Cellular Adaptations
Which of the following describes the process by which an organ increases in size due to an
increase in cell size and number?
a) Metaplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
d) Aplasia
e) Dysplasia
Answer: c) Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
What type of adaptation is seen in cardiac myocytes in response to systemic hypertension?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Atrophy
d) Dysplasia
e) Apoptosis
Answer: b) Hypertrophy
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by the replacement of one cell type with another?
a) Dysplasia
b) Metaplasia
c) Hyperplasia
d) Atrophy
e) Hypertrophy
Answer: b) Metaplasia
Barrett esophagus is an example of which of the following cellular adaptations?
a) Squamous to columnar epithelium
b) Columnar to squamous epithelium
c) Hypertrophy
d) Hyperplasia
e) Dysplasia
Answer: a) Squamous to columnar epithelium
Which adaptation is commonly seen in the uterus during pregnancy?
a) Atrophy
b) Dysplasia
c) Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
d) Apoptosis
e) Metaplasia
Answer: c) Hyperplasia and hypertrophy
Which of the following is an example of pathologic hyperplasia?
a) Endometrial hyperplasia
b) Benign prostatic hyperplasia
c) Cardiac hypertrophy
d) Skeletal muscle hypertrophy
e) Keratomalacia
Answer: a) Endometrial hyperplasia
Which type of hyperplasia does NOT carry an increased risk of cancer?
a) Endometrial hyperplasia
b) Apocrine metaplasia
c) Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
d) Barrett esophagus
e) Dysplasia of the skin
Answer: b) Apocrine metaplasia
Which of the following adaptations involves gene activation and organelle production?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Metaplasia
d) Atrophy
e) Dysplasia
Answer: b) Hypertrophy
A decrease in cell size due to ubiquitin-proteasome degradation is characteristic of:
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Atrophy
d) Dysplasia
e) Apoptosis
Answer: c) Atrophy
Which organ demonstrates only hypertrophy in response to increased stress?
a) Liver
b) Uterus
c) Cardiac muscle
d) Bone
e) Skin
Answer: c) Cardiac muscle
A failure of cell production during embryogenesis is referred to as:
a) Hypoplasia
b) Metaplasia
c) Aplasia
d) Dysplasia
e) Atrophy
Answer: c) Aplasia
What cellular adaptation involves the proliferation of precancerous cells?
a) Hypertrophy
b) Atrophy
c) Dysplasia
d) Metaplasia
e) Hyperplasia
Answer: c) Dysplasia
Which of the following is a classic example of connective tissue metaplasia?
a) Barrett esophagus
b) Myositis ossificans
c) Endometrial hyperplasia
d) Dysplasia of the cervix
e) Apocrine metaplasia
Answer: b) Myositis ossificans
Vitamin A deficiency can lead to which type of metaplasia?
a) Squamous to columnar epithelium
b) Columnar to squamous epithelium
c) Nonkeratinizing to keratinizing squamous epithelium
d) Urothelial to squamous epithelium
e) Stratified squamous to urothelial epithelium
Answer: c) Nonkeratinizing to keratinizing squamous epithelium
Dysplasia of the cervix often arises from which precursor?
a) Apocrine metaplasia
b) Endometrial atrophy
c) Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
d) Chronic inflammation
e) Barrett esophagus
Answer: c) Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
What process involves the breakdown of cellular components via lysosomal enzymes?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Autophagy
c) Dysplasia
d) Metaplasia
e) Apoptosis
Answer: b) Autophagy
Which of the following is most likely to result from persistent pathologic hyperplasia?
a) Apoptosis
b) Atrophy
c) Dysplasia
d) Hypertrophy
e) Metaplasia
Answer: c) Dysplasia
Myositis ossificans represents a change in:
a) Epithelial cells
b) Connective tissue cells
c) Stem cells
d) Immune cells
e) Squamous epithelium
Answer: b) Connective tissue cells
Which cellular adaptation is reversible upon removal of the stressor?
a) Dysplasia
b) Metaplasia
c) Aplasia
d) Carcinoma
e) Atrophy due to apoptosis
Answer: b) Metaplasia
Which cellular adaptation is characterized by a decrease in the number of cells due to
programmed cell death?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Dysplasia
d) Metaplasia
e) Apoptosis
Answer: e) Apoptosis
Which of the following is a reversible process that involves a decrease in the size and number of
cells?
a) Dysplasia
b) Atrophy
c) Hyperplasia
d) Metaplasia
e) Hypertrophy
Answer: b) Atrophy
What term refers to a decrease in cell production during embryogenesis leading to a small organ?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Aplasia
c) Dysplasia
d) Hypoplasia
e) Atrophy
Answer: d) Hypoplasia
Which of the following is a key mechanism in ubiquitin-proteasome degradation during atrophy?
a) Mitochondrial proliferation
b) Stem cell activation
c) Tagging cytoskeletal filaments with ubiquitin
d) Fusion of autophagic vacuoles with lysosomes
e) Conversion of connective tissue to bone
Answer: c) Tagging cytoskeletal filaments with ubiquitin
A 60-year-old male with a history of acid reflux is diagnosed with Barrett esophagus. What is the
primary change in cell type?
a) Squamous to columnar epithelium
b) Columnar to squamous epithelium
c) Squamous to keratinized epithelium
d) Nonkeratinizing to urothelial epithelium
e) Squamous to urothelial epithelium
Answer: a) Squamous to columnar epithelium
What is the key difference between physiologic and pathologic hyperplasia?
a) Pathologic hyperplasia cannot regress
b) Physiologic hyperplasia is always irreversible
c) Pathologic hyperplasia is associated with cancer risk
d) Physiologic hyperplasia occurs only in permanent tissues
e) Pathologic hyperplasia is mediated by autophagy
Answer: c) Pathologic hyperplasia is associated with cancer risk
A 45-year-old woman with prolonged estrogen exposure is at increased risk for which condition?
a) Endometrial atrophy
b) Endometrial hyperplasia
c) Cervical metaplasia
d) Endometrial hypoplasia
e) Uterine carcinoma
Answer: b) Endometrial hyperplasia
What best characterizes dysplasia?
a) Reversible disordered growth
b) Irreversible cellular differentiation
c) Normal cellular adaptation to stress
d) Decrease in cell size and organ size
e) Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: a) Reversible disordered growth
Which of the following does NOT progress to cancer?
a) Endometrial hyperplasia
b) Barrett esophagus
c) Dysplasia of the cervix
d) Apocrine metaplasia
e) Dysplasia of the skin
Answer: d) Apocrine metaplasia
A classic example of permanent tissue that undergoes hypertrophy rather than hyperplasia is:
a) Liver
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Endometrium
d) Epithelium
e) Bone marrow
Answer: b) Skeletal muscle
Which of the following leads to keratomalacia in the eye?
a) Hyperplasia of the conjunctiva
b) Vitamin D deficiency
c) Vitamin A deficiency
d) Dysplasia of the cornea
e) Atrophy of the lens
Answer: c) Vitamin A deficiency
31. Which of the following is an example of physiologic hyperplasia?
a) Endometrial thickening during the menstrual cycle
b) Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)
c) Myocardial hypertrophy in response to hypertension
d) Metaplasia in Barrett esophagus
e) Dysplasia in cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
Answer: a) Endometrial thickening during the menstrual cycle
32. Aplasia is best defined as:
a) Failure of cell production during embryogenesis
b) Partial failure of organ development
c) Decrease in organ size due to reduced stress
d) Disordered cellular growth
e) Conversion of one cell type to another
Answer: a) Failure of cell production during embryogenesis
33. Which process involves gene activation and organelle production to increase cell size?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Atrophy
d) Metaplasia
e) Dysplasia
Answer: b) Hypertrophy
34. A 50-year-old male has a history of chronic smoking and develops squamous metaplasia in
his respiratory epithelium. What is the driving mechanism?
a) Gene mutations in stem cells
b) Chronic inflammation and stress
c) Vitamin A deficiency
d) Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation
e) Apoptosis
Answer: b) Chronic inflammation and stress
35. Dysplasia is most commonly associated with which of the following?
a) Permanent tissues like skeletal muscle
b) Regression after removal of stressor
c) Progression to carcinoma if stress persists
d) Production of new cells from stem cells
e) Involves only mesenchymal tissue
Answer: c) Progression to carcinoma if stress persists
36. Which cellular adaptation allows for better handling of increased workload in the
myocardium due to hypertension?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Atrophy
d) Dysplasia
e) Metaplasia
Answer: b) Hypertrophy
37. A decrease in cellular stress leads to atrophy. Which mechanism reduces cell size?
a) Mitochondrial biogenesis
b) Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
c) Increased protein synthesis
d) Stem cell reprogramming
e) Increased lysosomal activity
Answer: b) Ubiquitin-proteasome pathway
38. Barrett esophagus most commonly progresses to which of the following?
a) Squamous cell carcinoma
b) Adenocarcinoma
c) Gastric carcinoma
d) Small cell carcinoma
e) Esophageal leiomyoma
Answer: b) Adenocarcinoma
39. What characterizes myositis ossificans?
a) Squamous epithelium replacing columnar epithelium
b) Formation of bone in muscle tissue
c) Ubiquitin tagging of intermediate filaments
d) Vitamin A deficiency-related metaplasia
e) Apocrine metaplasia in the breast
Answer: b) Formation of bone in muscle tissue
40. The endometrium increases in cell number due to estrogen stimulation. This is an example
of:
a) Hypertrophy
b) Hyperplasia
c) Metaplasia
d) Dysplasia
e) Atrophy
Answer: b) Hyperplasia
41. Which of the following is true about permanent tissues?
a) They only undergo hyperplasia, not hypertrophy.
b) They only undergo hypertrophy, not hyperplasia.
c) They undergo both hypertrophy and hyperplasia.
d) They undergo metaplasia.
e) They are incapable of cellular adaptations.
Answer: b) They only undergo hypertrophy, not hyperplasia.
42. Vitamin A deficiency most commonly leads to metaplasia in:
a) Conjunctiva
b) Trachea
c) Esophagus
d) Stomach
e) Urethra
Answer: a) Conjunctiva
43. Which of the following is characteristic of pathologic hyperplasia?
a) Occurs only in permanent tissues
b) Does not regress after stress removal
c) Can lead to dysplasia and cancer
d) Results from stem cell depletion
e) Exclusively a mesenchymal process
Answer: c) Can lead to dysplasia and cancer
44. Which cellular adaptation is associated with increased risk for esophageal adenocarcinoma?
a) Barrett esophagus
b) Dysplasia of the esophagus
c) Squamous cell hyperplasia
d) Esophageal atrophy
e) Myositis ossificans
Answer: a) Barrett esophagus
45. The most common type of cellular adaptation in skeletal muscle during weight training is:
a) Hyperplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Atrophy
d) Metaplasia
e) Dysplasia
Answer: b) Hypertrophy
46. Which is NOT true about metaplasia?
a) It is reversible upon removal of the stressor.
b) It involves stem cell reprogramming.
c) It always leads to cancer.
d) It may involve epithelial or mesenchymal cells.
e) It allows cells to better handle new stress.
Answer: c) It always leads to cancer.
47. A decrease in estrogen after menopause most likely causes:
a) Endometrial atrophy
b) Endometrial hyperplasia
c) Endometrial hypertrophy
d) Endometrial dysplasia
e) Endometrial metaplasia
Answer: a) Endometrial atrophy
48. Which is true about benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH)?
a) It increases the risk of prostate cancer.
b) It is a form of pathologic atrophy.
c) It occurs due to testosterone-mediated hyperplasia.
d) It involves cellular hypertrophy only.
e) It results from chronic inflammation.
Answer: c) It occurs due to testosterone-mediated hyperplasia.
49. Which cellular adaptation is most likely reversible?
a) Dysplasia
b) Hypertrophy of the heart
c) Metaplasia
d) Atrophy due to apoptosis
e) Aplasia of an organ
Answer: c) Metaplasia
50. A reversible cellular adaptation that is protective against acid reflux is:
a) Dysplasia of the esophagus
b) Hypertrophy of the esophagus
c) Squamous metaplasia of the esophagus
d) Columnar metaplasia of the esophagus
e) Atrophy of the esophagus
Answer: d) Columnar metaplasia of the esophagus
51. Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation targets which structures during atrophy?
a) Mitochondria
b) Endoplasmic reticulum
c) Cytoskeletal filaments
d) Stem cells
e) Lysosomes
Answer: c) Cytoskeletal filaments
52. What characterizes vitamin A deficiency-related metaplasia?
a) Replacement of columnar cells with squamous cells
b) Formation of bone in connective tissue
c) Transformation of squamous epithelium to keratinized epithelium
d) Dysplasia in cervical cells
e) Atrophy of epithelial cells
Answer: c) Transformation of squamous epithelium to keratinized epithelium
53. Chronic exposure to smoking is most likely to cause which adaptation in the respiratory
tract?
a) Dysplasia
b) Metaplasia
c) Hyperplasia
d) Atrophy
e) Aplasia
Answer: b) Metaplasia
54. Apocrine metaplasia is unique in that it:
a) Progresses to dysplasia
b) Does not carry cancer risk
c) Involves mesenchymal tissue
d) Is always irreversible
e) Results in glandular hypertrophy
Answer: b) Does not carry cancer risk
55. A 30-year-old patient undergoes long-term stress, leading to an adaptive cellular process.
Which adaptation is most likely irreversible?
a) Dysplasia
b) Metaplasia
c) Aplasia
d) Atrophy
e) Hyperplasia
Answer: c) Aplasia
56. Which mechanism is responsible for cell shrinkage during atrophy?
a) Increased protein synthesis
b) Autophagy and proteasomal degradation
c) Apoptosis of stem cells
d) Increased mitochondrial function
e) Stem cell replacement
Answer: b) Autophagy and proteasomal degradation
57. In Barrett esophagus, the epithelial lining transitions to a type better equipped to handle
gastric acid. What is the new cell type?
a) Nonkeratinizing squamous cells
b) Nonciliated mucin-secreting columnar cells
c) Stratified keratinizing squamous cells
d) Transitional urothelial cells
e) Cuboidal epithelium
Answer: b) Nonciliated mucin-secreting columnar cells
58. Which of the following distinguishes pathologic hyperplasia from physiologic hyperplasia?
a) It results from increased workload.
b) It may predispose to dysplasia and carcinoma.
c) It is mediated by hormonal stimulation.
d) It occurs in response to stress.
e) It can occur alongside hypertrophy.
Answer: b) It may predispose to dysplasia and carcinoma.
59. A 65-year-old man has been diagnosed with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). What
cellular adaptation explains this condition?
a) Dysplasia
b) Hypertrophy
c) Hyperplasia of glandular cells
d) Metaplasia of stromal cells
e) Atrophy of stromal cells
Answer: c) Hyperplasia of glandular cells
60. A 45-year-old woman with a history of GERD undergoes biopsy of her esophagus, which
shows columnar metaplasia. What is the most likely long-term complication if the stressor
persists?
a) Squamous cell carcinoma
b) Adenocarcinoma
c) Gastric carcinoma
d) Small cell carcinoma
e) Esophageal leiomyoma
Answer: b) Adenocarcinoma
61. What is the primary process involved in the hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes due to systemic
hypertension?
a) Stem cell proliferation
b) Protein synthesis and organelle production
c) Activation of oncogenes
d) Dysplastic changes in the myocardium
e) Formation of autophagic vacuoles
Answer: b) Protein synthesis and organelle production
62. Which of the following best describes dysplasia?
a) Organized increase in cell size
b) Disordered growth and proliferation of cells
c) Reversible change in cell type
d) Increase in organ size due to hormonal stimulation
e) Replacement of one cell type with another
Answer: b) Disordered growth and proliferation of cells
63. Which is an example of physiologic hypertrophy?
a) Hypertrophy of the myocardium in hypertension
b) Skeletal muscle hypertrophy with weight training
c) Endometrial thickening in response to estrogen
d) Prostatic enlargement in BPH
e) Liver enlargement due to alcohol intake
Answer: b) Skeletal muscle hypertrophy with weight training
64. Which of the following is the primary mechanism of atrophy in disuse muscle atrophy?
a) Necrosis
b) Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation
c) Apoptosis of stem cells
d) Activation of oncogenes
e) Increased lysosomal enzyme activity
Answer: b) Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation
65. Vitamin A deficiency leads to metaplasia in which tissue?
a) Esophageal epithelium
b) Respiratory tract
c) Conjunctiva of the eye
d) Small intestinal mucosa
e) Endometrial lining
Answer: c) Conjunctiva of the eye
66. Which of the following adaptations is reversible if the stressor is removed?
a) Aplasia
b) Dysplasia
c) Metaplasia
d) Hypertrophy of cardiac myocytes
e) Atrophy in permanent tissues
Answer: c) Metaplasia
67. Which is an example of mesenchymal metaplasia?
a) Squamous metaplasia in the trachea
b) Columnar metaplasia in Barrett esophagus
c) Myositis ossificans
d) Apocrine metaplasia in breast tissue
e) Keratomalacia
Answer: c) Myositis ossificans
68. Which of the following does NOT increase cancer risk?
a) Endometrial hyperplasia
b) Barrett esophagus
c) Dysplasia of cervical cells
d) Apocrine metaplasia
e) Pathologic hyperplasia
Answer: d) Apocrine metaplasia
69. A decrease in blood supply to an organ is most likely to cause:
a) Atrophy
b) Dysplasia
c) Hypertrophy
d) Hyperplasia
e) Metaplasia
Answer: a) Atrophy
70. Aplasia of one kidney leads to which adaptation in the other kidney?
a) Dysplasia
b) Hyperplasia
c) Hypertrophy
d) Atrophy
e) Metaplasia
Answer: c) Hypertrophy
71. Which of the following is true about myositis ossificans?
a) It is caused by chronic inflammation.
b) It involves a change in epithelial cell type.
c) It results from metaplasia in mesenchymal tissue.
d) It is a reversible adaptation.
e) It is associated with vitamin A deficiency.
Answer: c) It results from metaplasia in mesenchymal tissue.
72. Which of the following adaptations occurs during pregnancy in the uterus?
a) Atrophy of myocytes
b) Hypertrophy only
c) Hyperplasia only
d) Both hypertrophy and hyperplasia
e) Dysplasia
Answer: d) Both hypertrophy and hyperplasia
73. Dysplasia is most likely to arise from which precursor condition?
a) Apocrine metaplasia
b) Barrett esophagus
c) Myositis ossificans
d) Conjunctival keratomalacia
e) Physiologic hypertrophy
Answer: b) Barrett esophagus
74. Which cellular adaptation does not involve stem cells?
a) Metaplasia
b) Hyperplasia
c) Hypertrophy
d) Dysplasia
e) Aplasia
Answer: c) Hypertrophy
75. A 60-year-old man with chronic acid reflux develops adenocarcinoma of the esophagus.
What was the most likely intermediate step before cancer?
a) Hypertrophy
b) Metaplasia
c) Dysplasia
d) Hyperplasia
e) Atrophy
Answer: c) Dysplasia
76. Pathologic hyperplasia is typically caused by which of the following?
a) Chronic hormonal stimulation
b) Reduced metabolic activity
c) Physical inactivity
d) Temporary inflammation
e) Aging-related stress
Answer: a) Chronic hormonal stimulation
77. Which of the following adaptations is most common in permanent tissues like the
myocardium?
a) Hyperplasia
b) Dysplasia
c) Hypertrophy
d) Metaplasia
e) Atrophy
Answer: c) Hypertrophy
78. Which adaptation occurs during healing from trauma in skeletal muscle?
a) Dysplasia
b) Hyperplasia
c) Metaplasia
d) Hypertrophy
e) Aplasia
Answer: c) Metaplasia
79. A decrease in workload most commonly leads to:
a) Atrophy
b) Hyperplasia
c) Hypertrophy
d) Dysplasia
e) Metaplasia
Answer: a) Atrophy
80. Which of the following processes is most likely reversible in its early stages?
a) Dysplasia
b) Aplasia
c) Hypertrophy of cardiac muscle
d) Metaplasia
e) Cancerous transformation
Answer: d) Metaplasia
81. A 68-year-old patient with a history of chronic smoking develops squamous metaplasia in the
respiratory epithelium. What is the primary driving factor?
a) Chronic inflammation
b) Hormonal imbalance
c) Genetic mutation
d) Vitamin deficiency
e) Hypoxia
Answer: a) Chronic inflammation
82. Which cellular adaptation is most commonly associated with hormonal stimulation, such as
in the breast during lactation?
a) Atrophy
b) Dysplasia
c) Hyperplasia
d) Metaplasia
e) Apoptosis
Answer: c) Hyperplasia
83. Which of the following is most likely to result from chronic vitamin A deficiency?
a) Barrett esophagus
b) Squamous metaplasia of the conjunctiva
c) Hyperplasia of sebaceous glands
d) Dysplasia of epithelial tissues
e) Atrophy of the liver
Answer: b) Squamous metaplasia of the conjunctiva
84. A patient with chronic hypertension has thickened cardiac walls. Which cellular mechanism
is responsible?
a) Increased apoptosis
b) Increased protein synthesis
c) Enhanced autophagy
d) Stem cell division
e) Replacement fibrosis
Answer: b) Increased protein synthesis
85. Myositis ossificans is an example of which type of cellular adaptation?
a) Dysplasia
b) Hyperplasia
c) Metaplasia
d) Atrophy
e) Aplasia
Answer: c) Metaplasia
86. Dysplasia differs from cancer primarily in that it is:
a) Benign
b) Irreversible
c) Reversible
d) Always caused by metaplasia
e) Characterized by necrosis
Answer: c) Reversible
87. What distinguishes Barrett esophagus from normal tissue?
a) Loss of epithelial cell adhesion
b) Replacement of squamous cells with columnar cells
c) Formation of fibrous tissue in the esophagus
d) Reduction in glandular activity
e) Loss of stem cell function
Answer: b) Replacement of squamous cells with columnar cells
88. Which of the following is an irreversible cellular adaptation?
a) Atrophy
b) Hypertrophy
c) Metaplasia
d) Aplasia
e) Hyperplasia
Answer: d) Aplasia
89. Which of the following processes is involved in cellular atrophy due to disuse?
a) Necrosis
b) Increased autophagic vacuole formation
c) Increased mitochondrial activity
d) Proliferation of stem cells
e) Dysplasia of muscle fibers
Answer: b) Increased autophagic vacuole formation
90. A 55-year-old man with GERD develops columnar metaplasia in his esophagus. What factor
could reverse this process?
a) Vitamin A supplementation
b) Reduction of acid reflux
c) Stem cell activation
d) Chronic inflammation resolution
e) Increased blood supply to the esophagus
Answer: b) Reduction of acid reflux
91. Which of the following is a characteristic of pathologic hyperplasia?
a) Occurs in response to physiologic stimuli
b) Is irreversible and always leads to cancer
c) Increases organ size without cell number changes
d) Often progresses to dysplasia if the stress persists
e) Is limited to permanent tissues
Answer: d) Often progresses to dysplasia if the stress persists
92. Which tissue is most likely to undergo hypertrophy in response to increased workload?
a) Liver parenchyma
b) Skeletal muscle
c) Bronchial epithelium
d) Intestinal mucosa
e) Pancreatic islets
Answer: b) Skeletal muscle
93. Apocrine metaplasia in the breast is unique because:
a) It leads to dysplasia
b) It is irreversible
c) It has no increased risk for cancer
d) It occurs due to chronic hormonal stimulation
e) It involves epithelial hyperplasia
Answer: c) It has no increased risk for cancer
94. Which of the following mechanisms primarily causes metaplasia?
a) Autophagy of cellular components
b) Mutation in oncogenes
c) Reprogramming of stem cells
d) Ubiquitin-proteasome degradation
e) Cell membrane changes
Answer: c) Reprogramming of stem cells
95. A 45-year-old woman with chronic endometrial hyperplasia is at risk of developing which
condition?
a) Uterine fibroids
b) Endometrial carcinoma
c) Leiomyosarcoma
d) Dysmenorrhea
e) Adenomyosis
Answer: b) Endometrial carcinoma
96. Which of the following processes is most involved in the formation of autophagic vacuoles
during atrophy?
a) Increased lysosomal activity
b) Mitochondrial hyperplasia
c) Endoplasmic reticulum degradation
d) Nuclear disintegration
e) Fibrosis
Answer: a) Increased lysosomal activity
97. Which type of metaplasia is associated with chronic acid reflux?
a) Squamous to columnar
b) Columnar to squamous
c) Squamous to transitional
d) Transitional to squamous
e) Columnar to cuboidal
Answer: a) Squamous to columnar
98. Which of the following statements best describes atrophy in skeletal muscle due to disuse?
a) It involves an increase in stem cell activity.
b) It is characterized by increased mitochondrial function.
c) It is mediated by ubiquitin-proteasome degradation.
d) It leads to irreversible loss of muscle tissue.
e) It results from reduced apoptosis.
Answer: c) It is mediated by ubiquitin-proteasome degradation.
99. Vitamin A deficiency leads to metaplasia of epithelial cells. What type of tissue forms
instead?
a) Nonkeratinized squamous epithelium
b) Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium
c) Cuboidal glandular epithelium
d) Transitional epithelium
e) Columnar mucin-producing cells
Answer: b) Stratified keratinized squamous epithelium
100. Chronic inflammation of the esophagus can lead to which sequence of adaptations?
a) Dysplasia → Metaplasia → Cancer
b) Hyperplasia → Metaplasia → Dysplasia
c) Metaplasia → Dysplasia → Cancer
d) Hypertrophy → Atrophy → Dysplasia
e) Dysplasia → Hyperplasia → Atrophy
Answer: c) Metaplasia → Dysplasia → Cancer
