1) A 71-year-old woman had an occlusion to her left middle cerebral artery.
Her computed tomographic (CT) scan shows a large 5 cm cystic area in her
left parietal lobe cortex of the brain. This CT nding is most likely due to
which of the following cellular events?
• a) Liquefactive necrosis
• b) Atrophy
• c) Coagulative necrosis
• d) Caseous necrosis
• e) Apoptosis
2) An irreversible injury to myocardial bers due to coronary artery
occlusion (>90%) predominates when which of the following cellular
changes occurs?
• a) Glycogen stores are depleted
• b) Cytoplasmic sodium increases
• c) Nuclei undergo karyorrhexis
• d) Intracellular pH diminishes
• e) Blebs form on cell membranes
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3) Which of the following cellular processes occurs in the breast during
pregnancy preparing for lactation?
• a) Stromal hypertrophy
• b) Epithelial dysplasia
• c) Steatocyte atrophy
• d) Ductal epithelial metaplasia
• e) Lobular hyperplasia
4) An 84-year-old man dies. At autopsy, his heart is small and dark brown
on sectioning. Microscopically, there is light brown perinuclear pigment
Which of the following substances is mostly the cause?
• a) Hemosiderin from iron overload
• b) Lipochrome from 'wear and tear'
• c) Glycogen from a storage disease
• d) Cholesterol from atherosclerosis
• e) Calcium deposition following necrosis
5) A 48-year-old woman has a malignant lymphoma. She is treated with a
chemotherapeutic agent which results in the loss of individual neoplastic
cells through fragmentation of individual cell nuclei and cytoplasm. Over
the next 2 months, the lymphoma decreases in size. By which of the
following mechanisms has her neoplasm primarily responded to therapy?
• a) Coagulative necrosis
• b) Mitochondrial poisoning
• c) Phagocytosis
• d) Acute inflammation
• e) Apoptosis
6) A 54-year-old man with a chronic cough undergone lung operation, the
thoracic surgeon notes jet black colour throughout the lung. Which of the
following is the most likely cause for this appearance?
• a) Anthracotic pigment
• b) Lipochrome deposits
• c) Melanin accumulation
• d) Hemosiderosis
• e) Metastatic carcinoma
7) A 64-year-old woman presents with fever, chills, headache, neck stiffness,
vomiting, and confusion. She was diagnosed as bacterial meningitis, and
brain imaging demonstrates a
localized abscess. Which of the following types of necrosis is most
characteristic of abscess formation?
A. Caseous
B. Coagulative
C. Fibrinoid D.Gangrenous
E. Liquefactive
8) A 40-year-old man known to be heavy smoker. He complains of
hoarseness of voice. Laryngoscopic biopsy is taken and sent for
pathological examination. Respiratory laryngeal epithelium is transformed
to squamous epithelium in response to chronic irritation of smoking. What
is the adaptive mechanism that has occurred in this case?
A. Aplasia
B. Apoptosis
C. Atrophy
D. Hypertrophy
E. Metaplasia
9) A 56-year-old man complained of heartburn for several years, following
meals. The biopsies from lower oesophagus demonstrate the
transformation of the squamous epithelium to columnar epithelium with
goblet cells. What is the adaptive mechanism that has occurred in this
case?
A.Aplasia
B. Dysplasia
C. Hyperplasia
D.Metaplasia
E. Neoplasia
10) A 60-year-old man who was 185 cm tall and weighed 75 kg had blood
pressure measurements in the range of 150/90 to 180/110 mm Hg, but he
did not regularly take medications. At autopsy, his heart weighed 540 gm
primarily because of which of the following processes involving the
myocardial bers:
A. Edema
B. Fatty degeneration
A. C. Fatty in ltration
D. Hyperplasia
E. Hypertrophy
11) A 67-year-old man with severe “crushing” chest pain died after 24-
hours due to myocardial infarction. What type of necrosis is likely to occur
in the myocardium of this case?
A.Caseous
B.Coagulative
C.Fibrinoid
D.Gangrenous
E.Liquefactive
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