The Digital SAT

RW TEST 25
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Reading and Writing
27 QUESTIONS
Module 1

DIRECTIONS
DIRECTIONS
The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills. Each question
includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read each passage and question
carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question based on the passage(s). All questions in this
section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each question has a single best answer.

1 2

The Roman triumph (triumphus) was a civil Brian Greene’s book, The Elegant Universe:
ceremony and religious rite of ancient Rome, held Superstrings, Hidden Dimensions, and the Quest
to publicly celebrate and sanctify the success of for the Ultimate Theory, published in 1999,
a military commander. The Roman general and introduces string and superstring theory and offers
his troops would move through the town in a a comprehensive though non-technical evaluation
celebratory _______: The general rode in a four- of the theory and some of its shortcomings. Though
horse chariot through the streets of Rome in an Greene’s book eventually received widespread
unarmed procession with his army, captives, and critical acclaim, some conventional scientists
the spoils of his war. initially spoke of its revolutionary theory with
______.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most
A) service logical and precise word or phrase?

B) carnival
A) praise
C) parade
B) skepticism
D) performance
C) hostility
D) vigor

3 CONTINUE
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3 5

In contrast to the well-established and highly The following text is adapted from Let the Great
accurate morphological methods available for World Spin written by Colum McCann.
the gender assessment of adult skeletons, ______
gender estimation is widely recognized as a difficult Dubin Bay was a slow heaving thing, like the
task that faces a series of challenges. Accurate city it horseshoes, but it could turn without
determination of the gender of immature skeletal warning. Every now and then the water
remains is difficult in the absence of DNA. smashed up against the wall in a storm. The sea,
having arrived, stayed. Salt crusted the windows
Which choice completes the text with the most of our hose. The knocker on the door was rusted
logical and precise word or phrase? red.

A) contemporary As used in the text, what does the word “turn” most
nearly mean?
B) meticulous
C) impersonal A) rotate
D) juvenile B) bend
C) reverse
4 D) transform

Michelangelo was working in Rome when he

was offered a contract to design a large statue
intended to adorn the future grave of the Pope. This
monumental statue, featuring a sorrowful depiction
of the Virgin Mary cradling her deceased son in her
arms, became a career-defining masterpiece known
as the Madonna Della Pieta. This ______ image of
Jesus and Mary, informally referred to as La Pieta,
is now enshrined within Saint Peter's Basilica in
Vatican City.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical and precise word or phrase?

A) speculative
B) poignant
C) flippant
D) unrealistic

4 CONTINUE
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6 7

Ali Farouk, who experienced the Lebanese There is a largely unheard-of educational technique
civil war first-hand, embarked on his academic that is capturing the attention of cognitive
journey at Stanford University to dissect the roots psychologists and neuroscientists. Whereas
of war. Initially, Farouk dove into the realm of blocking involves practicing one skill at a time
International Relations, focusing on complex before the next (for example, “skill A” before “skill
theories of global security that ironically often B” and so on, forming the pattern “AAABBBCCC”),
supported war. However, recognizing the need for a in interleaving one mixes, or interleaves, practice on
more grounded perspective, he astutely shifted his several related skills together (forming, for example,
research framework to incorporate social history. the pattern “ABCABCABC”). For instance, a pianist
By studying the histories of societies ensnared in alternates practice between scales, chords, and
conflicts, Farouk brought a human dimension to his arpeggios, while a tennis player alternates practice
analysis, shedding light on how political decisions between forehands, backhands, and volleys.
precipitate conflicts at the grassroots level.
Which choice best describes the function of the
Which choice best states the main purpose of the underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
text?
A) To analyze how the most common technique
A) To show how Ali discovered a more effective is used to teach complex skills
framework of analysis for his studies
B) To illustrate the process of interleaving in
B) To discuss how Ali became an International specific contexts
Relations scholar to help people in his
C) To demonstrate the difficulties associated
homeland achieve social justice
with mastering complex subjects
C) To describe how Ali improved his research
D) To disclose the skepticism teachers exhibit
abilities by taking a new approach
towards the interleaving method
D) To explain how Ali came to view local
populations as worthy subject of study

5 CONTINUE
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8 9

Bokeh refers to the aesthetic quality of the out- Text 1

of-focus areas in a photograph, particularly in There comes a time in every child’s life when
the background. It comes from the Japanese he or she becomes fascinated with dinosaurs.
word "boke," which means "blur" or "haze." Bedrooms are decorated with fearsome images or
Photographers often strive to create pleasing Bokeh toy “monsters” litter playroom floors. A particular
using wide aperture settings, resulting in a shallow favorite is the Tyrannosaurus rex, the vicious
field depth and a blurred background. Depending killer that stomps through movies and invades
on the lens and aperture used, Bokeh can vary in children’s nightmares as it carves a swath of death,
shape, size, and quality. It is considered an artistic destruction, and terror.
element in photography, often used to isolate a
subject and create a visually appealing separation Text 2
between the foreground and background. ​​Jurassic Park notwithstanding, paleontologist Jack
Horner has promoted a theory that shrivels the
According to the text, how do photographers create mighty T. rex’s image as an avenging demon of
pleasing Bokeh? death. Horner sees the dinosaur not as a terrifying
predator that pursued and ravaged prey but as a
A) Photographers physically isolate the subject pokey scavenger who “cleaned up” the scene when
from the background. the other hunter had eaten their fill. Although
the stance is not popular among T. rex devotees,
B) They use wide aperture settings, creating a Horner has considerable evidence to support his
visual separation between foreground and theory.
background.
C)
They use a special lens that can vary in shape Based on the texts, how would Jack Horner from
and size. Text 2 respond to the characterization of T. Rex in
D) Text 1?
Photographers shoot subjects in areas with
haze.
A) By conceding that it’s undeniably accurate
B) By confirming that it’s essentially true with
only minor distortions
C) By suggesting that it’s unverifiable since the
fossil record is incomplete
D) By indicating that it’s completely unfounded

6 CONTINUE
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10

When wolves were reintroduced to the park in 1995 after a 70-year absence, they
preyed on elk herds that browsed trees and shrubs. “We’re in the early stages of this
ecosystem recovery. This is what we call passive restoration,” Ripple, a researcher at
Washington State University, said. “We put the wolf back in and then let nature take
its course.” The elk population, which had exploded without the wolves, dropped. For
example, ________.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the last sentence of
the text?

A) Elk numbers in Yellowstone National Park declined every year following the
introduction of wolves.
B) Elk numbers in Yellowstone National Park stabilized after an initial decline as wolf
population numbers stabilized.
C) Elk numbers in Yellowstone National Park showed an overall decline as a result of
the introduction of wolves.
D) Elk numbers in Yellowstone National Park in any given year decreased as the ratio
of wolves to elk that year increased.

7 CONTINUE
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11 12

The city of Troy, renowned for the epic poem The significance of space exploration lies not in
"Iliad," remained steeped in myth until Heinrich the commonly perceived spin-offs such as Teflon,
Schliemann, an archaeologist, unearthed its ruins Tang, or Velcro, nor in improved heart monitors or
in modern-day Turkey during the late 19th century. reduced costs for liquid oxygen in medical facilities.
Before Schliemann's excavations, Troy was deemed Rather, it fundamentally resides in enhancing
a legendary city. However, the discovery of its precision across an entire industrial base. The
physical remnants validated the historical existence economic value derived from such advancement is
of this ancient settlement, providing tangible profound. Any entity—subcontractor, supplier, or
evidence of a civilization once thought to be purely even a producer of rudimentary components like
mythical and reinforcing the profound impact of nuts, bolts, and screws—partaking in the space
archaeological exploration on our understanding industry must adhere to unprecedented precision,
of the past. thereby elevating overall industrial standards
beyond what was previously conceivable.
According to the text, why was Schliemann’s
excavation of Troy significant? Which finding, if true, would most directly support
the claim made in the text?
A) Troy was a legendary city, full of expensive
artifacts and priceless loot. A) A finding demonstrated that Teflon, Tang,
and Velcro had generated significant
B) Modern-day Turkey decided to turn it into a
economic revenue, created numerous jobs,
tourist destination, thus creating numerous
and led to new technological or scientific
jobs and opportunities in the area.
advancements.
C) Schliemann’s discovery of the physical ruins
B) A study showed that the precision standards
of Troy confirmed the city's existence only
required by the space industry are so specific
heard in myths.
and unique that they have little to no
D) The discovery provided tangible evidence of applicability or beneficial impact on other
the existence of mythical Greek gods once industries.
thought to be fictional.
C) Microchip manufacturers had to improve
their fabrication process to meet exacting
standards, which increased demand for
microchips in other sectors.
D) A survey disclosed that the pressure to
maintain precision had prompted several
employees to resign.

8 CONTINUE
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13 14

During the late nineteenth century in the United That nineteenth-century French novelist Honore
States, many people thought it improper for a de Balzac could be financially wise in his fiction
woman to be a professional artist. Alice Barber while losing all his money in life was an irony
Stephens got around this prejudice: she succeeded duplicated in other matters. For instance, the
as a book and magazine illustrator by creating very women who had been drawn to him by the
art and conducting business with publishers penetrating intuition of the female heart that he
and authors from home. She sold engravings to showed in his novels were appalled to discover how
national magazines and illustrated the books of insensitive and awkward the real man could be. It
many novelists, including Louisa May Alcott and seems the true source of creation for Balzac was
Nathaniel Hawthorne. Thus we can conclude that not sensitivity but imagination. These observations
______ suggest that ______

Which choice most logically completes the text? Which choice most logically completes the text?

A) in late nineteenth-century America, A) Balzac could not write convincingly about

established artists were exclusively male. financial matters.
B) it was harder for women artists to work alone B) Balzac’s insights into character were not
than in the studio of an established artist. evident in his everyday life.
C) Stephens found a way to pursue her C) people who knew Balzac personally could not
professional goals and maintain social respect him as an artist.
respectability.
D) readers had unreasonable expectations of
D) Stephens demonstrated little regard for the Balzac the man.
opinions of mainstream society.

9 CONTINUE
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15 16

Revealing a mesmerizing world beneath the depths, Walter Lippmann, studied extensively by Media
the underwater excavation of the ancient Egyptian Studies ______ the term "stereotype" in his book
city of Heracleion (Thonis) unveiled astonishing "Public Opinion." This groundbreaking work
discoveries. Among them, ______ ships emerged, continues to influence our understanding of media,
offering a glimpse into the grandeur and splendor stereotypes, and public perceptions.
of this lost civilization.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) Professor Dr. Olivia Brown, introduced
A) well-preserved temples: statues and
B) Professor, Dr. Olivia Brown, introduced
B) well-preserved temples; statues; and
C) Professor Dr. Olivia Brown, introduced;
C) well-preserved temples, statues, and
D) Professor—Dr. Olivia Brown, introduced
D) well-preserved temples, statues and

10 CONTINUE
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17 19

Daniel Burnham made substantial contributions Jane Goodall is renowned for her groundbreaking
to city planning, most notably through the research on chimpanzees. With unparalleled
development of the Plan of Chicago. His visionary ______ she immersed herself in their habitats,
______marked a transformative era in urban gaining invaluable insights into their behavior,
design, fostering an aesthetic coexistence between social dynamics, and ecological impact.
the city's architecture and its natural landscape,
which continues to shape modern urban planning Which choice completes the text so that it
philosophies. conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

Which choice completes the text so that it A) dedication and a deep connection to the
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? natural world
B) dedication, and, a deep connection to the
A) work,
natural world,
B) work
C) dedication, and a deep connection to the
C) work: natural world,
D) work— D) dedication and a deep connection to the
natural world,

18
20
The Mpemba effect represents an unusual chemical
phenomenon in which hot water can freeze faster Harnessing an extraordinary amount of energy,
than cold water under specific conditions, ______ the human brain, despite constituting a mere 2%
ongoing scientific intrigue and exploration. of body weight, consumes approximately 20%
of the body's energy reserves. This exceptional
Which choice completes the text so that it organ, with its intricate network of neurons,
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? enables individuals to contemplate, ______ to
their surroundings, empowering themselves with
A) inviting remarkable cognitive capabilities.
B) invited Which choice completes the text so that it
C) was invited conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
D) to invite
A) reason and adapt
B) reason, and adapt
C) reason; and adapt
D) reason and, adapt

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21 23

Pioneering the realm of political thought, Niccolò Elizabeth Anscombe, a formidable thinker
Machiavelli emerged as a brilliant theorist of in the realm of ethics, critically examined
political realism. His insightful works, including consequentialism in works like "Intention" and
"The Prince," delve into the intricacies of power "Modern Moral Philosophy." With penetrating
and statecraft, prompting individuals to examine intellect and rigorous analysis, ______ prevailing
______ and their actions within the context of ethical frameworks, Anscombe defended virtue
political realities. ethics, emphasizing the significance of virtuous
character in ethical decision-making.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) it
A) her ideas challenged
B) itself
B) her ideas challenging
C) them
C) her ideas have challenged
D) themselves
D) her ideas are challenging

22
24
Comprising approximately 37 trillion cells, ______
Each cell, whether it's a nerve cell transmitting The percentage of adults with a college degree
signals or a blood cell delivering oxygen, plays a varies widely by country, from less than 5% in
vital role in ensuring the smooth operation of our some developing countries to over 50% in some
biological machinery. developed countries. ______ it is important to
note that a high percentage of adults with a college
Which choice completes the text so that it degree does not necessarily equate to superior
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? educational quality or guarantee economic
prosperity. Factors such as educational equity,
A) the interdependence of human body exists skills alignment, and social mobility should also
to maintain health and functionality of our be considered when assessing the impact of higher
cells. education on individuals and societies.
B) the intricate network's maintaining our Which choice completes the text with the most
health and functionality is what our cells do. logical transition?
C) the human body is an intricate network of
interdependent systems working in concert A) Furthermore,
to maintain our health and functionality.
B) In conclusion,
D) an intricate network's interdependence to
maintain our health and functionality is the C) Conversely,
human body. D) Similarly,

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25 26

The production rate of red blood cells in the human Ken Thompson made substantial contributions to
body is astonishing, generating approximately 2.5 the field of computer science as the co-creator of the
million new cells every second. These cells play a UNIX operating system. This groundbreaking work
vital role in transporting oxygen from the lungs to not only revolutionized system design but also laid
the body's tissues. ______ this impressive cellular the foundation for many modern operating systems.
turnover ensures a constant supply of fresh cells, ______ Thompson's innovations directly influenced
essential for maintaining optimal health and body the subsequent development of Linux, MacOS, and
function. Android OS, fundamentally shaping the landscape
of modern computing.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition? Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition?
A) Specifically,
A) Thus,
B) Afterward,
B) Regardless,
C) Increasingly,
C) In contrast,
D) As a result,
D) Nonetheless,

13 CONTINUE
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27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the

following notes:

• One type of biofuel is generated from algae,

small aquatic organisms that convert sunlight
into energy.
• There are more than 100,000 different strains
of algae.
• Scientists have conducted studies regarding
the viability of biofuels, including algae.
• They have studied the relative effectiveness of
using different strains of algae as fuel.
• They study algae that grow best in saltwater, as
well as those that grow best in fresh water.
• The studies compare various methods of
farming algae.

The student wants to present the aim and

methodology of the research studies. Which choice
most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The scientists study the viability of using algae

as a biofuel by comparing various methods of
farming algae and by determining the relative
effectiveness of different strains of algae.
B) There are more than 100,000 strains of
algae, a small aquatic organism that converts
sunlight into energy.
C) The viability of biofuels, including algae,
which converts sunlight into energy has been
studied by scientists.
D) The scientists study biofuel generated from
algae, including those that grow best in
saltwater and those that grow best in fresh
water.

14 STOP
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Reading and Writing
27 QUESTIONS
Module 2 Easy

DIRECTIONS
DIRECTIONS
The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills. Each question
includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read each passage and question
carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question based on the passage(s). All questions in this
section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each question has a single best answer.

1 2

Bohemianism is the practice of an unconventional When the US Constitution was adopted and the
lifestyle, often in the company of like-minded people Declaration of Independence was penned, blatant
and with few permanent ties. Bohemianism involves ______ against African people was evident. The
musical, artistic, literary, or spiritual pursuits. Constitution established a system of governance
In this context, bohemians may be wanders, that identified African slaves as only three-fifths of a
adventurers, or vagabonds. Bohemians, however person, and persons of African descent were denied
content they seemed to be with nomadic lifestyle, citizenship. This unjust treatment has left a legacy
secretly longed for the ______ of permanent home. that continues to affect US relations with Africa
today.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?
A) passivity
A) profit
B) splendor
B) discrimination
C) stability
C) privilege
D) reputation
D) impartiality

15 CONTINUE
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3 5

Many individuals diagnosed with intellectual and Based largely on the writings of England's Sir
developmental disabilities tend to be uncooperative Francis Galton (1870, 1907), the eugenics movement
during routine dental exams. This ______ behavior held that the human species could be improved
can ultimately lead to poor oral health. Effective through the systematic control of breeding
and efficient training for current and future dental practices. Eugenicists argued that a nation’s overall
professionals is crucial to develop techniques that competitiveness would rise if the nation developed
enhance patient compliance. methods to ensure that those with ______
characteristics bred in greater numbers.
Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase?
A) obstructive
B) aggressive A) desired

C) exemplary B) domineering

D) antisocial C) cultural
D) genetic

4
6
Yellowstone’s wolf packs are iconic. Their
reintroduction into the world’s first national park
Stigmatizing attitudes towards individuals
in 1995 is considered one of America’s greatest
experiencing mental illness cause considerable
conservation success stories. By the 1970s, wolves
distress, reluctance to seek appropriate help, and
had been entirely ______ from Yellowstone
fewer employment and social opportunities.
National Park. However, by 2002, reintroduction
Regrettably, anti-stigma programs have generally
efforts resulted in more than 160 wolves once again
not been very successful. While most people believe
inhabiting the park.
that mental illnesses are curable, ______ attitudes
towards those with mental illnesses remain
Which choice completes the text with the most
widespread.
logical and precise word or phrase?
Which choice completes the text with the most
A) treated logical and precise word or phrase?
B) dubbed
A) prevailing
C) conserved
B) maternalistic
D) eradicated
C) dismissive
D) positive

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7 8

The Temple of Diana is one of the Seven wonders More and more nonprofit groups use strategic
of the world. Beautiful and _____, the temple was planning and flexibility to handle unexpected
made completely of marble except the roof and was situations and move through tricky situations. This
elaborately decorated. It was built as a monument can make organizations stronger and more ready
to the goddess Diana and it contained a decorative to cater to what their supporters need. Studies
statue of her. have also shown that using careful planning and
flexibility can make nonprofit groups do their
Which choice completes the text with the most work better, letting them spot and react to new
logical and precise word or phrase? opportunities and problems.

A) plain Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

B) ornate
A) The primary reason nonprofit organizations
C) austere find themselves in tricky situations is the
absence of strategic planning.
D) simple
B) Strategic planning is becoming increasingly
vital for non-profit organizations.
C) Through strategic planning, nonprofit
organizations identify the needs of their staff.
D) Nonprofit organizations can seize new
opportunities by effectively creating
unexpected situations.

17 CONTINUE
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9 10

The following text is from the 19th century poet Experimental scientists occupy themselves with
Emily Dickinson’s poem “If I Can Stop One Heart observing and measuring the cosmos, finding
From Breaking.” Dickinson lived much of her life out what stuff exists, no matter how strange that
in solitude or with her parents, who she cared for. stuff may be. Theoretical physicists, on the other
hand, are not satisfied with observing the universe.
If I can stop one heart from breaking, They want to know why. They want to explain all
I shall not live in vain; the properties of the universe in terms of a few
If I can ease one life the aching, fundamental principles and parameters. These
Or cool one pain, fundamental principles, in turn, lead to the "laws
Or help one fainting robin of nature," which govern the behavior of all matter
Unto his nest again, and energy.
I shall not live in vain.
According to the text, what is theoretical physicists’
Which is the main idea of the text? primary goal?

A) The speaker wishes to help others in need as A) It is to identify all of the objects that exist in
a way to help herself in times of trouble. the universe.
B) The speaker would like people to care for B) It is to learn to control the laws of nature.
each other as though caring for themselves.
C) It is to understand the universe at its most
C) The speaker is unsure that she is capable of basic level.
coming to the aid of someone in need.
D) It is to observe the cosmos in great detail.
D) The speaker believes that even a single act of
kindness can make a life worthwhile.

18 CONTINUE
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11

Karl Hartmann of Erlangen University in Germany reasoned that when farmers

plowed their fields during the day, the buried weed seeds are briefly exposed to
sunlight as the soil is turned over, and that this stimulates their germination. Although
the light exposures from plowing may be less than one millisecond, that can be enough
to induce seed germination. Thus the germination of weed seeds would be minimized
if farmers simply plowed their fields during the night.

Which choice best describes data from the table that support the researcher’s claim?

A) In soil sample A, no seedlings emerged when disturbed in the dark, whereas four
seedlings emerged when disturbed in the light.
B) While disturbed in the light, soil sample I had 14 emerged seedlings, whereas soil
sample J had only 5 emerged seedlings.
C) On average, four seedlings emerged in deciduous woods when disturbed in the
light, while old pastures had an average emergence of only one seedling.
D) When disturbed in the dark, soil sample G showed the emergence of only 2
seedlings, whereas when disturbed in the light, 5 seedlings emerged.

19 CONTINUE
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12 13

Preservation Hall is a novel written by Scott I began dealing art out of the simplest of motives.
Spencer in 1976. In the story, a character, Virgil, My grandfather had always had a strong interest
is most impressed by the revelation of his father’s in the East, and I was treated at an early age to
affection for Virgil, as indicated by the quote: pictures of jades and ceramics. These images made
______. a strong impression on me, and I will never forget
an early visit to the Metropolitan Museum of
Which quotation from the novel most effectively Art in New York where I learned that the glossy
illustrates the claim? images captured in those books also existed in real
life. When I learned that a person such as myself
A) “Earl had a soft, distant expression on his could actually buy an object, I became even more
face and I was certain his thoughts moved interested in pursuing a life of collection. It’s safe to
in the same direction as mine, and for that say that I began my career as an art dealer because
moment our loss combined with our blood, ______.
and he was my friend.”
Which choice most logically completes the text?
B) “‘But you’re getting so tired.’ It was no use,
though. My reply was a weak reflex and it
A) it was part of the family business.
could not control the surprise I felt at his
unexpected tenderness nor could it conceal B) I needed a way to make money.
the tears in my eyes.”
C) I enjoyed spending time with objects of art.
C) “He watched television with me for a while
D) I liked spending time at a museum.
and then he cadged a deck of cards from a
motel manager and did card tricks for me—
a talent I had no idea he possessed. Then
my father and I played casino and were so
entertained and comforted by the game.”
D) “‘No, I won’t ride with servicemen,’ said
my casually seditious father, as he slowed
down and peered at a young soldier and then
resumed his full cruising speed, while I,
patriotically offended, watched the stunned
defender of my freedoms kicking at his duffle
bag.”

20 CONTINUE
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14 16

Recent studies have shown that in many places, The hyperinflation in Zimbabwe in the late
where signs and traffic lights have been removed 2000s unleashed a series of economic disasters:
and where each and every one is responsible for skyrocketing prices, crippling poverty, ______ the
their own actions in ungoverned space, the rate of abandonment of the Zimbabwean dollar.
accidents goes down. The reason: the traditional
strict separation between cars, cyclists, and Which choice completes the text so that it
pedestrians encourages clashes at crossings. And conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
although shared space requires cars to lower their
speed, it also cuts down on journey times since it A) business collapse, and
encourages a continuous flow of traffic instead of
bringing it to a halt through traffic signals. B) business collapse and
C) business collapse; and
According to the text, what is the outcome of the
removal of traffic signals? D) business collapse. And

A) Traveling becomes safer and less time-

consuming.
B) Traveling becomes more hectic and more
time-consuming.
C) Traveling becomes more dangerous and less
compact.
D) Traveling becomes more frequent and more
halting.

15

Henri Matisse, a pioneer of Fauvism, revolutionized

the art world with his bold and vibrant use of color,
______ conventional artistic norms and paving
the way for modern art movements.

Which choice completes the text so that it

conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) challenged
B) challenges
C) challenging
D) would challenge

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17 18

Bursting from its seed with a vibrant cheer, the Africa, with its vast linguistic diversity, ______
Snapdragon, Antirrhinum majus, ______ the over 2,000 distinct languages, including widely
ordinary. Its peculiar blossoms, jaws agape as if spoken ones such as Arabic, Swahili, Hausa,
sharing whispered secrets, morph into grimacing Amharic, and Yoruba, reflecting the continent's
skulls upon withering, weaving a captivating tale rich cultural mosaic and historical complexity.
of life, death, and resurrection in the world of flora.
Which choice completes the text so that it
Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) to boast
A) defy
B) has boasted
B) defies
C) boasting
C) have defied
D) boasts
D) are defying

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19 20

Undulating through the ocean depths, the leafy The Montessori method, pioneered by Maria
sea dragon dances with deceptive grace. Bearing ______ is an innovative educational approach
an uncanny resemblance to floating seaweed, it that champions student-led learning and self-
conceals ______ masterfully within the aquatic directed activity. This unique pedagogical
ballet, blurring the line between flora and fauna in method fosters independence and nurtures innate
a mesmerizing display of survival. curiosity, fostering a robust environment for
holistic child development where cognitive growth
Which choice completes the text so that it coexists harmoniously with emotional and social
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? maturation.

A) it Which choice completes the text so that it

conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
B) itself
C) them A) Montessori—
D) themselves B) Montessori,
C) Montessori
D) Montessori:

21

A supernova heralds a celestial farewell, exploding

with tremendous power and luminosity as a star
exhausts its fuel. This cosmic event is a sight to
______ outshines entire galaxies momentarily,
casting a glow across the universe, and marks the
spectacular end of a stellar life cycle.

Which choice completes the text so that it

conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) behold; and it
B) behold and it
C) behold: it
D) behold, it

23 CONTINUE
 1 1
22 24

Silently reigning supreme, Nitrogen forms Svante Arrhenius was the pioneering scientist who
approximately 78% of Earth's atmospheric first proposed the concept of the greenhouse effect
ensemble. While the world was busy evolving, this and climate change. His ground-breaking work
invisible giant ______ life, contributing to the has laid the foundation for understanding global
delicate balance necessary for organisms to thrive. warming. ______ his theory underpins much of
the current research and policy-making aimed at
Which choice completes the text so that it mitigating the impacts of climate change.
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
Which choice completes the text with the most
A) steadily cradles logical transition?

B) steadily cradled
A) As a result,
C) was steadily cradling
B) Subsequently,
D) have steadily cradled
C) In comparison,
D) Regardless,
23

Renowned for championing democracy and

indigenous rights, ______ His tenure was marked
by significant reformative policies aimed at curbing
colonial influence and fostering the empowerment
of the country's indigenous population, leaving
an enduring legacy in Mexico's sociopolitical
landscape.

Which choice completes the text so that it

conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) Mexican statesmen revered Benito Juarez as

the President of Mexico.
B) Benito Juárez was a revered Mexican
statesman who served as the President of
Mexico.
C) the presidency of Mexico went to Benito
Juarez, a revered Mexican statesman.
D) Benito Juarez's presidency was revered by
other Mexican statesmen.

24 CONTINUE
 1 1
25 27

Georgia O'Keeffe reshaped the art world through While researching a topic, a student has taken the
her distinct style, making her a renowned artist following notes:
associated with American Modernism. ______ her
captivating paintings, including "Jimson Weed" • Chess and Go are both games of strategy played
and "Black Iris," transformed ordinary subjects into between two people.
extraordinary works of art. O'Keeffe's innovative
• Go is simple to learn since all the pieces are the
approach and unique perspective made her a
same.
trailblazer in 20th-century art, leaving an enduring
impact on the artistic landscape. • In Go, the winner might not be obvious until
territories are counted once the game is over.
Which choice completes the text with the most
• In both games, it is beneficial to think several
logical transition?
moves ahead.
A) For example, • Sacrificing a piece can lead to a better outcome
in Chess.
B) Regardless,
• Chess is considered a hierarchical game in
C) In comparison, which the winner is apparent as soon as the
D) Therefore, king is captured.

The student wants to emphasize the difference

between Chess and Go. Which choice most
26
effectively uses relevant information from the notes
to accomplish this goal?
Rachel Carson, a trailblazing figure in
environmental science, made significant A) Chess and Go are games of strategy in which
contributions with her book "Silent Spring." it is beneficial to think several moves ahead.
Through her meticulous research and powerful
writing, she exposed the harmful effects of B) The winner is apparent at the end of a game of
pesticides on the environment and human health. Chess, but not necessarily in Go.
______ her work ignited a global environmental C) Played between two people, Go is simple to
movement and led to important regulatory learn since all the pieces are the same.
reforms.
D) In Chess, which is considered a hierarchical
Which choice completes the text with the most game, sacrificing a piece can lead to a better
logical transition? outcome.

A) Nevertheless,
B) Consequently,
C) In addition,
D) Afterward,

25 STOP
 1 1
Reading and Writing
27 QUESTIONS
Module 2 Hard

DIRECTIONS
DIRECTIONS
The questions in this section address a number of important reading and writing skills. Each question
includes one or more passages, which may include a table or graph. Read each passage and question
carefully, and then choose the best answer to the question based on the passage(s). All questions in this
section are multiple-choice with four answer choices. Each question has a single best answer.

1 2

The universe is a time machine. The light from most In meteorology, a low-pressure area, low area or low
stars takes millions of years to reach us, so looking is a region where the atmospheric pressure is lower
at more distant objects, we learn about more ancient than that of surrounding locations. In low-pressure
times and phenomena. To us, not only is the present air systems, clouds can contain large amounts of
existence of these stars , but so are the very moisture which allow them to generate enough
concepts of “the present” and “existence.” precipitation to make for damp and weather.

Which choice completes the text with the most Which choice completes the text with the most
logical and precise word or phrase? logical and precise word or phrase?

A) debatable A) frosty
B) collected B) inclement
C) denied C) inhospitable
D) resented D) brisk

27 CONTINUE
 1 1
3 5

The Palace of Versailles was the principal residence Cute objects are assumed to be characterized
of the French kings from the time of Louis XIV to by baby schema. This is a set of features that are
Louis XVI. Embellished by several generations of commonly seen in young animals: a large head
architects, it provided Europe with a model of the relative to the body size, a high and protruding
ideal royal residence for over a century. While the forehead, large eyes, and so forth. Lorenz assumed
servants quarters exemplified a simple and austere that responses to baby schema are innate processes
style of décor, the other rooms in the palace of and are triggered by elemental features of the
Versailles were and opulent. stimuli. In humans, the stimuli are deemed cute,
capture attention, bring a smile to the viewer’s face,
Which choice completes the text with the most and induce motivation and behavior for approach
logical and precise word or phrase? and caregiving. Baby schema modulates perception
and attention at early stages of visual processing and
A) severe activates the reward system of the brain.

B) florid As used in the text, what does the word “elemental”

C) austere most nearly mean?

D) ostentatious
A) inner
B) chemical
4
C) partial
As its name suggests, Phasmatodea, more D) essential
commonly known as the stick insect, resembles
the twigs among which it lives, providing it with
one of the most efficient natural disguises on
Earth. It and the equally inconspicuous leaf insect
comprise the Phasmatodea order. Stick insects have
elongated, twig-shaped bodies that enable them to
be when they alight on shrubbery.

Which choice completes the text with the most

logical and precise word or phrase?

A) devoured
B) foliated
C) acclimated
D) camouflaged

28 CONTINUE
 1 1
6 7

At a preconcert interview in 2000 for the The following text is from Theodosia Garrison’s
performance of one of her works in London, Rhian poem “The Fair,” published in 1917. The phrase
Samuel was asked about her well-known reluctance “the pick o’ seven counties” means “the best” of the
to be considered a Welsh composer. Her reply—"I'm counties.
not so happy to be called only a Welsh composer
because I haven't lived in Wales all my life and The pick o' seven counties, so they're tellin'
have other influences as well. On the other hand, me, was there,
I have been a woman all my life!"—brought both Horses racin' on the track, and fiddles on the
laughter and applause from the expectant crowd green,
of concertgoers. In short, Samuel is proud to be Flyin' flags and blowin' horns and all that
considered first a woman composer, one whose makes a fair,
connection to the Welsh language and people I'm hearin' that the like of it was something
resurfaces at interludes throughout her musical life. never seen.

Which choice best states the main purpose of the So it is they're tellin' me,
text? Girl dear, it may be true--
I only know the bonnet strings
A) To discuss a composer’s musical training Beneath your chin were blue.

B) To clarify a musician’s self-perception I'm hearin' that the cattle came that thick they
C) To reconcile two antithetical views of a stood in rows,
performance And Doolan's Timmy caught the pig and Terry
climbed the pole,
D) To reveal the preferences of a particular They're tellin' me they showed the cream of
audience everything that grows,
And never man had eyes enough for takin' in
the whole.

So it is they're tellin' me,

Girl dear, it may be so,
I only know your little gown
Was whiter than the snow.

Which choice best describes the overall structure of

the text?

A) The first stanza describes a scene and the

remaining stanzas provide further details.
B) The stanzas alternate between second-hand
descriptions of an event and first-hand
comments to another person.
C) The poem gradually reveals the answer to a
question implied in the first stanza.
D) The stanzas alternate between the perspective
of two different people.

29 CONTINUE
 1 1
8 9

A Spanish company, Repsol, has discovered a Text 1

huge amount of shale oil in Argentina, which The French Revolution reverberated around the
could boost Argentina’s potential to cash in on world when it happened–a telling blow was struck
energy. However, some people are concerned about for the people’s rights, and a step was taken toward
the cost– both financial and environmental–of true democracy that could not be taken back. We
extracting the oil. The oil was discovered in the are indebted to renegade artists for lighting the
“vacamuerta” or “Dead Cow” formation of the arid match that set that blaze. Several guerrilla theater
Neuquen Basin in Northern Patagonia, a region of groups performing outside the castle began doing
rocky, treeless plains dotted with dry brush, with the shocking things; they mocked the royalty. The
only two lakes in close proximity. performances gave the downtrodden commoners
the courage and license they required to form a
Which choice best describes the function of the body to rise against the monarchy.
underlined sentence in the text as a whole?
Text 2
A) It demonstrates the fact that the region has Social and economic pressures gave the peasants
limited water reserves. of France literally no choice but to fight against
their oppressive government. Much has been
B) It provides imagery to allow the reader to made recently of the impact of a few ragtag theater
visualize the region. groups outside the palace; while they probably did
C) It shows that the region has ample water to a good job of reflecting the growing discontent of
use in extracting the oil. the people, it is certain that a family’s need to eat
was a more compelling argument for revolution
D) It suggests that there are few plants and than a funny play that Father saw on the way home
animals that could be impacted by the from the fields.
extraction of the oil.
Based on the texts, how would author of Text 2
respond to the underlined claim made in the Text 1?

A) By recognizing the role of these performances

in changing the course of the Revolution
B) By suggesting that they were unfit for public
viewing
C) By asserting that they had no relevance to the
French Revolution
D) By indicating that they represented the
commoners' viewpoints about royalty

30 CONTINUE
 1 1
10

When certain materials are cooled below a critical

temperature, they become capable of conducting
electric currents without any resistance. This
remarkable property, called superconductivity,
has the potential to revolutionize various fields,
including energy transmission, medical imaging,
and particle accelerators. Despite significant
progress, scientists are actively researching the
mechanism behind superconductivity at higher
temperatures, as it holds great technological
promise.

According to the text, why is superconductivity

actively researched by scientists?

A) The property allows for better and more

efficient cooling through zero resistance heat
conduction.
B) Superconductivity enables improved
cooling efficiency due to zero resistance heat
conduction.
C) The mechanism of how it minimizes
electrical resistance is still unknown.
D) It is used widely in various industries and can
potentially lead to the development of new
technologies.

31 CONTINUE
1 1
11

How does the microscopic amoeba track down prey in the vastness of the forest floor?
Ample research on the soil amoeba Dicytostelium discoideum, affectionately called “Dicty”
by researchers, has shown that Dicty can tell the difference between the Gram-negative and
Gram-positive bacteria. In a follow-up experiment, the researchers tested whether Dicty might
be homing in on the large amounts of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (CAMP) that Gram-
negative bacteria regularly spill from their cells, whereas Gram-positives excrete little to no
cAMP. They observed that Dicty preferentially migrated toward a mutant Gram-negative
Escherichia coli strain that overproduced cAMP versus a wild type E. coli and another mutant
strain that produced no cAMP. The experiments suggest that cAMP might play a role in Dicty
preference for Gram-negatives. For instance ______.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the graph to complete the text?

A) D. discoideum preferred wild-type E. coli over E. coli not producing cAMP, but it
preferred E. coli overproducing cAMP over wild-type E. coli
B) D. discoideum preferred wild-type E. coli over both E. coli overproducing cAMP and E.
coli not producing cAMP
C) Twice the number of D. discoideum migrated toward wild-type E. coli when paired with E.
coli not producing cAMP than migrated toward wild-type E. coli when paired with E. coli
overproducing cAMP
D) The number of D. discoideum migrating toward E. coli overproducing cAMP over wild-
type E. coli was smaller than the number of D. discoideum migrating toward E. coli not
producing cAMP over the no-bacteria control

32 CONTINUE
 1 1
12 13

Thermoelectric materials are unique substances The following text is excerpted from Mark Twain’s
that directly convert temperature differences into The Prince and the Pauper. It’s a tale about a prince
electrical energy, harnessing waste heat for power. and a poor boy who switch places. In the story, the
A recent study explored the potential of organic poor boy Tom is fairly satisfied with his life; he did
thermoelectric materials, revealing enhanced not know better since he had never seen a different
efficiency in heat-to-electricity conversion. This was life:
attributed to their flexible and tunable molecular
structures, which can be manipulated to optimize Which quotation from “The Prince and the Pauper”
their thermoelectric properties. The observed most effectively illustrates the claim?
enhancement supports a hypothesis that organic
materials, due to their structural versatility, could A) “[Tom’s father] was a thief, and his mother a
offer an innovative route toward optimizing beggar. They made beggars of the children,
thermoelectric performance, contributing to future but failed to make thieves of them.”
sustainable and efficient energy production.
B) “Among, but not of, the dreadful rabble that
Which finding, if true, would most directly support inhabited the house, was a good old priest,
the hypothesis mentioned in the text? and Father Andrew taught Tom how to read
and write…”
A) A comparative performance test shows C) “He had hard time of it, but did not know it.
that bismuth telluride, an inorganic It was the sort of time that all the Offal Court
thermoelectric material, demonstrates boys had, therefore he supposed it was the
superior efficiency in converting heat to correct and comfortable thing.”
electricity when compared to lead telluride,
D) “Tom’s life went along well enough. He only
another inorganic material.
begged just enough to save himself, for the
B) A performance assessment of polythiophene, laws against mendicancy were stringent, and
an organic material, yields inconsistent the penalties heavy”
results, indicating both an enhanced
thermoelectric efficiency and inferior
conversion rates when compared to its
inorganic counterparts.
C) A group of researchers synthesized
polyethylene oxide, an organic polymer
exhibiting superior thermoelectric efficiency
compared to traditional inorganic materials.
D) Polystyrene sulfonate, an organic polymer,
has demonstrated superior flexibility and
tunable molecular structure over its inorganic
counterpart, like bismuth telluride.

33 CONTINUE
 1 1
14 15

In April of 1917, almost three years after the first Gravity assists, a fascinating phenomenon in
World War began, President Woodrow Wilson and physics, utilize the gravitational pull of celestial
the United States declared war on Germany. Many bodies to alter the trajectory of ______ by carefully
Americans opposed entering the war, but President navigating gravitational fields, scientists can
Wilson strongly believed that it was necessary if the propel spacecraft deeper into space or change their
US was to help shape the eventual peace. Before the direction. These gravity assists, akin to cosmic
US entered the war, the German Foreign Secretary slingshots, harness the power of gravity to achieve
Arthur Zimmerman sent an encrypted telegram to remarkable feats in space exploration, enabling
Mexico. The telegram, however, was intercepted by missions that would otherwise be impractical or
the British and was decoded. The message promised impossible.
that the Germans would help Mexico regain
territory lost to the US if Mexico allied themselves Which choice completes the text so that it
with Germany, hoping that a war with Mexico conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
would prevent or slow the shipment of supplies
that the US was sending to the Allied forces that A) spacecraft also,
opposed Germany. This implies that before April of
1917, ______ B) spacecraft;
C) spacecraft, also,
Which choice most logically completes the text?
D) spacecraft,
A) most Americans did not want President
Wilson to help shape the peace that would
follow the war.
B) Mexico and the United States did not have
entirely peaceful relations.
C) Britain threatened to bring Mexico into the
conflict.
D) Arthur Zimmerman was certain that the
US would eventually join the war against
Germany.

34 CONTINUE
 1 1
16 18

The African continent, studied by ______ houses Lewis Mumford examined the cultural dimensions
over 1.3 billion people, securing its position as of urban development meticulously. Embarking
the second most populous continent. This vast on a scholarly journey, ______ unseen paths, he
population contributes to a rich diversity of illuminated the intricate fusion of architecture,
cultures, languages, and traditions. technology, and society, thereby cementing his
legacy as a luminary in urban theory.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) Demographer Dr. Lucy Mwangi
A) his pen illuminating
B) Demographer, Dr. Lucy Mwangi
B) his pen illuminates
C) Demographer Dr. Lucy Mwangi,
C) his pen illuminated
D) Demographer, Dr. Lucy Mwangi,
D) his pen has illuminated

17

Defined by their energy exchange with the

environment, ______ These reactions,
fundamental to various processes from industrial
manufacturing to biological metabolism, highlight
the dynamic interplay between chemistry and
thermodynamics.

Which choice completes the text so that it

conforms to the conventions of Standard English?

A) chemical reactions that release heat are

termed exothermic, while those that absorb
heat are called endothermic.
B) the release of heat through exothermic
reactions is the opposite of endothermic
reactions, which absorb heat.
C) the absorption and release of heat are all part
of chemical reactions
D) the association of chemical reactions with
exothermic and endothermic processes
refers to the release and absorption of heat,
respectively.

35 CONTINUE
 1 1
19 20

Emerging from the crucible of alchemy, the Perched atop the academic ladder, the doctorate
process of distillation—a delicate dance of heating, represents the pinnacle of scholarly pursuits. It
evaporating, and ______ separates substances demands years of rigorous independent research
within a mixture according to their distinct boiling and arduous dissertation writing; the prestige and
points. deepened expertise ______ make this grueling
journey worthwhile for many.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) condensing effectively
A) it confers, nevertheless,
B) condensing: effectively
B) it confers; nevertheless,
C) condensing—effectively
C) it confers nevertheless;
D) condensing, effectively
D) it confers. Nevertheless,

36 CONTINUE
 1 1
21 23

Emerging from a glacial crypt, the discovery of Egypt, situated in North Africa, is famed for
Ötzi the Iceman—a Copper Age mummy—has housing the vestiges of the ancient Egyptian
illuminated the dark corridors of ancient history. civilization, for the spectacle of gazing at the Great
His remarkably preserved body is a time ______ Pyramids of Giza, a marvel among the Seven
unveils intricate details of past lifestyles, health Wonders of the Ancient World; for the experience
conditions, and the environmental challenges our of delving into rich archaeological ______ of
ancestors endured. exploring millennia-old hieroglyphs, the intriguing
language of ancient Egyptians.
Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? Which choice completes the text so that it
conforms to the conventions of Standard English?
A) capsule and it
A) findings, and for the opportunity
B) capsule; and it
B) findings; and for the opportunity
C) capsule, it
C) findings and for the opportunity
D) capsule: it
D) findings; and, for the opportunity

22
24
Like a skilled swordsman wielding his rapier,
Oscar Wilde carved his literary niche with a sharp Joseph-Louis Lagrange, a notable mathematician
wit and biting satire. His masterpieces, such as and physicist, made significant contributions
"The Importance of Being Earnest" and "An Ideal to various fields of study. His work on celestial
Husband," ______ as timeless testimonies to his mechanics, particularly the formulation
brilliant artistry and societal critique. of Lagrangian points, revolutionized our
understanding of celestial bodies and their
Which choice completes the text so that it interactions. ______ Lagrange's mathematical
conforms to the conventions of Standard English? insights provided a framework for predicting and
analyzing the stable points in the gravitational field
A) has served of two larger celestial bodies, such as Earth and the
Moon. His groundbreaking contributions continue
B) serves to shape the field of mathematics and physics to
C) serve this day.

D) is serving Which choice completes the text with the most

logical transition?

A) In the same way,

B) For example,
C) Secondly,
D) Nonetheless,

37 CONTINUE
 1 1
25 26

Ada Yonath embarked on a remarkable journey Arthur Laurents, a notable playwright, made
to unravel the mysteries of ribosomes. Through significant contributions to musical theater by
her innovative use of computer modeling, she penning the books for renowned productions like
pioneered new methods for studying the structure "West Side Story" and "Gypsy." These musicals
of these cellular components, shedding light on the have stood the test of time, becoming Broadway
intricacies of protein synthesis. ______ while her classics loved by audiences worldwide. ______
groundbreaking work has significantly advanced while Laurents achieved great success in theater,
our understanding, the complexity of ribosomes he also had a reputation for being a demanding
continues to captivate scientists, enticing them and sometimes controversial figure, known for his
to explore further into this fascinating realm of outspoken nature and uncompromising artistic
biology. vision.

Which choice completes the text with the most Which choice completes the text with the most
logical transition? logical transition?

A) Alternatively, A) Conversely,

B) Nevertheless, B) Indeed,

C) Indeed, C) Next,

D) Thus, D) Subsequently,

38 CONTINUE
 1 1
27

While researching a topic, a student has taken the

following notes:

• Frank Zappa was a 20th century composer and

guitarist.
• Zappa wrote orchestral music as well as rock
songs.
• The Yellow Shark was an album of Zappa’s
music played by a European chamber orchestra.
• The album includes songs with satirical lyrics
and purely instrumental pieces.
• It was recorded live in Germany and Austria.
• Some material on his albums combined music
from his live shows with music recorded in a
studio.

A student wants to introduce The Yellow Shark to

an audience unfamiliar with the composer and his
music. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A) The music of Frank Zappa, a 20th century

composer and guitarist, was played by a
European chamber orchestra on the album
The Yellow Shark.
B) Played by a European chamber orchestra,
Frank Zappa’s album The Yellow Shark was
recorded live in Germany and Austria.
C) The album The Yellow Shark features a
European chamber orchestra playing
Frank Zappa’s music, including purely
instrumental pieces and songs with satirical
lyrics.
D) Some material on the albums of Frank
Zappa, who wrote orchestral music as well
as rock songs, combines music from his live
shows with music recorded in a studio.

39 STOP