bagh protests
 2019 Jamia Millia Islamia attack
 Delhi, Meghalaya etc protests over CAA-NRC
 Manipur Violence protests
 Farmers protests
 Anti-NEET protests
 Honda Manesar plant employees protest against sacking of contractual workers
 Labour strike - 2 Month strike by Telangana state Road Corporation
 Comprehensive Integrated Border Management system (CIBMS)- robust and
integrated system capable of addressing present gaps by seamlessly integrating human
resources, weapons and high-tech surveillance equipment.
 BOLD-QIT (Border electronically dominated quick interception) initiative -
Equip Indo-Bangladesh borders with different kinds of sensors in unfenced riverine
areas of Brahmaputra and its tributaries
 Vibrant villages program
 Use of Drones for aerial surveillance
Management in  Prioritized fencing and floodlighting in hotspot area of smuggling
Border areas  Collaboration with Japan to aggressively develop infrastructure projects in NE.
 Construction of strategic roads and tunnels, such as the Atal Tunnel and the Sela
Tunnel, to improve connectivity.
 Misuse of Free Movement Regime along Myanmar border
 Long range reconnaissance observation systems
 Israeli firm unveils armed robot to patrol borders- An Israeli defence contractor
unveiled a remote-controlled armed robot it says can patrol battle zones, track
infiltrators and open fire.
 Umeed, Delhi police
 Bengaluru- People as Suraksha Mitras
 Friends of Police movement, Ramnad district, Tamil Nadu
 Meira Paibi in Manipur

Community
 Maitri - Andhra Pradesh
Policing  My Beat My Pride (Gurugram): An initiative where police officers adopt a beat
(specific area) and actively engage with residents to address their concerns and build
rapport.
 Delhi Police Neighbourhood Watch Scheme
 Eyes and ears scheme of delhi police
 YUVA - Delhi Police
 Smuggling of explosives through Raigad coast in Maharashtra
 and their use in 1993 serial blasts in Mumbai.
Coastal security  Infiltration of 10 Pakistani terrorists → attacks in Mumbai (2008)
 Specialized force - Sagar Prahari Bal
 Fishermen - act as eyes and ears

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Country's 1st 'Darknet' narcotics operative Dipusingh arrested
 Lone wolf Attacks
 Malegaon blasts, 2006
 Khalistan Demand
 Tis Hazari clash: Delhi Police vs lawyers
 Israel's Iron Dome technology against Ghaza
Miscellaneous  Robots to patrol borders in Israel
 Killing of jounalist Shujaat Bukhari in Srinagar
 Drone attacks by Houthis on Saudi Arabia's oil plants
 Young people of kerala joining terrorist organisations
 ISIS, LeT developed their own secure communication applications for smartphones.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
DISASTER MANAGEMENT
Recent occurings:
 Delhi floods (2023) - Yamuna River reaching its highest level in 45 years,
causing severe flooding. Over 35,000 people were evacuated.
 Himalayan floods (2023) - heavy rain caused flooding and landslides, killing at
Floods
least 50 people.
 Assam (2023): Floods in Brahmaputra River displaces millions annually.
 IFLOWS-Mumbai: State of the art integrated flood warning system for
Mumbai.
 Uttarakhand (2023): Intense monsoon rains triggered flash floods and landslides,
resulting in significant casualties and destruction, particularly affecting the Char
Flash floods Dham pilgrimage routes
 Flash flood in Ladakh (2010)- Army’s immediate search, rescue and relief
operations mitigated impacts.
● 2023 - South Lhonak Lake (Sikkim), a glacial lake experienced a rupture as a result
of continuous rainfall.
Glacial Lake
● 2021 - Chamoli district (Uttarakhand)
Outburst Flood
● 2014 - a GLOF hit the village of Gya in Ladakh
(GLOFs)
● 2013 - Uttarakhand - melting of the Chorabari glacier and the eruption of the
Mandakini river
 Himachal Pradesh (2023): Widespread destruction of property
 Uttarakhand (2023): Landslides washed away parts of Char Dham road
 Maharashtra (2023): Landslides in Western Ghats due to incessant rains
 Landslides in Iddukki(Kerala) caused massive damage to lives.
Landslides  Geotextiles and Geogrids: used to reinforce soil.
 Bioengineering Techniques: Using living plants with retaining walls.
 Controlled blasting: to remove unstable rock and soil, thereby reducing the risk of
spontaneous landslides.
 IIT Mandi + NDMA→ Training program on landslide mitigation.
 India Tsunami Early Warning Centre: Real time observation network of seismic
stations.
 INCOIS extended the GIS based 3D protocol on Tsunami warning to all vulnerable
Tsunami areas.
 Local knowledge centres developed by MS Swaminathan Foundation in
Pondicherry.
 Sentinels displaced in Tsunami
 Bhuj earthquake (2001) – 8.1 on Richter scale.
 India Quake developed by National centre for seismology; mobile app disseminates
real-time EQ information.
Earthquake
 Sagar vani- Mobile app sends alerts to the user community in a timely manner.
 Quake proof technology- jacket method in bridges, seismic isolation at homes.
 Dhajji-Dewari system of building houses in Kashmir.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 Turkish ambassador called India as “a friend in need is a friend indeed” for its relief
assistance during earthquake
Arabian Sea -
 Tej (2023) -
 Biparjoy (2023) - Longest duration cyclone since 1977, changed its tracks 9
times in 2525 km, thus was difficult to predict
 Tauktae (2021)
Bay of Bengal -
 Remal (2024)
 Mocha (2023) - Extremely severe
 Michaung (2023) - Heaving flooding in Chennai
Cyclones  Fani→Accurate prediction by IMD early warning system saved many lives.
 Cyclone Freddy is both the longest-lasting and highest ACE (Accumulated
Cyclonic Energy) producing tropical cyclone ever recorded worldwide
 Anticyclone caused floods in Dubai and humid heat in Mumbai, on the other side of
the Arabian Sea
 Odisha is the national disaster capital of India as it is prone to small to big
cyclones every year.
 Japan- Coastal forest as an effective barrier.
 GPS buoy system for monitoring the tide levels.
 Post Disaster Needs assessment and Recovery framework - UNDP
 Ahmedabad Municipal Corporation (AMC) adopted a heat action plan →
Heat waves Building heat shelters, ensuring availability of water etc.
 62 crore people in India endured severe heat waves in June.
 Uttarakhand forest fire (2024)
 Bandhavgarh forest fires (MP)
 Wildfires:
o Australian bushfires - 25.5 mha forest lost
Forest Fires o Amazon fire - 17.5 mha forest lost
 Canada wildfire (2023) caused haze and smog around New York and cities along
US East coast
 Near real time forest fire alerts - MODIS and SNPP-VIIRS.
 Fire safety audit
 Bhopal Gas tragedy (1984) - release of methyl isocyanate; killed at least 2,000
people.
 Visakhapatnam Gas leak (2020) - release of styrene gas from LG polymers.
Chemical and  Neyveli Lignite Corporation Explosion (2020): Boiler explosion at the thermal
Industrial plant.
disasters  Pune chemical unit fire - flagrant violation of safety norms, labour laws.
 Fukushima nuclear leak
 Baghjan gas leak in Assam
 Beirut (Lebanon) Chemical Fertilizer Blast case
 800,000 litres oil spill off the Philippine coast turns into an ecological catastrophe
Oil Spills
 Bioremediation mechanism: use of microorganisms to break down and degrade oil.

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
o Olizapper - developed by TERI - It feeds on hydrocarbon compounds present in
crude oil and converts them into harmless CO2 and water
o Oilivorous-S - More useful than Olizapper when treating crude oil with sulphur
content.
 Researchers have developed a nanofabric "paper towel" woven from tiny wires of
potassium manganese oxide that can absorb 20 times its weight in oil for cleanup
applications.
 Booms - floating barriers that contain the spread of oil on the water surface.
 In-situ Burning: involves igniting the oil on the water's surface, which can quickly
reduce the volume of oil.
 Sorbents: Materials that absorb or adsorb liquids
 Mumbai Municipal corporation act (1888)- Every building >30 years must be
inspected by a qualified structural engineer every 10 years.

Building collapse
 NITI Aayog- Continuous quality certifications and audits with association of
Durocrete construction quality rating agency.
 BHEL S-Band Doppler radars
Cloudburst
 Ushahidi- open source platform for crisis mapping.
 Chernobyl disaster (1986)
Nuclear disasters
 Mayapuri radiological accident (2010)
Glacial Lake  Glacial burst on Nanda Devi washed away Rishiganga hydroelectric power project.
Outburst Flood
 Madhya Pradesh Bhagirath Krishakabhiyan
Droughts
 Andhra Pradesh online water dashboard
 Putola Naach in Assam - Promoted by Locals during CoVID
 Bangla Sahib Gurdwara providing free food and medical services during CoVID
 NGO's organizing Oxygen Langar during CoVID
 In Maharashtra, It Took 2 month to get Power back in Raigad Village after Cyclone
Nisarga
 Kerala village (Eraviperoor Grama Panchayat) deploys robot nurses for patient care
during COVID 19
 India had warning about the COVID-19 epidemic in China spreading to
neighbouring countries well ahead of virus importations; yet, the nation faltered
 The first Nipah outbreak in 2018 helped Kerala to strengthen its public health
COVID-19 system
 Shramik trains to ferry stranded migrant workers to their native states amid the
Covid-19
 Facing a surge in demand for face masks amid the outbreak of COVID- 19, women
self-help groups (SHGs) in Kota have supplied more than 51,000 masks to frontline
workers and public
 Plasma donors in Assam may get preference in jobs and government schemes as a
gesture for helping fight the COVID-19 pandemic
 Bhilwara COVID-19 containment “model” refers to the steps taken by the
administration in Rajasthan’s Bhilwara district to contain the disease, after it
emerged as a hotspot for coronavirus positive cases

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 Best Practices, Case Studies & Examples
 ‘Special Corona Fee’ on liquor in Delhi
 Kasturba Hospital nurses begin protest over salary
 Doctors and Hospitals greeted with flowers showered from the helicopter for their
selfless service in COVID Outbreak
 Disaster preparedness month in Delhi.
 Chetna initiative in Bihar: Community involvement in preparedness and
Awareness mitigation.
generation  Agriculture fair with demonstration of earth quake construction structures
organized every year in Satara district of Maharashtra.
 Folk troupes (Uttar Pradesh)- Nukkad Nataks, puppet shows and magic shows.
Capacity  Tamilnadu regional early warning systems, risks and vulnerability assessments.
Building
 Integration of DM in training programme of Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan in
Institutionalizati Jajpurdist (Odisha)
on of Disaster
 Sikkim- A dedicated disaster management unit under the State government.
Management
 Delhi disaster management authority (DDMA)
 Citizen leaders ensure sustainability, Sitapur dist (U.P) - They help in increasing
local resilience and addressing root causes of vulnerability.
Community
 National youth schemes – NSS
participation
 Lahotighat block, Morigaon district, Assam- Focus group discussions held in
evening hours after labor work over; building flat bank cum community fishery.
 Puri dist (Odisha) - young women as master trainers to impart training on first aid
techniques.
Gender
 SHGs linking DM to development - Latur district, Maharashtra.
Mainstreaming
 ASHA workers as role models in Assam- They became members of Disaster
management teams.
 Gujarat social forum- NGOs and CBOs working on multi sectoral issues.
Convergence
and Partnerships  Urban Earthquake vulnerability reduction project, Vijayawada - Municipal
corporation+ Tata Group
Cultural  Disaster management at Pedkai Mata Temple, Dhule.
 Morbi bridge collapse in Gujarat; within few months Bihar bridge collapsed
Bridge collapse
(politician-private- builder nexus).
Fire in Ghazipur landfill site
 Damini app by IMD-> Warnings about lightning strikes three hours in advance.
 Mundka fire tragedy: Fire at three-storey building in Delhi. The building did
Miscellaneous
not have necessary clearances or safety equipment.
 An under-construction bridge collapsed in Bihar's Supaul.
 Three trains collided in Balasore district in the eastern Indian state of Odisha.

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