Table of Contents

Reading and Writing ....................................................................................1

Routing mode ........................................................................................ 2

Easier mode ......................................................................................... 26

Harder mode ........................................................................................ 50

Math ...........................................................................................................76

Routing mode ...................................................................................... 77

Easier mode ......................................................................................... 88

Harder mode ........................................................................................ 98

 Section 1

Reading and Writing

1
 PART 1

Routing mode

2
Question 1
The following text is from Jhumpa Lahiri’s 2003 novel The Namesake.
Gogol, a child, is at a beach in Massachusetts with his father.

He watches his father raise a kite within minutes into the wind, so high
that Gogol must tip his head back in order to see, a rippling speck against
the sky. The wind whips around their ears, turning their faces cold.
©2003 by Jhumpa Lahiri

As used in the text, what does the word “raise” most nearly mean?
A. Strengthen
B. Lift
C. Praise
D. Group

Question 2
Novelist Leon Forrest admired William Faulkner’s writing style. Forrest’s
novel Divine Days contains a long passage in tribute to Faulkner that is a
perfect ______ of Faulkner’s style: anyone familiar with Faulkner’s
writing would see the resemblance.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. imitation
B. rejection
C. forgetting
D. opinion

3
Question 3
The 4 Africa Exchange in Johannesburg. South Africa, is a dedicated
exchange for investing in companies operating in South Africa, ensuring
those companies receive certain regulatory oversight. Knowing this can
______ potential investors’ worries about bureaucratic minutiae and
thereby allow them to instead focus on identifying sound business
opportunities.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. assuage
B. designate
C. convey
D. amplify

4
Question 4
The tendency to group authors together into distinct literary movements
often encourages literary scholars to ________ subtleties in an author’s
style. Those studying the works of Antonio Machado, for instance, may
inadvertently overlook nuances in his work by focusing only on the most
obvious ways in which his style corresponds to the Generation of ‘98.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. scrutinize
B. discount
C. denounce
D. magnify

5
Question 5
The following text is adapted from Louise Erdrich’s 2020 novel The
Night Watchman. Louis Pipestone is collecting signatures for a petition
from fellow members of the Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa on the
tribe’s reservation in North Dakota.

Louis Pipestone tended the petition like a garden. He kept it with him at
all times. In town, his eyes sharpened when he noticed a tribal member
who hadn’t yet signed. Wherever they were—at the gas pump. mercantile
[general store], at Henry’s [Café], on the road, or outside the clinic and
hospital—Louis cornered them. If they were waiting for a baby to be born,
he’d have them sign. If they were laughing, if they were arguing, if they
were taking a child home from school, they signed.
©2020 by Louise Erdrich

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To portray Louis Pipestone’s strong commitment to collecting
signatures for the petition
B. To demonstrate that most tribal members are enthusiastic about
signing the petition
C. To show that attitudes toward the petition within the tribal community
change over time
D. To suggest that some tribal members refuse to sign the petition
because they dislike Louis Pipestone

6
Question 6
In Ojibwe, an Indigenous language from the Great Lakes region of what
are now the United States and Canada, wăsa means “far,” whereas
wa-wăsa means “far apart.” This phenomenon, in which an element of a
root word is repeated, sometimes with modification, within another word
that is related to the root word, is called reduplication. In this case, the
element “wă” in wăsa gets repeated in wa-wăsa. There are many
examples of this type of reduplication in Ojibwe.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in

the text as a whole?
A. It contrasts the language discussed in the text with other languages.
B. It provides a general definition of the phenomenon discussed in the
text.
C. It explains where the language discussed in the text is from.
D. It provides English translations of the Ojibwe words discussed in the
text.

7
Question 7
Microplastics are tiny pieces of plastic waste. Areas of the ocean with
higher concentrations of microplastic particles also have smaller and
fewer waves. A study by Yukun Sun and colleagues found that the
concentration of microplastic particles cannot be the only reason for this
reduced wave activity because the concentration of particles that would
have the observed effect is much higher than that found in these areas of
the ocean. However, they found that surfactants, chemicals often used to
manufacture plastics, are released into the water from microplastics and
have a much stronger wave-reducing effect.

According to the text, what did Sun and colleagues discover about
surfactants?
A. They are mainly composed of water.
B. They are helpful for removing microplastics from the ocean.
C. They have a much stronger effect on wave activity than microplastics
alone do.
D. They can be used to contain microplastics within certain areas of the
ocean.

8
Question 8
Artificial leaves are a developing renewable energy technology that
mimics the process of photosynthesis in plants. These devices are
silicon-based solar cells coated in chemical catalysts that activate
reactions that split water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen gas. The
technology, while generating lots of interest, is not yet commercially
viable as a large-scale energy source. To meet this challenge, scientists
from many fields are researching ways to store, transport, and distribute
the energy the devices produce while other scientists are working to
improve the cost and efficiency of the devices.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Artificial leaves were developed to mimic the natural process of
photosynthesis in plants in order to store energy for long-term
commercial use.
B. Continued research and development in artificial-leaf technology is
needed before the devices can be widely used as an energy source.
C. Artificial leaves split water molecules into oxygen and hydrogen gas
using catalysts more efficiently than plants do using the process of
photosynthesis.
D. The recent increase in the commercial use of artificial leaves as an
energy source has encouraged many scientists to research ways to
improve the technology.

9
Question 9
Total Areas of Five Tribal Nations around the United States
Area
Tribal nation Location
(square miles)
Choctaw Nation Oklahoma 10,864
Hopi Tribe Arizona 2,533
Tohono O’odham Nation Arizona 4,453
Nez Perce Tribe Idaho 1,204
Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe South Dakota 4,419

A citizen of the Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe is a student in a geography

class. The student wants to compare the total area covered by his tribal
nation in South Dakota with the total areas covered by certain tribal
nations in other states. Looking at the table, he finds that the area of the
Cheyenne River Sioux Tribe is 4,419 square miles, while the area of the
Nez Perce Tribe in Idaho is _______

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
comparison?
A. 10,864 square miles.
B. 1,204 square miles.
C. 2,533 square miles.
D. 4,453 square miles.

10
Question 10
Numbers of the 23 Non-native Tree Species Reported
and the Insect and Fungus Threats to Them

Country Trees Fungi Insects

Finland 6 13 28

Poland 10 25 105

Austria 13 51 50

Elisabeth Pötzelsberger and colleagues gathered data on 23 non-native

tree species grown in Europe. They analyzed reports from Poland, Austria,
and Finland about the number of these species grown in those countries
as well as the numbers of insect and fungus species that damage those
trees. The researchers concluded that Poland reported a greater number of
damaging insect species than either of the other countries did.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support
Pötzelsberger and colleagues’ conclusion?
A. Austria reported 51 damaging fungus species and 50 damaging insect
species, while both Poland and Finland reported more insect species than
fungus species.
B. Austria reported 51 damaging fungus species, which is more than
either Poland or Finland reported.
C. Austria and Finland reported 13 and 6 damaging insect species,
respectively, which is far fewer than Poland reported.
D. Poland reported 105 damaging insect species, which is more than
either Austria or Finland reported.

11
Question 11
Ranking of Environmental and Sociocultural Benefits
of Urban Agriculture (scale of 1 to 25; 1 = highest)
Project General
Social or ecological service Stakeholders
leaders public
improvement of
17 12 10
community building
improvement of urban
aesthetics and art 8 4 6
inspiration
enhancement of pollination 1 7 12
provision of food 4 15 8
provision of
22 21 5
medicinal plants

Esther Sanyé-Mengual, Kathrin Specht, and their team surveyed three

groups of people in Bologna, Italy—leaders of urban agriculture projects,
stakeholders in urban agriculture (e.g., food researchers and urban
farming associations), and the general public—to compare their views
about the extent to which urban agriculture contributes to 25 social or
ecological services that the team identified. The researchers used these
ratings to rank the services for each group, with a ranking of 1 indicating
that a group perceives that urban agriculture benefits that service the most.
Using only the rankings shown in the table, a city planner in Bologna
who is promoting a new urban agriculture project concludes that
advertisements aimed at the general public should emphasize the project’s
benefit to the provision of medicinal plants.

12
Which choice best describes data in the table that support the city
planner’s conclusion?
A. The provision of medicinal plants was ranked higher for the general
public than were the other four services.
B. The provision of medicinal plants was ranked higher for stakeholders
than it was for the general public.
C. The enhancement of pollination was ranked higher for the general
public than was the provision of medicinal plants.
D. The improvement of urban aesthetics and art inspiration was ranked
lower for the general public than it was for project leaders.

13
Question 12
Veronica L. Bura, Akito Y. Kawahara, and Jayne E. Yack investigated the
evolution and function of sound production in silk moth and hawk moth
caterpillars. They found that during harmless simulated attacks on
isolated caterpillars, 33% of the tested species produced sound, which
ranged from clicks in Actias luna to whistles in Phyllosphingia dissimilis.
Although some insects use sound to communicate with members of the
same species, the researchers claim that the caterpillar sounds recorded in
their study are directed primarily at predators.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support Bura and colleagues’
claim?
A. In most cases, the sound that a caterpillar species produced during
simulated attacks was not produced by other caterpillar species during
simulated attacks.
B. Caterpillar clicks were emitted in a frequency detectable by birds that
prey on caterpillars, but caterpillar whistles were not.
C. Each caterpillar species tended to produce one sound during
simulated attacks, although individuals occasionally made a variety of
other sounds during simulated attacks as well.
D. None of the species that emitted sounds did so before the simulated
attacks, and nearly all stopped emitting sounds within ten seconds after
the attacks.

14
Question 13
Over 600 languages are spoken in New York City in addition to
English—one can find Acehnese spoken in the neighborhood of Astoria,
or Greek in Auburndale. Many immigrants from north China, where
Mandarin is the primary language, reside in the neighborhood of Flushing
(part of New York City’s borough of Queens), while those who emigrated
from south China, where many people speak Cantonese or Fuzhounese as
a first language, tend to reside in Chinatown, in the borough of Manhattan.
Among speakers of Chinese languages, those in Flushing tend to speak
Mandarin as their primary language while those in Chinatown tend to
speak Cantonese or Fuzhounese as their primary language. This is most
likely because _______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. taken together, there are more Cantonese and Fuzhounese speakers
among Chinese immigrants in New York City than there are Mandarin
speakers.
B. Chinese immigrants regularly change their residences between
Queens and Manhattan after they emigrate, rather than staying in one
borough.
C. Chinese immigrants who emigrated to New York City many years ago
are more likely to speak several Chinese languages than are more recent
Chinese immigrants.
D. there are geographic differences in primary language within China
that are reflected in the settlement patterns of Chinese immigrants in New
York City.

15
Question 14
Arthurian legends (tales related to the character of King Arthur) derive
from many sources, such as Englynion y Beddau, composed between the
9th and 10th centuries, and Sir Gawain and the Green Knight from the
1300s. One of the most significant sources, Geoffrey of Monmouth’s
History of the Kings of Britain, was written in Latin in the 1130s; some
material from it was later adapted by the Norman poet Wace into the
Roman de Brut in 1155. But while no source before 1155 includes
references to the famous Round Table at which Arthur’s knights
assembled, both the Roman de Brut and Sir Thomas Malory’s
15th-century compilation of Arthurian legends, Le Morte d’Arthur, do. It
can therefore be inferred that ________

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. Malory did not use Englynion y Beddau as a source for information he
presented about the Round Table.
B. Geoffrey of Monmouth’s accounts of Arthurian legends in his History
are more similar overall in content to the accounts in Sir Gawain and the
Green Knight than they are to the accounts in Roman de Brut.
C. Geoffrey of Monmouth was unaware of stories of the Round Table
when composing his History, though historians know that works
containing such stories were available to him.
D. Le Morte d’Arthur is more historically accurate than History. because
Sir Gawain and the Green Knight had not been written when Geoffrey of
Monmouth was writing his work.

16
Question 15
While other even-toed ungulate species, such as the water buffalo
(Bubalus bubalis), are among the most populous animal species on earth,
the Przewalski’s gazelle (Procapra przewalskii) has a total population
between 700 and 800 ______ one of the criteria required for a species to
be considered endangered.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. individuals; fulfilling
B. individuals: fulfilling
C. individuals. Fulfilling
D. individuals, fulfilling

Question 16
William Clark’s image was printed on $10 US banknotes in 1901, making
the famed explorer and former governor one of many nonpresidents
_______ on US currency.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. had appeared
B. did appear
C. appears
D. to appear

17
Question 17
Many experts, like lawyer and cycling advocate Ernesto
Hernandez-Lopez, have proposed bike travel as one possible way to
alleviate congestion on the busy roadways of Los Angeles County,
California. Indeed, local bicycle paths like the Palos Verdes Drive bicycle
______ have become an increasingly popular means of travel for
commuter and recreational trips alike.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. path, which is about 0.8 miles long
B. path which is about 0.8 miles long—
C. path, which is about 0.8 miles long,
D. path: which is about 0.8 miles long.

Question 18
Virginia, ______ 5,729 feet in elevation, reaches its highest point at
Mount Rogers.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. spanned
B. spanning
C. spans
D. span

18
Question 19
While the greater adjutant can be found in places like the Inner Gulf of
Thailand and Manchar Lake in Pakistan, more than 80 percent of this
endangered stork species is found in Assam, India. There, wildlife
biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman is on the front lines of conservation
efforts _______ through community involvement and scientific study,
aim to bring adjutants back from near extinction.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. that:
B. that;
C. that,
D. that—

19
Question 20
In knot theory (the mathematical study of curved, closed loops), knots are
characterized by their crossing numbers—that is, the number of times the
knotted thread crosses over itself. The trefoil knot and the figure-eight
knot, each with a crossing number below five, _______ among the
simplest possible knots with the fewest number of crossings.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. is
B. are
C. has been
D. was

Question 21
At 3,033 years old, CMC 3, a giant sequoia (Sequoiadendron giganteum)
located in the United States, was one of the oldest known trees in the
world. With over three millennia of climate data in its tree rings, a single
tree like this, claims ______ Valerie Trouet, can tell the history of the
world.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. dendrochronologist—
B. dendrochronologist,
C. dendrochronologist:
D. dendrochronologist

20
Question 22
Space scientist Allison Barto is excited about the potential of the new
James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). Unlike its predecessor, the Hubble
Telescope, the JWST is primarily an infrared telescope. Most light from
distant galaxies is infrared; ______ the JWST can provide Barto and her
team much more information about these galaxies than the Hubble could.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. consequently,
B. additionally,
C. in contrast,
D. actually,

Question 23
During many historic New York City parades, including the 1924
ticker-tape parade for US Olympic champions, the ribbonlike swirls
descending on the scene were paper spools from “tickers,” telegraph
machines that were used to transmit stock prices. _____ the tickers had
long since been retired by the time of the parade for the New York
Rangers in 1994. Then, shredded standard paper enriched the celebration.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. For example,
B. Of course,
C. As a result,
D. In addition,

21
Question 24
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Birds of Northern South America is an identification guidebook by
ornithologists Robin Restall, Clemencia Rodner, and Miguel Lentino.
 It lists the thirty-five hummingbird species found in Suriname.
 The horned sungem is a medium-sized hummingbird found in
Suriname.
 It is identifiable by its distinctive multicolored, tufted crown and its
short, black, straight bill.
 The ruby-topaz hummingbird is a small hummingbird found in
Suriname.
 It is identifiable by its crimson crown and its short, black, curved bill.

Which choice most effectively uses information from to emphasize a

difference between the two birds?
A. The horned sungem and the ruby-topaz hummingbird are two of the
thirty-five different hummingbird species found in Suriname.
B. One way to distinguish the horned sungem from the ruby-topaz
hummingbird is to look at their bills: the horned sungem’s is straight,
whereas the ruby-topaz hummingbird’s is curved.
C. The ruby-topaz hummingbird is a small hummingbird identifiable by
its crimson crown and its short, black, curved bill.
D. Identifiable by its short, black, straight bill and its distinctive
multicolored, tufted crown, the horned sungem is a medium-sized
hummingbird found in Suriname.

22
Question 25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The French Republican calendar replaced the Gregorian calendar in
France from 1793 to 1805.
 Both calendars are divided into twelve months.
 The timelines for the months don’t match.
 The third month of the French Republican calendar, Frimaire, begins
during November, the eleventh month of the Gregorian calendar.
 The tenth month of the French Republican calendar, Messidor, begins
during June, the sixth month of the Gregorian calendar.

The student wants to emphasize a difference between Republican and

Gregorian calendars. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. The timelines for the months of the two calendars don’t match; for
example, the third month of the French Republican calendar begins
during the eleventh month of the Gregorian calendar.
B. Used in France from 1793 to 1805, the French Republican calendar
includes the months of Frimaire and Messidor (the third and tenth months
of the year).
C. The eleventh and sixth months of the Gregorian calendar are
November and June, respectively.
D. The French Republican calendar, which replaced the Gregorian
calendar in France from 1793 to 1805, has twelve months, including the
months of Frimaire and Messidor.

23
Question 26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 The Mohs scale of mineral hardness is a ten-point scale that orders
minerals by hardness based on their ability to scratch other minerals.
 Minerals with larger numbers are harder than minerals with smaller
numbers and can leave visible scratches on them.
 Minerals with smaller numbers are softer than minerals with larger
numbers and cannot leave visible scratches on them.
 The mineral talc has a Mohs scale number of 1.
 The mineral calcite has a Mohs scale number of 3.
 The mineral quartz has a Mohs scale number of 7.

The student wants to compare the hardness of the three minerals. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?
A. A mineral with a Mohs number of 7, like quartz, is harder than one
with a Mohs number of 3, like calcite.
B. The Mohs scale of mineral hardness can be used to order calcite, talc,
and quartz by their ability to scratch other minerals.
C. Quartz can leave visible scratches on talc, which is why quartz has a
higher number than talc on the Mohs scale of mineral hardness.
D. Based on their Mohs scale numbers, quartz (7) is harder than calcite
(3), and calcite is harder than talc (1).

24
Question 27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Ynes Mexia was a Mexican American botanist.
 Between 1917 and 1938, she collected over 150,000 botanical
samples throughout the Americas.
 She collected a sample of Heterocondylus alatus in Minas Gerais,
Brazil, on October 10, 1930.
 She collected a sample of Brickellia diffusa in Jalisco, Mexico, on
November 23, 1926.
 These specimens are part of the Asteraceae family.
 They can now be viewed online at the C.V. Starr Virtual Herbarium.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences
to begin a narration of Mexia’s collection of Heterocondylus alatus?
A. It was on October 10, 1930, in the state of Minas Gerais, that Ynés
Mexia added a new specimen to her growing collection of botanical
samples: Heterocondylus alatus of the Asteraceae family.
B. While both specimens collected by Ynés Mexia are members of the
Asteraceae family, Heterocondylus alatus was collected in Minas Gerais,
Brazil, and Brickellia diffusa was collected in Jalisco, Mexico.
C. Thousands of botanical samples collected from across the Americas
by Ynés Mexia can now be found in one place: online at the C.V. Starr
Virtual Herbarium.
D. Ynés Mexia collected a sample of Heterocondylus alatus in October
of 1930 and Brickellia diffusa in November of 1926.

25
 PART 2

Easier mode

26
Question 1
The way in which individual elements are balanced within a photographic
image tends to affect how viewers perceive it: symmetry tends to give the
elements equal importance, asymmetry emphasizes differences, and radial
balance (organizing the elements around a central point) emphasizes the
center over the periphery. What a photograph conveys is therefore largely
______ how is balanced.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. reserved for
B. inhabited by
C. contingent on
D. obligated to

Question 2
Stars form in cloudlike swirls of gas and dust that cannot be touched, but
astrophysicist Nia Imara believes these formations need not remain
completely _____ to researchers: she uses simulation data and
sophisticated 3D printers to produce interactive models of these stellar
nurseries.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. regrettable
B. explicable
C. intangible
D. repeatable

27
Question 3
Categorical claims about the original function and significance of the
Urfa Man—a statue of a human figure found in what is now Turkey and
dating from around 11,000 years ago—should be treated ______. We
simply do not know enough about the people of the time to say with
certainty what the statue meant to them.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. indulgently
B. skeptically
C. reverentially
D. individually

28
Question 4
Often, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry is given to a single person, such as
Irving Langmuir in 1932. But scientists recognized with a Nobel Prize do
not often conduct their work in ______ the scientific community. Instead,
success in fields like chemistry is usually achieved through direct
cooperation with other experts, as was the case for George Smith, who
was among those awarded for “the phage display of peptides and
antibodies.”

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. isolation from
B. deference to
C. collaboration with
D. competition with

29
Question 5
The following text is from Jose Rizal’s 1891 novel The Reign of Greed
(translated by Charles Derbyshire in 1912).

A lady accompanied by her husband entered at that moment and took her
place in one of the two vacant boxes. She had the air of a queen and
gazed disdainfully at the whole house, as if to say, “I’ve come later than
all of you, you crowd of upstarts and provincials, I’ve come later than
you!” There are persons who go to the theater like the contestants in a
mule-race: the last one in, wins, and we know very sensible men who
would ascend the scaffold rather than enter a theater before the first act.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in

the text as a whole?
A. It illustrates the lady’s contemptuous attitude toward the other people
in the theater.
B. It helps explain why some people are especially perceptive of the
social dynamics at theaters.
C. It emphasizes a character’s dedication to her career.
D. It conveys the urgency some theater patrons feel to be the first ones to
arrive at a performance.

30
Question 6
The following text is from Armando Palacio Valdes’s short story “The
Love of Clotilde,” originally published in Spanish in 1884. In the story,
Don Jerónimo is a financial supporter of artists in the theater.

Any youth from the provinces who arrived in Madrid with a drama in his
pocket could take no surer road to seeing it produced than that which led
to the home of Don Jerónimo. One and all, he received them with open
arms, the good and the bad alike. There is no denying that, since he was
rather brusque in his ways, he never spared the young authors who asked
his advice and read him their productions, but criticized vigorously, even
to the verge of insult.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the
text as a whole?
A. It conveys Don Jerónimo’s lack of interest in continuing to support
playwrights.
B. It explains Don Jerónimo’s view of the quality of theatrical works of
the time.
C. It creates a contrast between the talent of a young playwright and that
of Don Jerónimo.
D. It emphasizes the degree to which Don Jerónimo’s support is
consequential for inexperienced playwrights.

31
Question 7
The Congress of Vienna, held from 1814 to 1815, aimed to restore
Europe’s balance of power after the French Revolution and Napoleonic
Wars. It was noteworthy for its diplomatic approach, which prioritized
negotiation and consensus-building over military force. The Congress
reestablished the pre-Napoleonic order by restoring monarchies and
redrawing national borders. This reconfiguration of power sought to
maintain long-term stability and prevent future conflicts in Europe.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A) To emphasize the role of individual diplomats in shaping the decisions
made at the Congress of Vienna
B) To discuss the various military strategies employed during the
Congress of Vienna to achieve lasting peace in Europe
C) To describe the Congress of Vienna’s objectives and its diplomatic
approach in restoring Europe’s balance of power
D) To analyze the long-term consequences of the Congress of Vienna on
European political ideologies

32
Question 8
A contraction of “you all,” the pronoun “y’all” has long been used as a
plural version of “you” in the South, and Black communities in the US
have begun to use “y’all.” What explains its rise in popularity? Many
varieties of English have no pronoun that specifically addresses more that
one person and instead must use “you” to address both one person and
more than one person and instead must use “you” to address both one
person and more than one. But “y’all” always refers to two or more
people. As a result, it conveys the speaker’s meaning more precisely that
“you” can.

Which question does the text most directly attempt to answer?

A. How many other plural versions of the pronoun “you” are there in
English besides “y’all”?
B. When was the first recorded use of the pronoun ‘‘y’all” in the English
language?
C. Is ‘‘y’all” commonly used in English-speaking regions of the world
besides the US?
D. Why has the pronoun “y’all” become more widely used in the US?

33
Question 9
Many people use the trademark “Kleenex” to refer generally to facial
tissue rather than specifically to products made by Kimberly-Clark, the
company that owns the trademark. As legal experts note, this may pose a
problem for Kimberly-Clark. In the US, courts can cancel a trademark if
they decide that its meaning is no longer specific to the trademark
owner’s products. If “Kleenex” were judged to have become a generic
term, as “cellophane” was, other companies would be free to use it to
promote similar products, making it harder for Kimberly-Clark to stand
out from competitors.

According to the text, what is true about the term “cellophane”?

A. It is the subject of great debate among legal experts.
B. It once referred to a specific product made by a particular company.
C. It has recently become surprisingly popular for unknown reasons.
D. It was never intended by its creator to be used as a trademark.

34
Question 10
The SCAD Museum of Art in Savannah, Georgia, has around 4,500
works of art. Digital images of hundreds of those works have been put
online through the museum’s website and the Google Arts & Culture
project. One of the images is of The Card Game, a painting by Jacob
Lawrence. In a paper, a student claims that putting a work from the
museum online increases the number of people who experience that
work.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the underlined claim?
A. Many people who have been to Savannah say that the SCAD Museum
of Art is worth visiting.
B. Each year, more people access the online image of The Card Game
than visit the SCAD Museum of Art in person.
C. The SCAD Museum of Art has several works by Jacob Lawrence.
D. The Card Game has been praised by some art critics.

35
Question 11
Neighboring Species and Target Species in Various Locations

Neighboring species Target species Location

sticky catchfly common cow-wheat Sweden

Bermuda buttercup white rocket Spain

Virginia spring beauty star chickweed United States

In a study of interactions between plants, researchers Carolina Laura

Morales and Anna Traveset gathered data about flowering plants growing
alongside each other in various locations. In each case, the researchers
identified one plant as a “target species” and a nearby plant as a
“neighboring species.” An example of a neighboring species is the sticky
catchfly, which grows alongside the common cow-wheat in ________

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?
A. Spain.
B. the United States.
C. Bermuda.
D. Sweden.

36
Question 12

It is common for freshwater lakes near or above a latitude of 45° north of

the equator, like Opeongo Lake in Canada, to accumulate surface ice in
winter. The amount and duration of ice depends on many factors,
including local weather conditions as well as the lake’s depth, volume,
and surface area, but a climate researcher claims that some lakes in these
latitudes have seen a decline in the duration of ice between the early
1980s and the mid- 2000s. She cites as a typical example ________

37
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the
researcher’s example?
A. both Lake Neusiedl and Oulujärvi, which had fewer than 195 days of
ice in the winter of 1980-81.
B. Oulujärvi, which had fewer days of ice in the winter of 2005-06 than
it did in the winter of 1980-81.
C. Lake Neusiedl, which had more days of ice in the winter of 2005-06
than it did in the winter of 1980-81.
D. both Lake Neusiedl and Oulujärvi, which had more than 100 days of
ice in the winter of 2005-06.

38
Question 13

Urban agriculture is the practice of growing plant- or animal-based

products in urban settings such as community gardens and rooftop farms.
Esther Sanye-Mengual, Kathrin Specht, and their team surveyed three
groups of people in Bologna, Italy—leaders of urban agriculture projects
(project leaders), stakeholders in urban agriculture, and the general
public—on how much they believed urban agriculture contributes to
various social or ecological services, including increasing global
biodiversity, preventing soil erosion, and providing food. According to
the survey results, urban agriculture was seen as contributing more to
______

39
Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the
assertion?
A. increasing global biodiversity than to offering educational
opportunities.
B. providing food than to preventing soil erosion.
C. providing food than to providing tourist attractions.
D. preventing soil erosion than to providing food.

40
Question 14
All stainless steel contains varying amounts of iron, carbon, and
corrosion-inhibiting chromium. However, ferritic stainless steel, often
used for induction cookers, contains a higher percentage of chromium (at
least 10.5%) than does austenitic stainless steel and a higher
concentration of iron, which is responsible for its magnetic properties.
Unlike ferritic stainless steel, austenitic stainless steel has a face-centered
cubic crystalline structure resulting from the addition of nickel to the
alloy. Austenitic stainless steel has two subtypes: the 300 series, often
used for storage containers, and the 200 series, which has less nickel and
more nitrogen than the 300 series and is used for home water tanks. Thus,
stainless steel used to manufacture storage containers will have ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. similar magnetic properties to stainless steel used to manufacture
induction cookers.
B. a lower percentage of nickel in its composition than stainless steel
used to manufacture induction cookers will.
C. a face-centered cubic crystalline structure, while stainless steel used
to manufacture induction cookers will not.
D. a concentration of nitrogen greater than 10.5%, while stainless steel
used to manufacture home water tanks will not.

41
Question 15
An upcoming exhibition will showcase Vincent van Gogh’s drawing
Snowy Landscape with Stooping Woman, which Van Gogh ______ in the
city of Nuenen nearly 150 years ago.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. is completing
B. will complete
C. completed
D. has been completing

Question 16
While the greater adjutant can be found in places like the Chao Phraya
River in Thailand and the Teknaf Game Reserve in Bangladesh, more
than 80 percent of this endangered stork species is found in Assam, India.
There, wildlife biologist Dr. Purnima Devi Barman is on the front lines of
conservation efforts that—through community involvement and scientific
______ aim to bring adjutants back from near extinction.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. study
B. study,
C. study:
D. study—

42
Question 17
In 1987, chemist Ahmed Zewail devised a novel technique in optical
spectroscopy that allowed him to study ultrafast chemical reactions
occurring within molecules. Years later, he _______ for this
groundbreaking research with the Wolf Prize in Chemistry and the Robert
A. Welch Award and hence would become known as the father of
femtochemistry.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. is honored
B. would be honored
C. will be honored
D. had been honored

Question 18
Navajo artist Sally Black’s mastery of traditional weaving techniques is
apparent in her expertly crafted baskets, which typically are woven from
sumac (a textured and flexible material) and _______ bold colors.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. had featured
B. were featuring
C. featured
D. feature

43
Question 19
Solarpunk is an art movement that imagines renewable energy-powered
technology infused complementarily into nature. In Paolo Bacigalupi’s
solarpunk short story “Efficiency,” an artificial intelligence that absorbs
sustainable energies, redistributing them through intricate networks of
weights and generators, ______ Chicago’s energy grid.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. powers
B. are powering
C. power
D. have been powering

Question 20
In Los Angeles County, California, bicycle paths such as the Legg Lake
bicycle path—which is 2.2 miles long — have become an increasingly
popular means of travel. Moreover, lawyer and cycling _______ has
identified several features of the Los Angeles landscape, like its
temperate climate and mostly flat roads, that make the city naturally
bike-friendly.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. advocate, Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez,
B. advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez,
C. advocate, Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez
D. advocate Ernesto Hernandez-Lopez

44
Question 21
Within Earth’s biomes, there are four main types of desert: arid, semiarid,
coastal, and cold. The Kyzylkum Desert in central Asia is a semiarid
desert, for _____ a total area of about 300,000 km2, it is also one of the
largest deserts of any type.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. example with
B. example and with
C. example, with
D. example. With

Question 22
The first documented use of the English word “humiliation” is attributed
to poet Geoffrey Chaucer’s 1386 work “The Parson’s Tale.” However,
Chaucer didn’t write in Modern English; ______ he wrote in what we
now call Middle English, which was commonly used during the period.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. for this reason,
B. instead,
C. furthermore,
D. likewise,

45
Question 23
Courses on African American history can be found at colleges and
universities across the US. For example, historian Jeanne Theoharis
teaches courses at Brooklyn College about the Civil Rights and Black
Power movements. _______ at Virginia Tech University, historian Paula
Marie Seniors teaches courses about Africana studies.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. In other words,
B. Thus,
C. In particular,
D. Elsewhere,

Question 24
The Coastal Futures Conservatory in Virginia is known for creating aural
representations of ecological data. One such effort combines underwater
audio recorded in seagrass beds with data that track rising carbon levels
in the seagrass. As carbon levels increase, the audio is correspondingly
distorted; _______ listeners can “hear” the changes in the carbon levels.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. by comparison,
B. thus,
C. for instance,
D. furthermore,

46
Question 25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In a 2021 study, researchers showed participants an unaltered image
of a popular character or logo alongside two slightly altered versions.
 The Bic logo contains a cartoon man holding a pen.
 In the first alteration, the man was holding a pencil.
 In the second alteration, the man was holding nothing.
 Participants were asked to identify the correct version.
 65.3% of participants selected the unaltered image.

The student wants to present a finding from the study. Which choice most
effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. When participants were asked to identify the correct version of the
Bic logo, 65.3% selected the unaltered image.
B. Participants were asked to identify the correct version of the Bic logo,
which contains a cartoon man holding a pen.
C. The Bic logo contains a cartoon man holding a pen, but in one of the
altered versions, the man was holding a pencil.
D. In a 2021 study, researchers asked participants to identify the correct
version of the Bic logo.

47
Question 26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Cinematographers work with cameras and lighting.
 They help translate film directors’ ideas into visual images.
 Solo: A Star Wars Story (2018) was directed by Ron Howard.
 Bradford Young was the film’s cinematographer.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences
to provide an example of a film Young worked on?
A. In filmmaking, directors work with others to translate their ideas into
the visual images that we encounter on the screen.
B. Cinematographer Bradford Young and director Ron Howard have
worked together.
C. One example of Bradford Young’s work as a cinematographer is the
2018 film Solo: A Star Wars Story.
D. As a cinematographer, Bradford Young works with cameras and
lighting to translate the film director’s ideas into visual images.

48
Question 27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Trans-Siberian Orchestra (TSO) is a band from the United States that
was created in 1996.
 The band’s sound combines the genres of hard rock and classical
music, with an epic assembly of nearly fifty musicians that includes over
a dozen singers.
 Musicians are regularly invited to perform with TSO on tour.
 Electric violinist Mark Wood toured with TSO from 1999 to 2008.
 Guitarist Bill Hudson toured with TSO in 2015.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences
to emphasize the role Mark Wood played when performing with TSO?
A. Musicians Mark Wood and Bill Hudson both toured with the
genre-bending band TSO.
B. It was from 1999 to 2008 that electric violinist Mark Wood performed
with TSO.
C. From electric violinist Mark Wood to guitarist Bill Hudson, musicians
of all backgrounds have taken the opportunity to perform with TSO.
D. From 1999 to 2008, Mark Wood performed with TSO as a touring
electric violinist.

49
 PART 3

Harder mode

50
Question 1
Economist Jingting Fan argues that the effects of international trade may
display spatial variation at sub-national levels. For instance, imported
goods may reduce expenses for a country’s average consumer, but for
consumers living far from ports, high intranational transport costs could
_____ the price advantages associated with imports.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. misconstrue
B. underestimate
C. nullify
D. denigrate

Question 2
As discussed by scholar Anna Mladentseva, many artworks produced in
the mid-1990s to the early 2000s exclusively for exhibition on the
internet, such as Sinae Kim’s Genesis (2001), have become inaccessible
because viewing them requires the use of _______ software (most
notably Adobe Flash, discontinued in 2021).

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. extraneous
B. arcane
C. defunct
D. ubiquitous

51
Question 3
Proposals to raise the age at which retirees begin receiving government
transfers of funds are generally discussed in terms of the effects on
transfer recipients, but Andria Smythe has argued that delaying such
distribution of funds lengthens wealth creation among working adults so
the earnings could ______ those spent in the period in which they are
providing financial support to their nonworking parents.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. disparage
B. compound
C. outstrip
D. stymie

52
Question 4
In the 2010s, the price of vintage He-Man action figures rose dramatically,
which had the counterintuitive effect of _______ demand: buyers who
hadn’t previously wanted to purchase old action figures thronged the
market, believing prices would continue to rise and the toys could be
resold later at a profit.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word
or phrase?
A. exploiting
B. appraising
C. engendering
D. monetizing

53
Question 5
In 2015, Filipa Faleiro and colleagues published a study concluding that
ocean acidification has a strong effect on the behavior of Hippocampus
guttulatus, a species of fish. However, Faleiro and colleagues’ study
relied on a mean sample size of only 6 fish. In a 2022 review of various
scientists’ conclusions about the impacts of ocean acidification on fish
behavior, Jeff C. Clements and colleagues caution that relying on such a
relatively small sample size can increase the potential for biased analysis.
Such analysis, in turn, can contribute to reports of exaggerated effects.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of the text?

A. It presents the result of a study, then raises a potential concern related
to that result.
B. It summarizes a problem that scientists are investigating, then
provides a possible solution to that problem.
C. It states a similarity between two scientific studies, then notes a
difference between them.
D. It describes a characteristic of a fish species, then explains why that
characteristic is noteworthy.

54
Question 6
Researchers César A. Hidalgo, Elisa Castañer, and Andres Sevtsuk
created a computer model to predict the mix of movie theaters, gyms, and
other businesses found in a given neighborhood. How we define a
neighborhood and its boundaries is subjective, so the team used a
clustering algorithm to locate dense groupings of amenities that represent
human-identified neighborhoods like Boston’s Harvard Square. The
predictive model, which incorporates this algorithm, is sure to be
invaluable in determining the optimal mix of a city’s amenities.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in

the text as a whole?
A. It praises an algorithm’s accuracy in identifying neighborhood
boundaries.
B. It emphasizes the potential utility of the team’s model.
C. It suggests a difficulty associated with analyzing neighborhoods that
the research team attempted to overcome.
D. It summarizes trends in recent urban development in Boston.

55
Question 7
Yingguang Frank Chan and colleagues have explored how convergent
evolution—a phenomenon that occurs when the same trait evolves
independently in two reproductively separate lineages—can result from a
genetic mechanism shared by both lineages. Meanwhile, Patricia J.
Wittkopp and colleagues have investigated how convergence occurs
through different genetic mechanisms, but the relative prevalence of
convergence through shared and different genetic processes is still poorly
understood. This motivated biologists Delbert A. Green II and Cassandra
G. Extavour to evaluate both types of convergence in a single study for
their 2012 paper.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. To summarize Green and Extavour’s criticism of the study by Chan
and colleagues
B. To suggest that Green and Extavour’s conclusions would be more
persuasive if they incorporated findings from the studies by Chan and
colleagues and Wittkopp and colleagues
C. To situate Green and Extavour’s study in the context of their field
D. To argue that Green and Extavour’s study revealed a previously
unrecognized issue that evolutionary biologists need to address

56
Question 8

Text 1
Scholarship today overrepresents experimentally fragmented narrative
structures, such as that of Jean Toomer’s Cane, beyond the degree to
which they actually influenced fiction in the United States during the
modernist period (roughly 1900-1945). Meanwhile, Ellen Glasgow’s
Barren Ground, whose coherent, linear narrative structure recalls the
fiction of previous centuries, attracts woefully little attention from
scholars of modernism.

Text 2
Distant reading, or computer-assisted quantitative analysis of massive
collections of digitized texts, can reveal stylistic elements that have
heretofore escaped notice, despite being shared by numerous texts from
the modernist period. For too long, scholars have focused on narrative
fragmentation versus coherence, inhibiting inquiry into other points of
stylistic correspondence among works that would enrich our
understanding of the modernist canon.

57
Based on the texts, both the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2
would most likely agree with which statement about scholarship on the
modernist period in the United States?
A. At present, it only partially captures the stylistic dimensions of the
fiction written in the period.
B. Its primary methods for analyzing fiction written in the period are
growing obsolete as computer technology advances.
C. Instead of engaging in unproductive debates, it should work to
rehabilitate the reputations of neglected modernist works.
D. It must widen its focus to include aspects of modernist fiction beyond
style, a productive but overrepresented site of inquiry.

58
Question 9
Why do some people with high incomes vote for politicians supporting
higher taxes on those with high incomes like themselves? Economists
Benjamin Enke et al. propose that values are a luxury good: that is, the
higher one’s income, the more weight one has the liberty to assign to
one’s values when voting. Thus, Enke et al. suggest that although the
behavior of high-income earners who advocate for higher taxes may seem
counterintuitive, such people likely do so because they feel enabled by
their economic security to take a stance they think is morally correct.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. A group of economists asserts that people with relatively high
incomes are consequently enabled to take certain considerations into
account when voting.
B. According to a group of economists, politicians who support higher
taxes on those with high incomes must convince a sufficient number of
people with such incomes to vote against their material interest if the
politicians are to be elected.
C. A team of economists finds that people who vote for higher taxes on
those with high incomes are likely to think their moral values coincide
with their material interests.
D. According to a team of economists, the higher a voter’s income, the
more likely that voter’s values are to conflict with their material interests.

59
Question 10
There Is Confusion is a 1924 novel by Jessie Redmon Fauset. In the novel,
the narrator portrays the character Joanna as someone who admires
ambition in other people to the exclusion of all other qualities: ______

Which quotation from There Is Confusion most effectively illustrates the

claim?
A. “Joanna was mightily interested in people who had a ‘purpose’ in life.
Otherwise not at all.”
B. “Joanna was like her father not only so far as ambition was concerned
but also in her willingness to work.”
C. “She had a good sense of logic, a strong power of concentration, and
a remarkably retentive and visualizing memory.”
D. “Indeed from the very beginning Joanna showed her preference for
her father.”

60
Question 11
Some herbicides contain copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs), which
can leach into waterways and soils via wastewater. In a 2012 study,
Chengfang Pang and colleagues found that CuO-NPs can accumulate in
the bodies of New Zealand mud snails (Potamopyrgus antipodarum).
While bioaccumulation of manufactured nanoparticles may be inherently
worrisome, it has been hypothesized that CuO-NP bioaccumulation in
invertebrates like P. antipodarum could serve a valuable proxy role,
obviating the need for manufacturers to conduct costly and intrusive
sampling of vertebrate species—such as African clawed frogs (Xenopus
laevis), commonly used in regulatory compliance testing—for
nanoparticle bioaccumulation, as environmental protection laws currently
require.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the hypothesis

presented in the text?
A. Compared with X. laevis, P. antipodarum can tolerate significantly
higher CuO-NP concentrations without displaying any negative effects.
B. It is easier to detect low and harmless concentrations of CuO-NPs in P.
antipodarum than it is to detect high and harmful concentrations of
CuO-NPs in X. laevis.
C. CuO-NP concentrations in P. antipodarum tend to vary more from
individual to individual than do CuO-NP concentrations in X. laevis when
the species are exposed to similar levels of CuO-NPs.
D. In comparable environments, P. antipodarum and X. laevis display
comparable rates of CuO-NP uptake.

61
Question 12
Neurobiologists Laura Cuaya, Raul Hernandez-Perez, and colleagues
investigated the language detection abilities of eighteen dogs of various
ages. The researchers monitored the brain activity of Odin (a
54-month-old border collie), Bingo (a 37-month-old mixed breed), and
other dogs while the animals listened to three recordings: one of The
Little Prince being read in Spanish, the second in Hungarian, and a third
made up of short, randomly selected fragments of the first two, scrambled
so that they didn’t resemble human speech. Each of the dogs was familiar
with either Spanish or Hungarian, but not both. The team concluded that
the younger the dog, the worse it may be at differentiating between
familiar and unfamiliar languages.

62
Which finding from the study, if true, would most directly support the
team’s conclusion?
A. Although the dogs’ general hearing sensitivity declined with age, dogs
of all ages showed more brain activity in response to hearing the language
they were accustomed to than in response to hearing the other language.
B. As the age of the dog scanned decreased, so did the amount of brain
activity in response to hearing the language the dog was accustomed to or
the other language, but not in response to hearing the scrambled
recording.
C. Dogs showed a different pattern of brain activity when hearing the
language they were accustomed to than when hearing the other language,
and the difference in brain activity decreased as the age of the dog
scanned decreased.
D. The similarity between the pattern of brain activity a dog showed in
response to hearing the scrambled recording and the pattern it showed in
response to hearing the language it was not accustomed to was lowest
among younger dogs.

63
Question 13
Quasars—such as J0313-1806, located in the Eridanus constellation—are
extremely luminous galactic nuclei powered by supermassive black holes.
Quasars range in age, with approximately 200 of them known to have
developed within the first billion years of the formation of the universe.
Scientific researchers have long wondered how any quasars could have
formed so early in the universe’s evolution given that conditions are
believed to have been ill-suited to their creation, which suggests that
_______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. J0313-1806 is likely less massive than quasars that formed more than
a billion years after the beginnings of the universe.
B. J0313-1806 is thought to have formed less than a billion years after
the beginnings of the universe.
C. some aspect of the scientific understanding of quasar formation or the
early universe may be incomplete.
D. quasars that formed in the early universe are likely not as luminous as
those that formed later.

64
Question 14
To combat predation by Arizona myotis and other insectivorous bats,
many moth species, including Cycnia tenera, emit ultrasonic pulses that,
in some cases, disrupt the echolocation bats rely on for foraging. Some
scientists have hypothesized that this capability evolved because it
imposes a lower metabolic cost than does the alternative mechanism of
producing chemicals that render moths noxious to bats. Nicholas T.
Homziak et al. investigated the acoustic properties of moths’ ultrasonic
responses to audio of bat echolocation and then assessed the palatability
of the ultrasound-producing moths. They found that several moth genera
that emit ultrasonic pulses capable of disrupting bat echolocation are
unpalatable to bats, suggesting that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. most genera of moths that produce ultrasound capable of disrupting
bat echolocation do so primarily for purposes other than evading capture
by Arizona myotis and other predators.
B. the hypothesis about the development of this ultrasonic defense likely
does not account for all instances of the trait in moths.
C. although previous findings about Cycnia tenera are consistent with
the hypothesis about the low metabolic cost of producing noxious
chemicals, the ability to disrupt bat echolocation and unpalatability are
not mutually exclusive traits.
D. further investigations into moths’ ability to protect themselves by
disrupting bat echolocation will likely find that moth genera relying on
this mechanism are also generally inedible to bats.

65
Question 15
Researchers Tony Bolden and Tammy Kernodle have lent their expertise
on Black history and music to an important new _______ Timeline of
African American Music, a digital resource that traces the development of
individual musical genres (such as gospel and soul) while also revealing
the connections between them.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. initiative the
B. initiative: the
C. initiative; the
D. initiative. The

Question 16
The Austronesian language family includes Acehnese, Ilokano, and some
1,200 other languages throughout the Pacific, making it one of the largest
language families in the world and of keen interest to ______ of Yale
University.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. linguist, Isidore Dyen
B. linguist: Isidore Dyen
C. linguist Isidore Dyen
D. linguist, Isidore Dyen,

66
Question 17
Located on the island of Gotland in Sweden, the city of Visby was a
member of a powerful mercantile alliance that dominated northern
European trade between the 13th and 17th _______ Hanseatic League, a
loose confederation of cities from eleven modern-day countries that has
been described as a precursor to today’s European Union.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. centuries the
B. centuries: the
C. centuries. The
D. centuries; the

67
Question 18
Nicholas Galanin is known for using video and photography to explore
questions of authenticity in the identification and presentation of Native
art. The acclaimed Tlingit/Aleut artist was awarded a 2013 fellowship by
the Eiteljorg Museum, whose extensive collection of artworks by
Indigenous peoples of the Americas and other artists of the American
West ______ among the best in the world.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. rank
B. ranks
C. are ranked
D. have been ranked

Question 19
Many of the world’s most famous animals have lived in the Greater
Kruger National Park in South Africa. Between 2006 and 2012, for
instance, the _______ prowled the park as part of the dominant Mapogo
coalition (band of male lions).

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. lions Kinky Tail and Mr. T
B. lions, Kinky Tail and Mr. T.
C. lions, Kinky Tail and Mr. T
D. lions Kinky Tail and Mr. T,

68
Question 20
Star actress Kiki Omeili, who has appeared in 47 Nollywood films, is one
of numerous luminaries to be pictured in Nigerian portraitist Iké Udé’s
exhibition Nollywood Portraits. ________ referred to Nollywood —
Nigeria’s $3 billion film industry—as “Africa’s vivid mirror par
excellence,” honors its legacy with his vivid classical portraits of Omeili
and her peers.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. Udé
B. Udė, having
C. Udė, has
D. Udė has

69
Question 21
Today, the Michelin Guide is widely known as the arbiter of fine dining,
but when it was created in 1900, it was little more than a marketing
gimmick; brothers Andre and Edouard Michelin sought to increase profits
for their tire company by encouraging their customers to drive across
France, visiting the guide’s recommended hotels and restaurants along the
way. Nevertheless, the guide soon grew in scope and ________ its
modest French eateries were replaced with some of the most esteemed
restaurants from around the world, including Hajime in Osaka and Kitcho
Arashiyama in Kyoto.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of

Standard English?
A. influence and
B. influence
C. influence, and
D. influence,

70
Question 22
With many elements, like osmium, scientists were able to isolate a
relatively pure sample of the substance shortly after discovering its
existence. _______ this wasn’t the case with all elements. The process of
isolating magnesium, for example, took years-53, to be precise.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Likewise,
B. Granted,
C. In other words,
D. For this reason,

Question 23
Newer offshore wind turbines often outperform older models. For
example, Denmark’s offshore wind farm, built in 1995, has wind turbines
that generate about 1 megawatt (MW) of electricity each. _______
China’s Jiangsu Qidong offshore wind farm, built in 2021, has turbines
that can generate about 6 MW of electricity each.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?
A. Granted,
B. In contrast,
C. For this reason,
D. Eventually,

71
Question 24
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Raymond is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen from the Late
Cretaceous period.
 The Late Cretaceous period ended more than 65 million years ago.
 Raymond is a member of the genus Triceratops.
 Raymond is on display at the National Museum of Nature and
Science.
 The National Museum of Nature and Science is in Tokyo, Japan.

The student wants to specify Raymond’s location. Which choice most

effectively uses relevant information from the notes to accomplish this
goal?
A. Tokyo, Japan, is home to the National Museum of Nature and Science,
which displays a dinosaur fossil specimen from the Late Cretaceous
period.
B. Raymond is on display at the National Museum of Nature and
Science in Tokyo, Japan.
C. Raymond lived in the Late Cretaceous period, which ended more than
65 million years ago.
D. Raymond is the nickname of a dinosaur fossil specimen belonging to
the genus Triceratops.

72
Question 25
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 In a 2005 study, Rotundo and Aguiar tested the effect of plant litter on
seedling emergence in a grassland setting.
 Plant litter includes dead leaves and other plant material.
 The test site was a dry grassland in Argentina.
 It was in a midlatitude/semidesert climate.
 The researchers found that in these environmental conditions the
presence of plant litter had a positive effect on seedling emergence.

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences
to specify the characteristics of the test site?
A. The test was conducted in Argentina, in a dry grassland with a
midlatitude/semidesert climate.
B. A study on the effects of plant litter on seedling emergence was
conducted by Rotundo and Aguiar in 2005.
C. The researchers studied seedlings’ ability to sprout above ground and
begin photosynthesis, given the presence of plant litter and certain
environmental conditions.
D. In a 2005 study, Rotundo and Aguiar found that the presence of plant
litter had a positive effect on seedling emergence.

73
Question 26
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Merle Oberon (1911-1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then
known as Bombay), India.
 She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.
 She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy
Award.
 Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such
as her role in The Three Passions (1928).
 Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Empress
Josephine in Désirée (1954).

Which choice most effectively uses information from the given sentences
to begin a narrative about Merle Oberon’s life?
A. In 1954, Merle Oberon played the role of Empress Josephine in the
film Désirée.
B. Merle Oberon appeared in many films, including The Three Passions
(1928) and Désirée (1954), and was the first Indian-born actress to be
nominated for an Academy Award.
C. Though she would go on to receive credit in many films, Merle
Oberon also played nameless, uncredited roles in many films, such as in
the movie The Three Passions (1928).
D. Merle Oberon’s story begins in Mumbai (then known as Bombay),
India, in 1911.

74
Question 27
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:
 Louis Ballard was a classical composer and citizen of the Quapaw
Tribe.
 He sought to synthesize Western classical music with elements of
various Native musical traditions.
 Ballard’s composition Pan Indian Rhythms incorporates Ute notched
sticks, a traditional Native instrument.
 Ethnomusicologist Tara Browner writes that Ballard’s classical music
“relies on Indigenous instruments, rhythms, forms, ... and other musical
elements.”

The student wants to connect the quotation from Browner to a specific

composition. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information
from the notes to accomplish this goal?
A. Discussing Ballard’s body of works, Browner observes that it relies
on elements of various Native musical traditions.
B. Browner notes that Ballard’s music “relies on Indigenous instruments,
rhythms, forms, ... and other musical elements,” further indicating that it
synthesizes Western classical music with elements of various Native
music traditions.
C. Consistent with Browner’s observation that Ballard’s music “relies on
Indigenous instruments, rhythms, forms .... and other musical elements,”
Pan Indian Rhythms incorporates Ute notched sticks.
D. Browner’s writing discusses Ballard, the classical music composer
responsible for Pan Indian Rhythms.

75
Section 2

Math

76
 PART 1

Routing mode

77
Question 1
Which expression is equivalent to 6xy(2�2 + 5y)?
A. 8�3 y + 11x�2
B. 12�2 y + 5y
C. 12�2 y + 30xy
D. 12�3 y + 30x�2

Question 2
Which expression is equivalent to 7�6 -2�5 + 9�4 ?
A. �5 (7x－2)
B. �4 (7�2 －2x + 9)
C. 9�4 (7�2 －2x + 1)
D. 2�6 (-2�5 + 9�4 + 1)

Question 3
The height of a certain vehicle is 61 inches. The vehicle’s length is 3
times its height. Which of the following systems of equations represents
this situation, where x is the length of the vehicle, in inches, and y is the
height of the vehicle, in inches?
A. y = 3x , x = 61
B. y = 3x , y = 61
C. x = 3y , x = 61
D. x = 3y , y = 61

78
Question 4
For the linear function f, the graph of y = f(x) in the xy-plane has a slope
of -54 and passes through the point (0, 0). Which equation defines f?
A. f(x) = －54x
B. f(x) = －36x
C. f(x) = －18x
D. f(x) = x

Question 5
5 7
The function g is defined by g(x) = 9
� − . What is the value of g(18)?
9
38
A. 9
52
B. 9
83
C. 9
97
D. 9

Question 6
The function f is defined by f(x) =�2 + x + 61. What is the value of f(2)?

79
Question 7
f(x) = 5x + 7
The function f gives the estimated height, in feet, of a poplar tree a years
after its height was first measured. Which statement is the best
interpretation of 7 in this context?
A. The tree will be measured each year for 7 years.
B. The tree is estimated to grow to a maximum height of 7 feet.
C. The estimated height of the tree increased by 7 feet each year.
D. The estimated height of the tree was 7 feet when it was first
measured.

Question 8
In the xy-plane, line k has a slope of 5 and a y-intercept of (0, － 35).
What is the x-coordinate of the x-intercept of line k?

Question 9
27(� + 6)
3(� + 6)
The given expression is equivalent to c, where c is a constant and k > -6.
What is the value of c?

80
Question 10
The table gives the perimeters of similar triangles TUV and XYZ, where
�� corresponds to ��. The length of �� is 6.

What is the length of ��?

A. 2
B. 6
C. 18
D. 56

Question 11
If 9(7－8x) + 2 = 8(7－8x) + 17, what is the value of 7－8x?
A. －15
B. －1
C. 1
D. 15

81
Question 12
x + 33 = y
(� + 33)2 = �
A solution to the given system of equations is (x, y). What is a possible
value of x?
A. －32
B. 0
C. 1
D. 33

Question 13
A circle in the xy-plane has the equation (� − 14)2 + (� − �)2 = 36 .
Which of the following gives the center of the circle and its radius?
A. The center is at (14, k) and the radius is 6.
B. The center is at (k, 14) and the radius is 6.
C. The center is at (k, 14) and the radius is 36
D. The center is at (14, k) and the radius is 36.

82
Question 14
The town of Fillmore is planning its annual fireworks show, The equation
� =− 16(� − 6.8)2 + 740 gives the estimated height y, in feet, of a type
of firework x seconds after it is launched into the air. Which of the
following is the best interpretation of the vertex of the graph of the
equation in the xy-plane?
A. This type of firework reaches an estimated maximum height of 740
feet 16 seconds after it is launched into the air.
B. This type of firework reaches an estimated maximum height of 740
feet 6.8 seconds after it is launched into the air.
C. This type of firework reaches an estimated maximum height of 16
feet 740 seconds after it is launched into the air.
D. This type of firework reaches an estimated maximum height of 6.8
feet 740 seconds after it is launched into the air.

83
Question 15

The graph of y = f(x) is shown where 7�(�) = ��3 + ��2 + �� + � and a,

b, c, and d are constants. For how many distinct values of x does
�(�) =0?
A. One
B. Two
C. Three
D. Four

Question 16
In the xy-plane, circle M is the graph of the equation (� − 3)2 + (� −
6)2 = 4. Circle P has the same center as circle M but has a radius that is
twice the radius of circle M. Which equation represents circle P?
A. (� − 3)2 + (� − 6)2 = 8
B. (� − 3)2 + (� − 6)2 = 16
C. (� − 6)2 + (� − 12)2 = 4
D. (� − 6)2 + (� − 12)2 = 8

84
Question 17

Which expression represents the length of line segment AB?

A. 14sin 58°
14
B. sin 58°

C. 14 cos 58°
14
D.
cos 58°

Question 18
The product of a positive number x and the number that is 15 less than x
is equal to 286. What is the value of x?

85
Question 19

In the figure, AC = CD. The measure of angle EBC is 29° , and the
measure of angle ACD is 108°. What is the value of x?

Question 20
The positive number a is 2,800% of the number c, and c is 25% of the
number b. If a－b = wc, where w is a constant, what is the value of w?

Question 21
Line j is defined by 4x + 5y = 55. Line k is parallel to line j in the
xy-plane. An equation of line k is 24x + ry = 15, where r is a constant. If
line k passes through the point (0, b), what is the value of b?

86
Question 22

The dot plot shows the distribution of capacity for a set of capacitors, set
A, which a researcher used for a certain experiment. For another
experiment, the researcher used a different set of capacitors, set B. Set B
has the same number of capacitors as set A but the capacity of each
capacitor of set B is 17 microfarads (μF) greater than the capacity of each
respective capacitor in set A. Which of the following is true about the
capacities of the capacitors in set B?
A. The mean capacity is 8 μF, and the range of capacities is 12 μF.
B. The mean capacity is 8 μF, and the range of capacities is 29 μF.
C. The mean capacity is 25 μF, and the range of capacities is 12 μF.
D. The mean capacity is 25 μF, and the range of capacities is 29 μF.

87
 PART 2

Easier mode

88
Question 1
m +15 =200
What is the solution to the given equation?
(A) 185
(B) 215
(C) 3000
(D) 15

Question 2

A community theater performed a play each Saturday evening for 10

consecutive weeks. The graph shows the attendance for the performances
in weeks 1, 4, 6, and 10. Which of the following has the greatest rates of
change in attendance, in absolute value, with respect to time.
(A) week 1~4
(B) week 4~6
(C) week 6~10
(D) week 4

89
Question 3

What is the y-intercept of the graph shown?

(A) (0, 0)
(B) (0, 2)
(C) (0, 3)
(D) (-5, 0)

Question 4
What length, in centimeters, is equivalent to a length of 20 meters? (1
meter =100 centimeters)
(A) 0.20
(B) 2.0
(C) 2000
(D) 20,000

90
Question 5
An angle has a measure of π/2 radians. What is the measure of the angle,
in degrees?
A. 45
B. 90
C. 180
D. 360

Question 6
If y = 6x + 3, what is the value of y when x = 5?

Question 7
For a training program, Juan rides his bike at an average rate of 5.7
minutes per mile. Which function m models the number of minutes it will
take Juan to ride x miles at this rate?
A. m(x)=x/5.7
B. m(x)=x+5.7
C. m(x) =x -5.7
D. m(x) = 5.7x

91
Question 8
Maria bought 5 books that were each the same price. She used a coupon
for 25 off the entire purchase. The cost for the entire purchase after using
the coupon was 20. What was the original price, in dollars, for 1 book?

Question 9
|x+3|=7
What is one possible solution to the given equation?

Question 10
4 less than 7 times a number b is equal to 60. Which equation represents
this situation?
(A) (4)(7)x =60
(B) 7x =60+4
(C) 4x -7 =60
(D) 7x -4 =60

92
Question 11
Which expression is equivalent to 4x2 +7x?

(A) x(4x +7)

(B) 7x(4x +1)

(C) 4x(x +7)

(D) x2(4x +7)

Question 12
Which expression is equivalent to (3x2 +2x -5) + (2x^2 +4x +3)?
(A) 5x2 +6x -2
(B) 5x2 +6x -8
(C) 5x2 +6x +2
(D) 5x2 +6x -1

Question 13
x+y=204
y =x
What is the solution (x, y) to the given system of equations?
(A) (102, 102)
(B) (51, 153)
(C) (153, 51)
(D) (204, 204)

93
Question 14
x f(x)
0 15
1 18
2 21
Which equation defines f(x)?
(A) f(x) =3x +15
(B) f(x) =15x +18
(C) f(x) =21x +15
(D) f(x) =18x +21

Question 15

If m∠P = 60°, and p = 9 , find q. round your answer to the nearest tenth.

Question 16
What is the area, in square centimeters, of a rectangle with a length of 20
centimeters (cm) and a width of 15 cm?

94
Question 17
What is an equation of the graph shown?

(A) y= x+5
(B) y=5x-5
(C) y=-x+5
(D) y=x-5

Question 18
The function q is defined by q(n) = 5n2. What is the value of n when q(n)
is equal to 125?
(A)3
(B)5
(C)7
(D)9

95
Question 19
The function g is defined by g(x) =5x -30. What is the x-intercept of the
graph of y = g(x) in the xy-plane?
(A) (-6,0)
(B) (-5,0)
(C) (5,0)
(D) (6,0)

Question 20
A cargo plane can carry a load if the combined weight of the load and the
crates it contains is no more than10,000 pounds. What is the maximum
number of crates this plane can carry if each crate weighs200 pounds?
(A) 49
(B) 50
(C) 51
(D) 52

96
Question 21
A rope with a length of 120 inches is cut into two parts. One part has a
length of p inches, and the other part has a length of q inches. The value
of p is 5 more than 4 times the value of q. What is the value of p?
(A) 30
(B) 45
(C) 60
(D) 97

Question 22
In triangles PQR and STU, angles Q and T each have measure 35° and
angles R and U each have measure 45°. Which additional piece of
information is sufficient to determine whether triangle PQR is congruent
to triangle STU?
(A) The measure of angle P
(B) The length of side PQ
(C) The lengths of sides QR and TU
(D) No additional information is necessary

97
 PART 3

Harder mode

98
Question 1
�(�) = 8� + �
For the linear function f, b is a constant and �(0) = 11 . What is the
value of b?

Question 2
Data set A: 5, 8, 11, 11, 14, 20
Data set B: 5, 8, 11, 11, 14, 20, 41
Two data sets are shown. Which statement best compares the medians of
the data sets?
A. The median of data set A is greater than the median of data set B.
B. The median of data set A is less than the median of data set B.
C. The medians of data sets A and B are equal.
D. There is not enough information to compare the medians.

99
Question 3
To estimate the proportion of a population that has a certain characteristic,
a random sample was selected from the population. Based on the sample,
it is estimated that the proportion of the population that has the
characteristic is 0.2, with an associated margin of error of 0.08. Based on
this estimate and margin of error, which of the following is the most
appropriate conclusion about the proportion of the population that has the
characteristic?
A. It is plausible that the proportion is between 0.12 and 0.28.
B. It is plausible that the proportion is less than 0.12.
C. The proportion is exactly 0.2.
D. It is plausible that the proportion is greater than 0.28.

100
Question 4

The shaded region shown represents solutions to an inequality. Which

ordered pair (�, �) is a solution to this inequality?
A. ( − 8,0)
B. (0,8)
C. (0, − 8)
D. (8,0)

101
Question 5

x �(�)

−1 4

0 12

1 22

For the quadratic function f, the table shows three values of a and their
corresponding values of �(�). Which equation defines f?
A. �(�) = 5�2 + 5� + 12
B. �(�) = 9�2 + � + 12
C. �(�) = 9�2 − � + 12
D. �(�) = �2 + 9� + 12

102
Question 6

The graph gives the estimated population y, in thousands, of a town x

years since 2007, where 0 ≤ � ≤ 5 . Which of the following best
describes the increase in the estimated population from
� = 0 �� � = 1?
A. The estimated population at x = 1 is 3.5 times the estimated
population at x = 0
B. The estimated population at x = 1 is 2.5 times the estimated
population at x = 0
C. The estimated population at x = 1 is 1.5 times the estimated
population at x = 0
D. The estimated population at x = 1 is 0.5 times the estimated
population at x = 0

103
Question 7
�(�) = 62 − 8�
The function T estimates the temperature, in degrees Fahrenheit (℉), in a
certain city one day in January, where x is the number of hours after 10
a.m. and 1 ≤ x ≤ 5. According to the function, what was the estimated
decrease in temperature each hour, in ℉ , in this city during this time
period?
A. 4
B. 8
C. 54
D. 62

Question 8

In the triangle shown, what is the value of x?

A. 22
B. 22 3
C. 66 3
D. 132

104
Question 9
There is a proportional relationship between p and t. If � = 2,340 when
� = 3,120, then what is the value of p when � = 2,496?
A. 1,716
B. 1,872
C. 3,276
D. 3,328

Question 10
A cube has a volume of 79,507 cubic units. What is the surface area, in
square units, of the cube?

Question 11
8 �� − 3
= 4� − 3
5
In the given equation, c is a constant. If the equation has no solution,
what is the value of c?
5
A. − 2
2
B. −
5
2
C.
5
5
D. 2

105
Question 12
The function �(�) is defined as 17 more than 3 times a number x. If
� = �(�) is graphed in the xy-plane, what is the best interpretation of the
x-intercept?
17
A. When �(�) = 0, the number is − 3
.

B. When the number is 0, �(�) = 17.

C. For each increase of 1 in the value of the number, �(�) increases by
3.
D. The value of �(�) increases by 1 for each increase of 3 in the value
of the number.

Question 13
2 7
− =5
� �
The given equation relates the variables c and d, where c and d are greater
than 1. Which equation correctly expresses d in terms of c?
�
A. � = 7 2−5�
7�
B. � = 2−5�
7 2−5�
C. � = �
2−5�
D. � = 7�

106
Question 14
A proposal for a construction project was included on a city election
ballot. A TV news report stated that 8 times as many people voted in
favor of the proposal as people who voted against it. An internet article
reported that 24,500 more people voted in favor of the proposal than
voted against it. Based on these data, how many people voted against the
proposal?

Question 15
The function f is defined by �(�) = 4�2 . What is the value of �(11)?
A. 44
B. 52
C. 88
D. 484

107
Question 16
5 3
2
� = �4

In the given equation, � > 1 and � > 1 . If � = �2�−1 , where n is a

constant, what is the value of n?

Question 17
The equation 4|� − 3| = � , where k is a constant, has exactly one
�
solution. Which of the following could be the value of 4?

A. −3 only
B. −3 or 3
C. 0 only
D. 3 only

Question 18
− 4�2 + �� − 25 = 0
In the given equation, b is a positive integer. The equation has no real
solution. What is the largest possible value of b?

108
Question 19
I. � � = � 3.1� + �
�
II. ℎ � = � 3.1 +�
The function f is defined by �(�) = �(3.1� + 3.1� ), where a and b are
integer constants and 0 < � < �. The functions � and ℎ are equivalent
to function f, where k and m are constants. Which of the following
equations displays the y-coordinate of the y-intercept of the graph of
� = �(�) in the xy-plane as a constant or coefficient?
A. I only
B. II only
C. I and II
D. Neither I nor II

Question 20
The cost of renting a piece of construction equipment for up to 5 days is
$230 for the first day and $115 for each additional day. Which of the
following equations gives the cost y, in dollars, of renting the equipment
for x days, where is x positive integer and � ≤ 5?
A. � = 230� + 115
B. � = 230� − 115
C. � = 115� + 230
D. � = 115� + 115

109
Question 21
The mass of object A is 498% of the mass of object B, and the mass of
object A is 0.830% of the mass of object C. If the mass of object C is �%
of the mass of object B, what is the value of p?

Question 22
For triangle PQR and triangle STU, angles P and S each measure 30°,
�� = 16 and �� = 12. Which additional piece(s) of information is(are)
sufficient to prove that triangle PQR is similar to triangle STU?
4
I. The length of �� is 3 the length of ��.
4
II. The length of �� is 3 the length of ��.

A. I is sufficient, but II is not.

B. II is sufficient, but I is not.
C. I is sufficient, and II is sufficient.
D. Neither I nor II is sufficient.

110