개념원리 확률과통계
개념원리 확률과통계
A B A B
m n A B
m+n
A B A B
A B A;B
n(A'B)=n(A)+n(B)-n(A;B)
A B A;B=∅
n(A'B)=n(A)+n(B)
2.
A B A m B
n A, B
m_n
A B A B
A B
n(A)_n(B)
3.
n r`(0<rÉn)
n r
Pr
n
n Pr
10
n r
Pr=n(n-1)(n-2)_`y`_(n-r+1) (
n 0<rÉn)
9
|
|
|
{
|
|
|
(
r
n
Pn=n(n-1)(n-2)_`y`_3_2_1=n!
n
n!
Pr=
n ( 0ÉrÉn)
(n-r)!
nP0=1 0!=1
1 n n n!
4.
n r`(0<rÉn)
n r
Cr
n
n Cr
n r
P
n r n!
nCr= = ( 0ÉrÉn)
r! r!(n-r)!
Cr=nCn-r (
n 0ÉrÉn)
Cr=n-1Cr+n-1Cr-1 (
n 1ÉrÉn-1)
Pr=nCr_r!
n ( )=( )_(r )
11
1
5 10
4
Ú 5
(1 4) (2 3) (3 2) (4 1) 4
Û 10
(4 6) (5 5) (6 4) 3
Ú Û
4+3=7
4 4
8 12
Ú 4
(1 3) (2 2) (3 1) 3
Û 8
(2 6) (3 5) (4 4) (5 3) (6 2) 5
Ü 12
(6 6) 1
Ú Ü
3+5+1=9
KEY
Point A B A m B
n
( A B )=m+n
1 x y x+y<4 (x y) 3
2 1
16
12
2
144
(a+b)(l+m+n)(x+y+z)
2_3_3=18
KEY
Point A B A m B
n
( A B )=m_n
3
54 8 120 16 252 18
4 (a+b+c)(p+q)(x+y) a 4
5
20
13
3
5
10 1 1
4 a b c d a c
5 5
5P5=5!=5_4_3_2_1=120
10 2
10P2=10_9=90
a c 3
3!=3_2_1=6
a c
2!=2_1=2
6_2=12
KEY
Point n r
nPr=n(n-1)(n-2)_`y`_(n-r+1)
n!
= ( 0 r n)
(n-r)!
6
24
7 5 1 2 3 4 5 3
60
8 olympic 7 c y
240
14
4
5 4 4 2
2
A B 8 A B 5 A B
5 2
5_4
5C2= =10
2_1
4 2
4_3
4C2= =6
2_1
10_6=60
8 A B 5 A B 6 3
6_5_4
6C3= =20
3_2_1
A B 5 A B 4
4! A B 2! A B
4!_2!=24_2=48
20_48=960
KEY
Point n r
nPr n!
nCr= = ( 0 r n)
r! r!(n-r)!
9 12 5 792
10 7 A B C D E F G C F 4
C F 120
11 1 9
74
15
01
1. 1, 3
n
n!
=(n-1)!
n
Pr
n
n r
r
4 A B C D
4 A B C D 4!
A B C D ABCD BCDA CDAB DABC
4 4
4!
=3!
4
1
n n
n
n!
=(n-1)!
n
n n (n-1)
(n-1)!
6 (6-1)!=5!=120 6 4
¤P¢ 360
= =90
4 4
16
2. 2
(n-1)!_;4N;
(n-1)!_;2N;
(n-1)!_;3N;
ABCDEF 1 A y
2 A 2
1 2
6 2
6
(6-1)!_2=5!_2=240
( )_( )
17
12 n
3 A B C 6
n!
3 A B C
3
3!
3 A B C = 2
3
13 3 2 24
14 5
12
15 4
4
(
) 6
18
01
3 5
3 6
(6-1)!=5!=120
3!=6
120_6=720`
5
(5-1)!=4!=24
5 3
5P3=60
24_60=1440`
KEY
Point n
(n-1)!
16 5 5
2880
17 6
24
48
18 2 6
720
19
02
10
( )
( )_( )
10
(10-1)!=9!=362880
2
362880_2=725760
KEY
Point n (n-1)!_;4N;
n (n-1)!_;2N;
n (n-1)!_;3N;
19 10 9
(
)
1814400 120960
20 12
2_a! a 11
( )
20
03
4
4
(
)
3
(3-1)!=2!=2
4_2=8
KEY
Point
21 7
7
(
) 840
22
5
(
) 30
21
02
1. 4~7
n r Pr
n
n r
n r
n =n_n_n_`y _n=nr`
r
9
|
{
|
(
(·, -)
Pr
n P Product P
`( )
n Pr n¾r Pr
n n<r
n r y r
n
y r
n n n n
n Pr=n_n_n_`y`_n=nr
9
|
{
|
(
r
`
3 1 2 3 12 13 21 23
31 32 6
6 11 22 33 9 1 2 3 3
3P2 3 P2=3Û`=9
22
2. 8
3 a b c 2
aa ab ac ba bb bc ca cb cc
9
X={1 2} Y={a b c} f X` `Y
X Y 9
X Y 6
KEY
Point X Y n(X)=r n(Y)=n
X Y n r ( )
X Y Pr (
n )( n r)
23
23 Pr=nr
n
6P2 36
3P4 81
7P1 7
2P2 4
24 n r
n P3=125 n=5
n P5=243 n=3
2Pr=128 r=7
7Pr=343 r=3
25 5 1 2 3 4 5 n r
625
Pr
n
26 Z Á 5 32
24
04
2 6
( )
2 2 6
2 P6=2ß`=64
KEY
Point n r
r
n r =n
27 3 2 8
( )
28 5 3 243
( )
29 5 4 1 2 3
( 1 ) 30
25
05
- 1 4
2
1
2 P1=2Ú`=2
2
2 P2=2Û`=4
3
2 P3=2Ü`=8
4
2 P4=2Ý`=16
2+4+8+16=30
KEY
Point
30 3 1 3
39
( )
31 n n
100 n 7
26
06
4 1 2 3 4
6 0 1 2 3 4 5
1 3 1 2 3 4
2_4P2=2_4Û`=32
0
1 2 3 4 5 5
9
{
(
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 1~5 0~5
2 6P2=6Û`=36
5_36=180 5 _ 6 P2
07
4 1 2 3 4 2300
2300 23 24 3 4
Ú 23 24 4 2
2_4P2=2_4Û`=32
Û3 4 4 3
2_4P3=2_4Ü`=128
Ú Û 32+128=160`
KEY
Point
32 6 0 1 2 3 4 5
540
216
33 4 0 1 2 3 2000
127
27
08
X={a b} Y={1 2 3 y n} X Y 49
n
X Y X Y
X Y 1 2 3 y n
n 2
X Y Y 1 2 3 y n n 2
X 1 2
n P2=nÛ`=49
n 7 `
KEY
Point X Y n(X)=r n(Y)=n
X Y n r ( )
34 X={1 2 3} Y={a b c d e} X Y m
n m+n 185
28
03
1. 9~11
n p , q , y, r n
n!
( p+q+`y`+r=n)
p!q!`y r!
n r n
n!
r!
5 a a a b c
x x aaabc
aaabc a aÁ aª a£
aÁ aª a£ b c
3!
aÁ a£ aª b c
x 3! aª aÁ a£ b c
aÁ aª a£ b c 5 x_3! aª a£ aÁ b c
5 5! a£ aÁ aª b c
5! a£ aª aÁ b c
x_3!=5! x= =20
3!
n a a y a b b y b c c y c n
(
{
9
(
{
9
(
{
9
p q r
n!
( p+q+r=n)
p!q!r!
6 a a a b b c
6 1 2 3 4 5 6 2 4 6
6!
6 a 3 b 2 =60
3!2!
2 4 6 2 4 6 x 6 1 x 3 x 5
x x 2 x 4 x 6
6!
=120
3!
29
2. 12, 13
A` B`
a b A`
B` 4 a 3 b
abaabab
A` B`
A` B`
7!
=35
4!3!
A` C` D`
m n A`
E`
m+n
A` B`
35
30
09
5 1 1 1 2 3
6 0 1 1 2 2 2
5 1 1 1 2 2 4
5!
5 1 3 =20
3!
0 1 1 2 2 2 6 1 2
6!
2 3 =60
2!3!
0 1 1 2 2 2 5
5!
5 1 2 2 3 =10
2!3!
60-10=50`
1 1 1 2 2 4 (1 1 1 2) (1 1 2 2) 2
4!
Ú (1 1 1 2) =4
3!
4!
Û (1 1 2 2) =6
2!2!
4+6=10
5! 5!
1 =20 2 =30
3! 2!2!
20+30=50
KEY
Point n p q y r n
n!
( p+q+`y +r=n)
p!q!`y r!
36 5 1 1 1 2 2
6
37 7 0 1 1 1 2 2 3
160
38 7 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 3
22
31
10
tomorrow 8 o
agreement 9
o o o
t m r r o w r 2
6!
=360
2!
a e e e A
A g r m n t 6
6!=720
a e e e
4!
=4
3!
720_4=2880
KEY
Point
39 mathematics 11 m
90720
40 internet 8 t
4860
41 calendar 8 1440
32
11
climate 7 m a t e
m a t e m a t e A
A A A A c l i 7
A m a t e
7!
=210
4!
KEY
Point n r n
n!
r!
42 technique 9 t n i
30240
43 study 5 d y
60
44 happiness 9
1080
33
12
A` C`
B`
a b A` B`
a 4 b 4
a a a a b b b b
a b
A` C` 2
2 a a b b
4!
=6
2!2!
C` B` 2
2 a a b b
4!
=6
2!2!
A` C` B`
6_6=36
A` C` B`
36
KEY
Point
45 A` B`
A` C` B`
66
34
13
A` B`
P Q R S A` B`
A `P `B A `Q `B A `R `B A `S `B
5!
ÚA `P `B : _1=5
4!
5! 5!
ÛA `Q `B : _ =10_5=50
2!3! 4!
5! 5!
ÜA `R `B : _ =5_10=50
4! 2!3!
5!
ÝA `S `B : 1_ =5
4!
5+50+50+5=110
C
A` B`
C`
10! 5! 5!
- _ =210-10_10=110
6!4! 3!2! 3!2!
46 A` B`
80
35
STEP 1
1 1 2 2 1 3 3 3
24 28 32 ✔ 36 40
3 3 4 (4-1)!=3!=6
3 3!=6
6_6=36
2 A B C D E 5 A B C
4
A B C3 3 (3-1)!=2!=2
A B C 2!=2
2_2=4
3
A 4
a B
8 b
a+b 20166
( )
Ú A 4 (4-1)!=3!=6 a=6
Û8 (8-1)!=7!=5040
8 B 4
B 8 5040 4=20160 b=20160
Ú Û a+b=20166
4 4 3
4
12 24 48 64 ✔ 81
P4=3Ý`=81
3
5 5 0 1 2 3 4 0
300
0 4
0 1 2 3 4 5P2=5Û`=25( )
0 2 4 3
4_25_3=300
6 5 0 1 2 3 4
3000 250
3000 2 1 2_5P3=2_5Ü`=250
36
7 X={1 2 3 y n} X X
120 X X ( n ) 3125
X X
nPn=n_(n-1)_`y`_1=120 n=5
X X 5P5=5Þ`=3125
8 6 a a b b c d c d
120
4!
a a b b 4 =6
2!2!
a a b b c d 5P2=20
6_20=120
9 A` B`
18
P Q
6!
A` B` =20
3!3!
A P B A Q B 1
20-(1+1)=18
STEP 2
10
16
3 (3-1)!=2!=2
2!_2!_2!=8
2_8=16
11 A B
6 A B
24
( )
A B
A B 4
4!=4_3_2_1=24
12 4 0 1 2 3 0
0 36
000 0 00
0
000 0 00 00 0 000 00 0 000
4
4_£Pª=4_9=36
37
13 4 0 1 2 3
100 1210
Ú :3 Û : 3_4P1=3_4=12
Ü : 3_4P2=3_4Û`=48 Ý 10 : 4P2=4Û`=16
Þ 11 : 4P2=4Û`=16 ß 120 :4
Ú ß 3+12+48+16+16+4=99
1210 1211 1212 1213 y 100 1210
36 ✔ 48 64 72 81
X Y P3=4Ü`=64
4
X Y f(1)=1 4 P2=4Û`=16
64-16=48
15 7 0 0 0 1 1 2 3 1
3
90
6! 5!
Ú 1 - =120-60=60
3! 2!
6! 5!
Û 3 - =60-30=30
3!2! 2!2!
Ú Û 60+30=90
16 7 a b c d e f g a c
b e 1260
a c b e a c x b e y 7 x y x d y
f g x a x c y b y e
7!
=1260
2!2!
17 X={-2 -1 0 1 2} X X f
f(-2)_f(-1)_f(0)_f(1)_f(2)=1
12 14 ✔ 16 18 20
Ú f(-2) f(-1) f(0) f(1) f(2) 1 f 1
5!
Û f(-2) f(-1) f(0) f(1) f(2) -1 2 1 3 f =10
2!3!
5!
Ü f(-2) f(-1) f(0) f(1) f(2) -1 4 1 1 f =5
4!1!
Ú Ü 1+10+5=16
18 A` B` A` B`
37
ÚA P B :1
5! 6!
ÛA Q B : _ =30
4! 5!
6!
ÜA R B : 1_
=6
5!
1+30+6=37
38
19 2
6
8
(
)
6 6C3_(3-1)!_3!=240
28_240=6720
20 4 a b c d 4 a
ba
aaaa aaab aaac aaad y
bba
90 bbcb bbb
Úa 4 P3=4Ü`=64 Û ba 4P2=4Û`=16
Ü bba 4 Ý bbb 4
Ú Ý 64+16+4+4=88 bbca bbcb bbcc bbcd y 90
bbcb
21 X={1 2 3} Y={1 2 3 4 5} X Y
f f(1)+f(2)+f(3)=11 15
3!
Ú (1 5 5) : =3 Û (2 4 5) : 3!=6
2!
3! 3!
Ü (3 3 5) : =3 Ý (3 4 4) : =3
2! 2!
f 3+6+3+3=15
22
A` C` C`
A` B`
D`
B` D`
36
( )
EF B `F `E `D
4! 4!
_1_ =36
2!2! 2!2!
23 3
A B
25
C D
5!
A B =30
2!2!
3! 3!
ÚA `C `B : 1_ =3 ÛA `D `B : _1=3
2! 2!
Ú Û A `C `D `B 1
30-(3+3-1)=25
39
04
1. 14~19
n r nHr
Hr
n
n r
Hr=n+r-1Cr
n
Hr
n H Homogeneous
nCr rÉn Hr
n r>n
3 a b c 4
aaaa aaab aaac aabb aabc
aacc abbb abbc abcc accc
bbbb bbbc bbcc bccc cccc
( ) ( ) ( )
a b c
4 2
3 a b c 4 3 H4 4 2(=3-1)
{4+(3-1)}! 6!
= =15
4!(3-1)! 4!2!
r (n-1)
{r+(n-1)}!
nHr= =r+(n-1)Cr=n+r-1Cr
r!(n-1)!
40
3 1 2 3 2 A
A={(1 1) (1 2) (1 3) (2 2) (2 3) (3 3)}
1 B
B={(1 2) (1 3) (1 4) (2 3) (2 4) (3 4)}
A B
n(A)=n(B) B 4 1 2 3 4 (1 1) (1 2) y (3 3)
2 C2 4=3+2-1 +1 +1 +1
4
3 2 (1 2) (1 3) y (3 4)
H2=3+2-1C2=4C2=6
3
n r (n+r-1) r
Cr
n+r-1
: nPr
( [
n :n r
{
r : nCr
9 [
: nHr
3 a b c 2
2
ab ba ac ca bc cb P2=6
3
2
ab ba ac ca bc cb aa bb cc 3P2=9
2
ab ac bc 3 C2=3
2
ab ac bc aa bb cc H2=6
3
41
47 Hr=n+r-1Cr
n
7H4 210
2H5 6
4H4 35
3H0 1
48 n
5H2=nC2 6
2H3=nC1 4
49 4 a b c d 5 n r
56
Hr
n
50 5
21
42
14
2 6
( )
2 A B
A B 6
2 H6=7C6=7C1=7
KEY
Point n r Hr
n
`nHr=n+r-1Cr
Cr=nCn-r
n
51 6 4 84
( )
52 3 10
( ) 66
53 7 3 A B C
( ) 36
43
15
4 6
( )
1
3 3
3 H3=5C3=5C2=10
KEY
Point
54 4 8
35
55 11
2 4 56
( 11 )
56 5 7 4 1
1 1
60
44
16
(x+y+z)Þ`
(x+y+z)Þ`=(x+y+z)(x+y+z)(x+y+z)(x+y+z)(x+y+z)
3 x y z 5
(x+y+z)Þ` 3 x y z 5
3 H5=7C5=7C2=21
KEY
Point (x+y+z)Ç`
3Hn 3
57
(a+b)Ý` 5 (a+b-c)ß` 28
58 (a+b)Þ`(x+y+z)Ý` 90
59 (a+b+c)Ü`(p-q)Û`(x+y+z+w) 120
45
17
x+y+z=10
3H10=12C10=12C2=66
x=x'+1 y=y'+1 z=z'+1
(x'+1)+(y'+1)+(z'+1)=10
x'+y'+z'=7 (x' y' z' )
x'+y'+z'=7
3H7=9C7=9C2=36
3 x y z 10 x y z
x y z x y z 7
KEY
Point xÁ+xª+`y +xn=r
n Hr n r
n Hr-n ( n r) n (r-n)
60 x+y+z+w=8
165 35
61 x+y+zÉ2 10
46
18
a b c d (a b c d)
a b c d 0 2 a+b+c+d=10
a b c d 0 2
4 C2=6 yy`
a=b=0 c=c'+1 d=d'+1
(c'+1)+(d'+1)=10
c'+d'=8 (c' d' )
(c d) c' d' 8
2 H8=9C8=9C1=9 yy`
(a b c d)
6_9=54
KEY
Point a b c d 0 2 2 1
62 a b c (a b c) 56
a_b_c aÉbÉcÉ12
63 1<a<bÉ5<cÉdÉ10 a b c d (a b c d)
90
47
19
X={1 2 3} Y={4 5 6 7}
f X` `Y ( xÁ<X xª<X)
xÁ+xª f(xÁ)+f(xª)
xÁ<xª f(xÁ)<f(xª)
xÁ<xª f(xÁ)Éf(xª)
X Y
f
f(1) 4 5 6 7 4
f(2) f(1) 3
f(3) f(1) f(2) 2
Y 4 3
4P3=4_3_2=24
f(1)<f(2)<f(3)
Y 4 5 6 7 3 f(1)
f(2) f(3)
f Y 4 3
4C3=4
f(1)Éf(2)Éf(3)
Y 4 5 6 7 3
f(1) f(2) f(3)
f Y 4 3
4H3=6C3=20
KEY
Point f : X` `Y n(X)=a n(Y)=b xi X xj X
X Y b a
xi xj f(xi) f(xj) b Pa ( b a)
xi<xj f(xi)<f(xj) b Ca ( b a)
xi<xj f(xi) f(xj) bHa
64 X={1 2 3} Y={1 2 3 4 5 6} f : X` `Y
xÁ<xª f(xÁ)¾f(xª) f 56
( xÁ<X xª<X)
48
STEP 1
24 4 H0+4H1+4H2+4H3+4H4 70 Hr=n+r-1Cr
n
4H0+4H1+4H2+4H3+4H4
=3C0+4C1+5C2+6C3+7C4
=1+4+10+20+35=70
25 3 Hn=21 n 5 Cr=nCn-r
n
(n+2)(n+1)
3Hn=n+2Cn=n+2C2= =21
2
nÛ`+3n-40=0 (n-5)(n+8)=0
n=5 ( n )
26 8
1
( 8 )
17 19 ✔ 21 23 25
1
5
3H5=7C5=7C2=21
27 (a+b+c+d)(x+y+z)Ý`
60
4_3H4=4_6C4=4_15=60
28 x+y+z<6 10 x y z
x+y+z¾3
x y z 3Éx+y+z<6
x=x'+1 y=y'+1 z=z'+1
x'+y'+z'=0 x'+y'+z'=1 x'+y'+z'=2 (x' y' z' )
3H0+3H1+3H2=2C0+3C1+4C2=1+3+6=10
STEP 2
29 r 3 Hr=7C2 5Hr 126
3Hr=7C2 3Hr=r+2Cr=r+2C2 r+2 C2=7C2 r=5
5Hr=5H5=9C5=9C4=126
30 5 3
1 12
3 1 3 C1=3
2 1 3 2
2 H3=4C3=4C1=4
3_4=12
49
31 (p+q+r+s)ß` p r
21
p r 3 q r s 5
3 H5=7C5=7C2=21
32 x+y+z=n 105
xÁ+xª+`y`+xn=r
n 13
(n+2)(n+1)
3Hn=n+2Cn=n+2C2= =105
2
nÛ`+3n-208=0 n=13 ( n )
n r
nHr
33 X={1 2 3 4 5 6}
f`:`X` `X 700
1ÉxÁ<xªÉ3 2Éf(xÁ)Éf(xª)
4Éx£<x¢É6 f(x¢)Éf(x£)É4
H3=7C3=35
5
H3=6C3=20
4
f 35_20=700
34 5 3 1
5 1 1
15
3
(1 1 3) (1 3 1) (3 1 1) (1 2 2) (2 1 2) (2 2 1)
Ú (1 1 3) (1 3 1) (3 1 1) : 2H3=4C3=4( )
Û (1 2 2) (2 1 2) (2 2 1) : 1
3_4+3_1=15
35 x y z w (x y z w)
60
x+y+z+w=12
x y z w 2 3 1 2 3
2
x y z w 3 1 2 3
2 2 4C2_2C2=6 yy`
x y 3 1 z w 3 2
x=3x'+1 y=3y'+1 z=3z'+2 w=3w'+2
x+y+z+w=12 x'+y'+z'+w'=2 (x' y' z' w' )
x' y' z' w' 2 4H2=5C2=10 yy`
(x y z w) 6_10=60
50
1 3 38 22
2 16 39 90720
3 8 16 18 40 4860
4 4 41 1440
5 20 42 30240
6 24 43 60
7 60 44 1080
8 240 45 66
9 792 46 80
10 120 47 210 6 35 1
11 74 48 6 4
12 6 3 3 2 49 56
13 24 50 21
14 12 51 84
15 6 52 66
16 2880 53 36
17 24 48 54 35
18 720 55 56
19 1814400 120960 56 60
20 11 57 5 28
21 840 58 90
22 30 59 120
23 36 81 7 4 60 165 35
24 n=5 n=3 r=7 r=3 61 10
25 625 62 56
26 32 63 90
27 8 64 56
28 243 65 6C1 6C4 5 6C6 6 15 5
29 30 66 16aÝ`+32aÜ`+24aÛ`+8a+1
30 39 243xÞ`-810xÝ`y+1080xÜ`yÛ`
31 7 -720xÛ`yÜ`+240xyÝ`-32yÞ`
32 540 216 xß`+6xÝ`+15xÛ`+20+
15 6
+ +
1
xÛ` xÝ` xß`
33 127
67 Cr 25-r(-3)ra5-rbr Cr x8-r
34 185 5 4
x6-r x16-2r
35 36 6Cr(-2)r 8Cr
y¨` x¨`
36 6
68 -560 112 45 -35
37 160
199
1 38 280
2 4 39 168
3 20166 40
4 41 1008
18
5 300 42 2
19
6 250 43 2 -2
7 3125 44
8 120 45 1080
9 18 46 80
10 16 47 20
11 24 48 379
12 36 49 14 23
19
13 1210 50 2
14 51 8
15 90 52 20
16 1260 53
17 54 32
18 37 55 8
19 56 ;4!;
20 bbcb
21 15 57 ;4!;
22 36 58
23 25
59 ;4@2#;
24 70
25 5 60 ;5!;
26
61 ;6°4;
27 60
28 10 62
29 126 63 ;7$;
30 12
64 ;3@6(;
31 21
32 13 65 ;3!;
33 700
66 ;3!;
34 15
35 60 67 ;3¤5;
36 560
68 ;5$6%;
37 ;2!;
204