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(CDSWS) 2025 - 05 - Ver - 3 Digital MAY SAT

The document contains a series of reading and writing questions designed for the Crack Digital SAT, covering various topics including art, economics, literature, and science. Each question requires the selection of the most logical word or phrase to complete a given text. Additionally, there are questions that assess comprehension of texts and the interpretation of data related to music streaming services and environmental research.

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100% found this document useful (1 vote)
2K views37 pages

(CDSWS) 2025 - 05 - Ver - 3 Digital MAY SAT

The document contains a series of reading and writing questions designed for the Crack Digital SAT, covering various topics including art, economics, literature, and science. Each question requires the selection of the most logical word or phrase to complete a given text. Additionally, there are questions that assess comprehension of texts and the interpretation of data related to music streaming services and environmental research.

Uploaded by

Trí Đức
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 37

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Section 1, Module 1: Reading and Writing

Question 1.
October, painted in the realist style by Jules Bastien-Lepage, depicts peasant
women picking potatoes. The realists' emphasis on accurately portraying the
experiences of average working people was largely a rejection of the
romantic style evident in many paintings by Jean-Victor Schnetz, which
instead ______ their subjects' beauty or heroism while hiding all imperfection.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?

A. mock
B. exaggerate
C. correct
D. undermine

Question 2.
The minor planet (796) Sarita was named after the animal genus that
includes cranes. But most minor planets are given only an identification
number, largely due to there being over 600,000 such bodies known at
present. So while the task of finding a unique name for each minor planet
was ______ when few had been discovered, so many minor planets have since
been discovered that the task has become nearly impossible.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?

A. insurmountable
B. substantial
C. ambiguous
D. feasible

Question 3.
The term "agglomeration economies" refers to the economic benefits
enjoyed by firms in the same industry that ______ in a region. For example, in
the game and toy manufacturing industry in the United Kingdom, firms that
locate near one another can more readily take advantage of increased
potential for information sharing among firms that fosters greater
technological innovation.

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Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?

A. concentrate
B. recur
C. dissipate
D. terminate

Question 4.
In the decades after Mexico won its independence from Spain, literature
became a medium through which the new nation ______ its autonomous
identity, with authors like Manuel Jose Othon and Angel Del Campo helping to
shape what would become a distinctly Mexican literary tradition.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?

A. decried
B. realized
C. evaded
D. overcame

Question 5.
Any effort to raise the toll that drivers must pay to use the Lewiston-
Queenston Bridge, which spans the Niagara River to connect New York State
and Ontario, Canada, should explain why a higher toll is necessary; no
amount of justification, however, is likely to persuade some drivers who
believe the current toll is ______.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?

A. warranted
B. exorbitant
C. equivocal
D. contentious

Question 6.
Researchers examining data from the New Horizons space probe, which
passed Pluto in 2015, were puzzled by a 27-mile-long crater on Pluto's icy
surface. Although Pluto is mostly covered in frozen methane and nitrogen,
the surface near the crater seemed to show the presence of water ice and
ammonia—both of which are associated with eruptions from ice volcanoes.

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Additionally, the shape and appearance of the crater did not suggest that it
was formed by impact. Based on this evidence, scientist Dale Cruikshank and
his team hypothesized that the crater was likely once a massive ice volcano.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined sentence in the
text as a whole?

A. It implies that the research team eliminated an alternative explanation for


the crater based on available evidence.
B. It identifies a misconception that the researchers had about the crater
when they were first studying the data.
C. It emphasizes the importance of the New Horizons space probe to
researchers.
D. It introduces previous findings that suggested a research method for
Cruikshank and his team.

Question 7.
Text 1
In the past, music albums were created to be played back on physical
formats like records. A typical record holds only about twenty-five minutes of
music on each of its shiny black sides. This forced artists and producers to
think carefully about what music to include on an album and what to leave
out. Today’s artists don’t have to worry as much about fitting their music on
physical formats. For this reason, many of today’s artists are making albums
that are much longer than albums from decades past.

Text 2
In today’s digital age, most music is created to be streamed from online
services. These services remove the limitations of physical formats like
records and CDs. This may be why many new albums are longer and have
more songs than albums crafted for physical formats. Unfortunately, many of
these longer albums suffer from a lack of focus.

Based on the texts, the author of Text 1 and the author of Text 2 would most
likely agree with which statement about many new albums?

A. Many new albums sell more copies than albums generally once sold.
B. Many new albums are quieter than albums generally once were.
C. Many new albums include more artwork than albums generally once
included.
D. Many new albums are longer than albums generally once were.

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Question 8.
It has long been thought that the original author of the US Pledge of
Allegiance was Francis Bellamy, who said that he wrote the pledge one
evening in August of 1892. But a historian recently discovered a newspaper
article that was published several months before August 1892. The article
describes students reciting the same pledge that Bellamy claims he first
wrote in August. This means that Bellamy may not have created the pledge
after all.

Based on the text, what piece of knowledge about the Pledge of Allegiance
has recently become uncertain?

A. The name of the newspaper that first published the pledge


B. How many changes were made to the pledge in the 1900s
C. The identity of the person who first wrote the pledge
D. Which part of the pledge students liked best in 1892

Question 9.
Toads and macaque monkeys can see in three dimensions (3D), which helps
them perceive distance and depth. Octopuses and squid are thought to lack
3D vision. Many researchers once thought the same about cuttlefish, but
Trevor Wardill and his team wanted to test whether this assumption was true.
The team studied how cuttlefish wearing 3D glasses reacted to 3D images of
shrimp (a favorite prey) projected on a tank wall. Cuttlefish changed their
striking position to match the 3D images, suggesting that their vision is more
like that of toads and macaque monkeys than that of octopuses or squid.

Which choice best states the main idea of the text?

A. Wardill’s team designed 3D glasses for cuttlefish.


B. Before completing their study, Wardill’s team showed that toads have 3D
vision, but macaque monkeys may not.
C. The findings of Wardill’s team’s study suggest that like toads and
macaque monkeys, cuttlefish may also have 3D vision.
D. Cuttlefish eyes are much more complex than those of either toads or
macaque monkeys.

Question 10.
The following text is from Anthony Trollope’s 1855 novel The Warden. Tom
Towers is a writer for the newspaper The Jupiter.
It is true that in far-off provinces men did not talk daily of Tom Towers but
they read The Jupiter, and acknowledged that without The Jupiter life was not

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worth having. This kind of hidden but still conscious glory suited the nature
of the man. He loved to sit silent in a corner of his club and listen to the loud
chattering of politicians, and to think how they all were in his power,—how
he could smite the loudest of them, were it worth his while to raise his pen
for such a purpose.

What does the text most strongly suggest about Tom Towers?

A. He takes private satisfaction in his capacity to influence public opinion.


B. He seeks mainly the admiration of readers in places that are far away.
C. He has received much praise but tends to treasure too highly his power
over others.
D. He flatters himself that his readers take a greater interest in him than in
politicians.

Question 11.

Researchers Carolina Laura Morales and Anna Traveset gathered data about
flowering plants growing alongside each other in various locations. In each
case, the researchers identified one plant as a "target species" and a nearby
plant as a "neighboring species." The researchers then calculated a value to
show how the neighboring species affected pollinator visits to the target
species. The table shows that the prickly pear had an effect value of ______.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
example?

A. 0.2379.
B. -0.3312.
C. 0.1292.
D. -3.2570.

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Question 12.

The nearly forty tribes located in Oklahoma, including the Chickasaw Nation
and the Seminole Nation, operate numerous businesses and generate billions
of dollars in revenue. A student in an economics class is researching the
tribes' collective activity as a single industry. The student wants to compare
that industry's contribution to Oklahoma's overall economy in 2017 with the
contributions made by three other industries in the state. Looking at the
table, the student finds that tribal economic activity totaled over $7.3 billion,
ranking it above ______.

Which choice most effectively uses data from the table to complete the
comparison?

A. health care, retail, and accommodation/food services.


B. both accommodation/food services and retail but below health care.
C. accommodation/food services and nearly equal to health care and retail.
D. accommodation/food services but below both health care and retail.

Question 13.
Assessing the role of forests as sinks for airborne microplastics that would
otherwise continue to disperse in the atmosphere, Akane Miyazaki and her
team measured concentrations of plastic particulates on leaves from konara
oak trees in Japan. The team used three separate extraction methods: an
ultrapure water rinse, a rinse combined with ultrasonic waves, and an
alkaline solution treatment that removes epicuticular wax (a surface coating
on most land plants to which particles can adhere). The concentrations of
particulates recovered were 7.6 percent for water extraction, 38.4 percent
for ultrasonic extraction, and 53.8 percent for alkaline extraction, leading the
team to conclude that previous assessments have likely underestimated
forest canopies' capacity as sinks.

Which detail, if true, would most directly support the team's conclusion?
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A. Most studies of microplastic accumulation on leaves have utilized


extraction methods that do not have a substantial effect on epicuticular wax.
B. Most studies of microplastic accumulation on leaves have focused on
forests with diverse tree species that exhibit varying levels of epicuticular
wax.
C. Most studies of microplastic accumulation on leaves have involved the
application of alkaline treatments before water and ultrasonic treatments
rather than after them.
D. Most studies of microplastic accumulation on leaves have found
particulate concentrations that greatly exceeded 53.8 percent.

Question 14.
Mariana Lopes Barata and Pedro Simões Coelho collected data from 324
music-streaming service users to identify factors that influence users to opt
for paid (premium) versions of music streaming services, like Apple Music.
They hypothesized that performance expectancy (how much the use of a
service is perceived to benefit the consumer) would be positively correlated
with users' intentions to adopt premium versions. The researchers asked
participants to rate statements such as “Using paid music streaming services
increases my productivity.” They found that, indeed, performance
expectancy positively influences the intention to adopt premium streaming
service versions, which suggests that ______.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. it may be advantageous for music streaming companies to try to influence


the extent to which potential users perceive the use of the premium version
to be beneficial.
B. the statement "Using paid music streaming services increases my
productivity" is not a reliable measure of performance expectancy.
C. users' intentions to pay for premium streaming services are probably
unaffected by factors other than performance expectancy.
D. participants who strongly agreed with the statement "Using paid music
streaming services increases my productivity" were more likely to express
loyalty to Apple Music than to other streaming services.

Question 15.
On January 24, 2013, the Navajo Times ______ a profile of Cornfields Chapter
(K’iiłtsohtah), which is one of the 110 chapters of the Navajo Nation
(Naabeehó Bináhásdzo). The article was later included in a book series called
Exploring the Navajo Nation Chapter by Chapter.

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Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. will publish
B. published
C. publishes
D. is publishing

Question 16.
Topographical prominence is a measure of a mountain’s independence from
other mountains. Having 11,486 feet of prominence, ______.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. geographers have ranked Mount Hayes, a peak in the United States, as


the world’s 51st most prominent mountain.
B. Mount Hayes, a peak located in the United States, is ranked by
geographers as the world’s 51st most prominent mountain.
C. the list of mountains geographers rank as the world’s most prominent
includes Mount Hayes, a peak located in the United States, at number 51.
D. the ranking given by geographers to Mount Hayes, a peak located in the
United States, is 51st most prominent mountain in the world.

Question 17.
According to the original text of the US Constitution, written in 1787, the
presidential candidate receiving the second-most Electoral College votes
becomes vice president. The 12th amendment, ratified in ______ separated
the elections for the two offices.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. 1804—
B. 1804
C. 1804,
D. 1804:

Question 18.
The colors of Navajo (Diné) weaver Melissa Cody’s work World Traveler
(2014) recall both the Germantown revival, a weaving style developed by
Navajo Nation ______ ago, and the color palette of the video games that Cody
played as a child.

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Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. artist's over 160 year's


B. artists' over 160 years
C. artists over 160 years'
D. artists over 160 years

Question 19.
A groundbreaking visual artist of her day; ______ including artists Vasily
Kandinsky and Piet Mondrian.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. well before many of her contemporaries, Hilma af Klint explored abstract


modes of painting.
B. the explorations of Hilma af Klint into abstract modes of painting occurred
well before those of many of her contemporaries.
C. Hilma af Klint explored abstract modes of painting well before many of her
contemporaries.
D. Hilma af Klint, well before many of her contemporaries, explored abstract
modes of painting.

Question 20.
The small celestial body known as 55576 Amycus is expected to have a
relatively short lifetime in the outer solar system. Within just a few million
years, 55576 Amycus is likely to migrate into the inner solar system or be
destroyed, according to ______ trajectory.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. astronomer’s modeling of the object’s


B. astronomers’ modeling of the objects’
C. astronomers modeling of the objects
D. astronomers modeling of the object’s

Question 21.
Many works of the Greek historian and geographer Agatharchides (2nd
century BCE), including his history of Europe, To kata ten Europen, have been
lost to time. Scholars wishing to read a work written by the Greek historian

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and geographer needn't ______ they can still procure a copy of


Agatharchides's De Mari Erythraeo, a geographical treatise.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. despair; though,
B. despair, though;
C. despair; though
D. despair—though

Question 22.
Using LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) technology, Tulane University
archaeologists scanned and mapped the ancient Mayan city of Tikal, which
lies deep in the Guatemalan rainforest. Some of Tikal’s old stones are
intertwined with the roots of surrounding trees, rendering parts of the
complex physically inaccessible to researchers. ______ the LiDAR’s
penetrating light waves were the only way to reveal some previously
unknown aspects of the Mayan city.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Afterward,
B. Hence,
C. Similarly,
D. Specifically,

Question 23.
Imagine a magazine that a reader has thrown away. This magazine is post-
consumer waste, as it became waste after reaching the consumer. ______ the
paper scraps left over from printing the magazine are pre-consumer waste,
as they became waste before reaching the consumer.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. As a result,
B. By contrast,
C. For example,
D. Specifically,

Question 24.
One proposed boundary between Earth's atmosphere and outer space is the
Kármán line, 100 km above sea level. Based on the work of physicist
Theodore von Kármán, this line marks the theoretical height at which an
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aircraft no longer remains aloft using the force of lift. ______ an aircraft
sustains flight past this altitude primarily by its velocity, reaching a speed
sufficient to maintain an orbit but not to generate enough lift from the thin
air.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Regardless,
B. Instead,
C. Granted,
D. For instance,

Question 25.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 The Schomburg Center for Research in Black Culture is a research


library in New York City.

 It was named for Arturo Alfonso Schomburg.

 It was founded in 1925.

The student wants to indicate the year the Schomburg Center was founded.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A. The Schomburg Center is a research library.


B. The Schomburg Center is located in New York City.
C. The Schomburg Center was founded in 1925.
D. The Schomburg Center was named for Arturo Alfonso Schomburg.

Question 26.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 Kale is a vegetable that contains ascorbic acid, an essential nutrient for


humans.

 Grapes are fruits that contain ascorbic acid.

 There is 120 milligrams (mg) of ascorbic acid in every 100 grams (g) of
kale.

 There is 10 mg of ascorbic acid in every 100 g of grapes.

 Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, so they must get it
from foods, including fruits and vegetables.

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 Ascorbic acid is also known as vitamin C.

The student wants to compare the vitamin C content of kale and grapes.
Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A. Kale and grapes both contain vitamin C, but kale contains more.
B. Kale contains vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid)—120 mg in every
100 g, to be exact.
C. Kale is a vegetable, and grapes are fruits.
D. Humans cannot make ascorbic acid in their bodies, but they can get it
from kale.

Question 27.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 Merle Oberon (1911–1979) was an actress born in Mumbai (then known


as Bombay), India.

 She was of Indian, Maori, and Irish heritage.

 She was the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy


Award.

 Early in her career, she played many nameless, uncredited roles, such
as her role in Strange Evidence (1933).

 Later, she played many named, credited roles, such as Jill Baker in That
Uncertain Feeling (1941).

The student wants to emphasize a similarity between the two films. Which
choice most effectively uses relevant information from the notes to
accomplish this goal?

A. Strange Evidence (1933) was released early in actress Merle Oberon's


career, whereas That Uncertain Feeling (1941) came out later.
B. Early in her career, Merle Oberon wasn't listed in some film credits, such
as the credits for the film Strange Evidence, where she played a nameless,
uncredited role.
C. Strange Evidence and That Uncertain Feeling are both films that include
Merle Oberon, the first Indian-born actress to be nominated for an Academy
Award.
D. In Strange Evidence (1933), actress Merle Oberon played a nameless,

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uncredited role; however, in That Uncertain Feeling (1941), she played a


credited role—that of Jill Baker.

Okay, here is the extracted text for the 27 questions from Section 1, Module
2: Reading and Writing, following your specified format.

Section 1, Module 2: Reading and Writing

Question 1.
The Magdalena River delta in Colombia is where the river flows into the
Caribbean Sea. As the river reaches the sea, it forms smaller channels where
sediments carried by the river are deposited and form many deltaic lobes, or
wetland formations. The shape and size of the delta are ______ by the sea’s
tides, which shift sediments along the coast and reshape the deltaic lobes
over time.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?

A. enhanced
B. protected
C. surpassed
D. influenced

Question 2.
Lisa Linn Kanae is a celebrated contemporary Hawaiian author whose work is
______ by a rich literary history. From the traditional stories of the Kānaka
Maoli, or Native Hawaiian people, to the works of writers such as David
Kalākaua, the literary heritage of Hawai‘i is distinctive and vibrant.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?

A. summarized
B. overlooked
C. supplanted
D. preceded

Question 3.
Archaeologists have identified a plethora of beads fashioned from Tritia
gibbosula shells in many Middle Stone Age (MSA) sites across western North
Africa, including El Mnasra Cave, Morocco. In a 2021 paper, El Mehdi
Sehasseh et al. attribute these artifacts’ ______ to the evolution and

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propagation of symbolic behavior (e.g., use of personal ornaments) in


humans and the availability of T. gibbosula during the MSA.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical and precise word or
phrase?

A. fecundity
B. heterogeneity
C. expediency
D. ubiquity

Question 4.
Kirsten Bos and other researchers studying the history of organisms have
long utilized ancient DNA—DNA recovered from ancient organic material that
has been preserved under natural conditions. However, Reyhane P. Oliveira
and colleagues’ 2017 study of the evolutionary trajectory of the Malagasy
grass genus Chasechloa instead relied on historical DNA—genomic data
incidentally preserved in specimens that are housed in natural history
collections—thus capitalizing on the research potential offered by a vast but
hitherto relatively underutilized source of insight into the biological past.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text
as a whole?

A. It explains why the research methodology selected by Oliveira and


colleagues is not widely used.
B. It offers commentary on the significance of the approach that Oliveira and
colleagues used for their study.
C. It emphasizes the importance of Oliveira and colleagues’ findings about
the DNA of flora.
D. It specifies potential applications of the approach that Oliveira and
colleagues used in their study.

Question 5.
Established knowledge of prehistoric societies primarily stems from analysis
of durable historical artifacts, including pieces of pottery, but Ruth Maícas
Ramos and team have contributed new insights with a unique analysis of
plant-based items. Plant-based artifacts, including straw baskets, are seldom
studied due to their perishable nature. This relative scarcity made it all the
more exciting when the team examined remains of well-preserved organic
artifacts discovered in a cave in Spain and determined that they dated even
further back than previously thought.

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Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text
as a whole?

A. It suggests that the researchers did not fully achieve a goal outlined
earlier in the text.
B. It describes the uncertain nature of a discovery by the researchers
mentioned earlier in the text.
C. It refers to a challenging situation presented earlier in the text.
D. It distinguishes between the two types of historical artifacts discussed
earlier in the text.

Question 6.
In 2023 Nobel Prize-winning physicist Giorgio Parisi published In a Flight of
Starlings, a collection of essays on scientific subjects. Acclaimed author Sam
Kean, who uses the form of nonfiction narrative to explore scientific
discoveries, is interested in the collection less for its aesthetic merit than for
its focus on "the false starts... and mistakes that beset real scientific
research every day." Kean argues that all too often, scientists omit this
"human stuff" from written accounts of their research and thus ultimately
"fail to explain how science really gets done."

Which choice best states the main purpose of the text?

A. It explores a subtle difference between Kean's and Parisi's respective


objections to scientific research methods.
B. It describes Kean's view that nonfiction narrative is an effective way for
Parisi to share his accomplishments.
C. It presents Kean's claim that Parisi is too modest about his own
achievements as a scientist.
D. It outlines an area of agreement between Parisi and Kean in how they
think about the work of science.

Question 7.
The following text is from William Shakespeare’s circa 1611 play The
Winter’s Tale. Camillo has been away from his home in Sicily and serves in
the court of Polixenes, the king of Bohemia. He has asked Polixenes for
permission to return to Sicily.

POLIXENES: I pray thee, good Camillo, be no more importunate. ’Tis a


sickness denying thee anything, a death to grant this.

CAMILLO: It is fifteen years since I saw my country. Though I have for the
most part been aired abroad, I desire to lay my bones there. Besides, the
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penitent king, my master, hath sent for me, to whose feeling sorrows I might
be some allay—or I o’erween [presume] to think so—which is another spur to
my departure.

Which choice best describes the function of the underlined portion in the text
as a whole?

A. It conveys Camillo’s recognition that one benefit his presence may afford
the king of Sicily is merely speculative.
B. It suggests that Camillo feels compelled to persuade Polixenes that
Camillo’s decision to leave the court is justified.
C. It establishes Camillo’s hope that Polixenes will be comforted knowing that
Camillo isn’t departing at his own discretion.
D. It bolsters the idea that Camillo’s primary motivation to return home is his
concern for the king of Sicily’s well-being in his absence.

Question 8.
The following text is from Narciso Tondreau’s 1898 poem “Yesterday and To-
Day” (translated by Agnes Blake Poor in 1918). The poem is about an old
statue of the Greek goddess Venus, which now lies on the ground in a state
of disrepair.

How long ago, by summer breezes fanned,


Here stood the newborn Venus, fresh and fair;
All palpitating from the master’s hand,
The last touch of his chisel lingering there.

“And surely this shall last!” he proudly thought;


“Fixed in immortal marble is my fame!”
Just here, where human hand has surely wrought,
Some crumbling letters may have spelled his name.

In the text, what does the speaker say that the artist believed about his
sculpture?

A. Its beauty would be recognized as surpassing that of other images of


Venus.
B. It would bring him enduring fame by withstanding time.
C. It would be praised for its intricate details that he carefully chiseled.
D. It would be carefully repaired when it inevitably begins to deteriorate.

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Question 9.

Which choice best describes data in the table that support the city planner’s
conclusion?

A. The improvement of community building was ranked lower for


stakeholders than it was for project leaders.
B. The increase in global biodiversity was ranked higher for the general
public than it was for stakeholders.
C. The provision of medicinal plants was ranked higher for stakeholders than
was the increase in global biodiversity.
D. The increase in global biodiversity was ranked higher for stakeholders
than were the other four services.

Question 10.
In an international collaboration, Elaine Ostrander, Alan K. Outram, and other
researchers probed the evolutionary history of size variation in modern dogs.
Scientific consensus held that early dogs had large body mass and that a
genetic driver of smaller size in some breeds (e.g., bulldogs) developed only
within the last 20,000 years as a result of selective breeding for
characteristics favored by humans. Ostrander et al. assert that this
explanation is flawed, having discovered that a mutation responsible for
variants of IGF1, a gene found in many mammals that regulates production
of insulin-like growth factor 1, is ubiquitous in domestic dog breeds.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’


assertion?

A. The mutation related to IGF1 influences body size and is found in 53,000-
year-old genetic material from fossils of Siberian wolves (Canis lupus
campestris), an ancestor of dogs.

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B. One variant of IGF1 is found only in smaller dog breeds like bulldogs and
appears to have emerged no more than 20,000 years ago.
C. An additional mutation related to IGF1 affects the development of
characteristics other than body size in smaller dog breeds like bulldogs.
D. IGF1 has been isolated in genetic material from fossils more than 20,000
years old of the red wolf (Canis rufus) and certain other species related to
dogs.

Question 11.
Callie W. Babbitt, Hema Madaka, and colleagues assembled a database of
materials used in consumer electronics by studying products in the lab and
by gathering data from similar product studies. The team gave each of these
studies a rating for level of detail (with a higher rating for reported data with
more detail) and for level of traceability (with a higher rating for clearer
descriptions of procedures). Based on these ratings, a second research team
concluded that a study by Bajpaki P. Hikwama provided more specificity in its
data than a study by Jef R. Peeters and colleagues did.

Which finding, if true, would most directly challenge the second research
team’s conclusion?

A. The study by Hikwama had a high detail rating and a high traceability
rating.
B. The study by Peeters and colleagues had a low detail rating and a low
traceability rating.
C. The study by Hikwama had a lower traceability rating than the study by
Peeters and colleagues did.
D. The study by Hikwama had a lower detail rating than the study by Peeters
and colleagues did.

Question 12.
Growing seasons in Alaska have been extending further into the year as a
result of climate changes, potentially enabling increased carbon dioxide
(CO₂) absorption through greater productivity of marsh cinquefoil (Comarum
palustre) plants and other vegetation, but also potentially enabling increased
CO₂ output through greater heterotrophic respiration (CO₂ generated by the
activity of soil microorganisms). Hydrologist Yonghong Yi and her colleagues
developed a model incorporating numerous inputs—years of solar radiation
and snow cover data among them—to evaluate the effects of climate
changes on the CO₂ balance in Alaska, concluding that net CO₂ is likely to

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increase if seasonal snow cover arrives earlier relative to the onset of soil
surface freezing.

Which finding, if true, would most directly support the researchers’


conclusion?

A. The effect of solar radiation on the growth of vegetation and on the rate of
heterotrophic respiration is stronger during the period of seasonal snow
cover than during the period without snow cover.
B. Relatively early snow cover reduces the amount of soil moisture available
for the growth of plant species such as C. palustre and lowers the rate of
heterotrophic respiration.
C. Seasonal snow cover tends to persist longer in areas of relatively low
vegetation growth and high heterotrophic respiration than in areas of
relatively high vegetation growth and low heterotrophic respiration.
D. The soil insulation provided by snow cover enables heterotrophic
respiration to continue during a period in which plant species such as C.
palustre are typically not growing.

Question 13.
Over 600 languages are spoken in New York City in addition to English—one
can find Acehnese spoken in the neighborhood of Astoria, or Fujianese in
Sunset Park. Most speakers of Chinese languages reside in the neighborhood
of Flushing (part of New York City’s borough of Queens), where the dominant
Chinese language is Mandarin, and in Chinatown, in the borough of
Manhattan, where the dominant Chinese languages are Cantonese and
Fuzhounese. Mandarin is widely spoken in north China, while Cantonese and
Fuzhounese are widely spoken in south China. It can therefore be inferred
that ______.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. Chinese immigrants who emigrated to New York City many years ago are
more likely to speak several Chinese languages than are more recent
Chinese immigrants.
B. Chinese immigrants regularly change their residences between Queens
and Manhattan after they emigrate, rather than staying in one borough.
C. taken together, there are more Cantonese and Fuzhounese speakers
among Chinese immigrants in New York City than there are Mandarin
speakers.
D. people who emigrate from north China tend to settle in Queens, while
people who emigrate from south China tend to settle in Manhattan.
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Question 14.
Dai Sijie’s 2000 novel Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress contains
elements drawn from Sijie’s own life—there are many parallels between the
experiences of the novel’s unnamed narrator and those of Sijie—and as a
result Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress is regularly described as an
autobiographical novel. This characterization can be useful, but it also
presents drawbacks in terms of how the work is perceived, given the high
value placed on creativity and imagination in artistic endeavors. Readers
who take this characterization to mean that Sijie merely fictionalized actual
events may conclude that ______.

Which choice most logically completes the text?

A. the real-world counterparts of other characters in Balzac and the Little


Chinese Seamstress are hard to identify.
B. Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress is not as worthy of praise as it
might have been if it had no basis in fact.
C. critics disagree about whether Balzac and the Little Chinese Seamstress
shows greater originality than works without autobiographical elements.
D. Sijie should not have claimed that Balzac and the Little Chinese
Seamstress is based on real events.

Question 15.
Since the nineteenth century, Egyptologists have commonly divided ancient
Egyptian history into three primary ______ Old Kingdom (2700–2200 BCE), the
Middle Kingdom (2050–1800 BCE), and the New Kingdom (1550–1100 BCE).
Some historians, however, criticize the names of these periods for revealing
more about the culture of the mainly European Egyptologists than that of
ancient Egypt itself.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. periods: the
B. periods; the
C. periods. the
D. periods The

Question 16.
The allocation of a new country dialing prefix (+994) to route incoming
international calls ______ among the infrastructural changes necessitated by
Azerbaijan’s 1991 split from the Soviet Union.

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Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. was
B. are
C. have been
D. were

Question 17.
Funafuti, the capital of Tuvalu, has a population of 4,492, which accounts for
45.48 percent of the country’s total population. Having proportionally large
populations ______ common for national capitals.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. have been
B. is
C. were
D. are

Question 18.
The Southern Delta Aquariid meteor shower’s brightness typically surpasses
that of the Ursid meteor shower due to the interplay of three main factors—
namely, the size and composition of the ______ velocity upon entering Earth’s
mesosphere, with higher-velocity meteoroids releasing more energy; and
atmospheric fluctuations, such as changes in temperature.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. meteoroids; their
B. meteoroids—their
C. meteoroids, their
D. meteoroids. Their

Question 19.
In Hafez’s Divan, the writer muses on love, faith, and protest. So impactful is
this particular work by Hafez, a Persian lyric poet whose authorial
perspective was at once mystical and critical, that its ruminations on
fourteenth-century Persian life ______ Iranian society hundreds of years later.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?
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A. is influencing
B. influences
C. influence
D. has influenced

Question 20.
In 2019, the Lotte Gallery in Incheon, South Korea, exhibited the work of
Slovak ______ who aptly describes her photos as "minimalistic but also
futuristic."

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. photographer, Mária Švarbová,


B. photographer Mária Švarbová,
C. photographer, Mária Švarbová
D. photographer Mária Švarbová

Question 21.
Instead of sleeping on soft pillows, ancient Egyptians slept on hard, elevated
headrests; their design ______ airflow, protection from insects, and hairstyle
maintenance over comfort.

Which choice completes the text so that it conforms to the conventions of


Standard English?

A. prioritizing
B. had prioritized
C. prioritized
D. was prioritizing

Question 22.
French mathematician Michel Talagrand has shown that over large numbers
of trials, variables that appear to be independent and random are in fact
extremely likely to cluster around an average. ______ according to
Talagrand’s research, if you flip a coin 1,000 times, there is a 99.7%
probability that the coin will land heads side up between 450 and 550 times.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. In addition,
B. For instance,
C. However,
D. In comparison,
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Question 23.
The Jiangsu Qidong, an offshore wind farm located off the coast of China,
produces about 802 megawatts (MW) of electricity per year. ______ England’s
Hornsea Project One offshore wind farm, which generates the most power of
any single offshore farm, produces 1,218 MW of electricity.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. By comparison,
B. For instance,
C. That is,
D. As a result,

Question 24.
Topographic maps show the elevation of landforms above sea level.
Bathymetric maps, ______ show the elevation of landforms below the sea,
providing valuable information to marine geophysicists like Claudia Flores,
who studies seismic data from the northeastern Caribbean.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. by contrast,
B. in conclusion,
C. for example,
D. afterward,

Question 25.
Motion capture is one tool digital artists employ while developing visuals for
video games. ______ digital artists use motion capture to digitally capture
real-life movements and convert them to 3D game animations.

Which choice completes the text with the most logical transition?

A. Thus,
B. In addition,
C. Specifically,
D. By comparison,

Question 26.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 Linguistic typologists classify and compare languages according to


their structural features.

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 One such structure is word order, or the way subjects (S), verbs (V),
and objects (O) are typically arranged in a sentence.

 English employs an SVO word order (e.g., Cows eat grass).

 Bengali employs an SOV word order (e.g., Cows grass eat).

 Filipino employs a VSO word order (e.g., Eat cows grass).

 87% of the world’s languages are classified as either SVO or SOV.

The student wants to make a generalization about how word order is


employed across languages. Which choice most effectively uses relevant
information from the notes to accomplish this goal?

A. The majority of languages place the subject of a sentence before the verb
and object.
B. Word order is one of the structural features by which linguistic typologists
classify and compare the world’s languages.
C. Linguistic typologists analyze and compare how word order is employed
across languages.
D. The way in which subjects, verbs, and objects are typically arranged in a
sentence is also called word order.

Question 27.
While researching a topic, a student has taken the following notes:

 Producing the nutrient-rich cyanobacterium L. maxima at industrial


scale requires high-quality samples of L. maxima DNA.

 Yirlis Yadefi Pineda-Rodríguez and a team of researchers at the


University of Córdoba, Colombia, evaluated the quantity and purity of
L. maxima DNA extracted using three different DNA extraction kits.

 CTAB 2x (kit 1) had a DNA yield of 2,134 nanograms per microliter


(ng/μL) and a purity ratio of 2.2.

 Pbact (kit 2) had a DNA yield of 15.7 ng/μL and a purity ratio of 1.6.

 Pplant (kit 3) had a DNA yield of 12.5 ng/μL and a purity ratio of 1.5.

 According to the researchers, Pbact was the most effective because it


was the only one with both a sufficiently high yield and a purity rate
close to the ideal of 1.8.

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The student wants to emphasize the significance of a similarity between two


of the kits. Which choice most effectively uses relevant information from the
notes to accomplish this goal?

A. Due to their insufficient yield or purity, CTAB 2x and Pplant were deemed
by the researchers to be less effective than Pbact.
B. CTAB 2x and Pplant both had a DNA yield above 10 and a purity ratio
above 1.4.
C. Compared to CTAB 2x, which had a DNA yield of 2,134 ng/μL, both Pbact
and Pplant had insufficient yields; Pplant, in particular, was ineffective due to
its low yield.
D. With the ideal purity ratio being 1.8, CTAB 2x and Pbact were equal in
purity, according to the researchers.

Section 2: Module 1: Maths

Question 1. In triangle ABC, the measure of angle A is 34° and the measure
of angle B is 90°. What is the measure, in degrees, of angle C?

A. 34 B. 56 C. 90 D. 180

Question 2. Which expression is equivalent to 3 xy (2 x 2+7 y )?

A. 5 x 3 y +10 x y 2 B. 6 x 2 y +7 y C. 6 x 3 y+21 x y 2 D.
2
6 x y +21 xy
Question 3. Which expression is equivalent to 30 x 2+ 6 x +6 ?

A. 5 x 2 6 x +6 B. 30 x+ 1 C. 6 (5 x 2 + x +1) D.
2
42 x + x+1
Question 4. For a particular tree species, it is recommended to plant a
maximum of 92 trees per acre. Based on this recommendation, what is the
maximum number of trees of this species that can be planted on 2 acres?

A. 276 B. 184 C. 94 D. 90

Question 5. If 350% of n is 35, what is the value of n?

A. 12,250 B. 1,225 C. 1,000 D. 10

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Question 6. For the linear function f , b is a constant and f (8)=56 . What is


the value of b ?

f (x)=7 x+b

A. 0 B. 1 C. 7 D. 8

Question 7. The function f defined by f (t)=14 t+9 gives the estimated


length, in inches, of a pothos plant t months after Shruti purchased it. Which
of the following is the best interpretation of 9 in this context?

A. Shruti will keep the pothos plant for 9 months.

B. The pothos plant is expected to grow 9 inches each month.

C. The pothos plant is expected to grow to a maximum length of 9


inches.

D. The estimated length of the pothos plant was 9 inches when Shruti
purchased it.

Question 8. At a convention center, there are a total of 375 visitors. Each


visitor is located in either room A, room B, or room C. If one of these visitors
is selected at random, the probability of selecting a visitor who is located in
room A is 0.48, and the probability of selecting a visitor who is located in
room B is 0.24. How many visitors are located in room C?

A. 28 B. 43 C. 90 D. 105

Question 9. Which of the following is a solution to the given equation?


2
x −28 x=0
A. 56 B. 28 C. 14 D. √ 28

Question 10. A right square pyramid has a height of 12 inches and a


volume of 196 cubic inches. What is the perimeter, in inches, of the base of
this pyramid?

A. 28 B. 32 C. 49 D. 56

Question 11. The value of a share of stock was


240 onthedayitwaspurchased . Everyyear , thevalueoftheshareofstockincreasesby 1V
givesthevalue , indollars , oftheshareofstock t$$ years after the day it was purchased?

A. V (t )=240(1.01 t) B. V (t )=240(1.1 t) C. V (t )=240 ¿ D.


V (t )=240 ¿

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Question 12. If f (x)=x+3 and g(x )=3 x , what is the value of 6 f (3)−g(3)?

A. -3 B. 12 C. 18 D. 27

Question 13. In the given system of equations, r is a constant. The system


has infinitely many solutions. What is the value of r ?
3 z+ 9 y=10

rz +18 y=20

A. 2 B. 3 C. 6 D. 9

Question 14. A club plans to sell tote bags. The club members estimate
they will sell 80 tote bags when the bags are priced at $9 each. For every
price increase of $1, they estimate they will sell 8 fewer bags. What is the
estimated revenue, in dollars, when the bags are priced at $12 each?
(revenue = price × number sold)

A. 720 B. 672 C. 768 D. 864

Question 15. The solution to the given system of equations is (x , y ). What is


the value of 2 y ?
3 x+ 6 y=17

−3 x−4 y=5

A. 5 B. 11 C. 17 D. 22

Question 16. What value of w is the solution to the equation


0.7 w−0.57=7 (w−0.001)?
563 −563 563
A. B. C. D.
6300 6300 630
−563
630
Question 17. Which quadratic equation has exactly one distinct real
solution?

A. x 2−16=0 B. x 2+ 16=0 C. x 2−16 x +56=0 D.


2
x −16 x +64=0
Question 18.

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Quinidra drove her car on a straight road to a certain location. The graph
models Quinidra’s distance, in miles, from her home as a function of time, in
hours. Which of the following could the model describe?

A. Quinidra drove away from her home at a constant speed for 1 hour,
spent 4 hours at the location, then continued to drive away from her home at
a constant speed for 1 hour.

B. Quinidra drove away from her home at a constant speed for 1 hour,
spent 4 hours at the location, then drove back to her home at a constant
speed for 1 hour.

C. Quinidra drove away from her home at an increasing speed for 1 hour,
spent 4 hours at the location, then drove back to her home at a decreasing
speed for 1 hour.

D. Quinidra drove away from her home at an increasing speed for 1 hour,
drove at a constant speed for 4 hours, then drove back to her home at a
decreasing speed for 1 hour.

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Question 19.

The frequency table summarizes the mass, in grams, of 35 objects. What is


the mean mass, in grams, of these objects?

A. 24 B. 22 C. 12 D. 11

Question 20. What is the y-intercept of y=−¿ in the xy-plane?

A. (0 ,−40) B. (0 ,−43) C. (0 ,−39) D.


(0 ,−38)

Question 21. A rectangular poster has an area of 330 square inches. A copy
of the poster is made in which the length and width of the original poster are
each increased by 50%. What is the area of the copy, in square inches?

A. 495 B. 742.5 C. 330 D. 165

Question 22. In the given equation, c is a constant. If the equation has


exactly one solution, what is the value of c ?
1 x 1
= +
cx 96 c

A. 24 B. -244 C. -24 D. 244

Section 2: Module 2: Maths

Question 1. The total cost f (x), in dollars, to lease a car for 24 months from
a particular car dealership is given by f (x)=24 x+ 1,000, where x is the monthly
payment, in dollars. What is the total cost to lease a car when the monthly
payment is $300?

A. $6,200 B. $7,000 C. $8,200 D.


$25,300

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Question 2.

In the figure shown, line l intersects lines j and k . Which additional piece of
information is sufficient to prove that lines j and k are parallel?

A. w=54 B. x=126 C. y=54 D.


z=126

Question 3. In the given equation, r is a constant. The equation has no


solution. What is the value of r ?
5 x+ 3=rx +7

A. 21 B. 8 C. 7 D. 5

Question 4. If 5(2 x +9)=3(2 x +9)+74 , what is the value of 2 x+ 9?

A. 74 B. 37 C. 28 D. 14
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Question 5. A gym charges its members a one-time $34 enrollment fee and
a membership fee of $16 per month. If there are no charges other than the
enrollment fee and the membership fee, after how many months will a
member have been charged a total of $178 at the gym?

A. 11 B. 9 C. 13 D. 8

Question 6.

The table shows two values of x and their corresponding values of h( x) for
the linear function h. Which equation defines h ?

(Table Data: x: 4, 6. h(x): 17, 23)


1 5
A. h( x)= x− B. h( x)=3 x +5 C. h( x)=4 x+ 17 D.
3 3
h( x)=6 x +23

Question 7. y=x 2 +17 x +4

y=x + 4

The graphs of the equations in the given system intersect at the point (x , y )
in the xy-plane. What is a possible value of x ?

A. -16 B. -15 C. 13 D. 15

Question 8. A piece of string with a length of 108 inches is cut into two
parts. One part has a length of x inches, and the other part has a length of y
inches. The value of x is 8 more than 4 times the value of y . What is the
value of x ?

A. 25 B. 29 C. 58 D. 88

Question 9. A landscaper will plant two types of shrubs, hydrangeas and


winter hazels, in a park. There will be no more than 244 total shrubs planted,
and the number of hydrangeas planted will be at most three times the
number of winter hazels planted. Which of the following systems of
inequalities best represents this situation, where h is the number of
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hydrangeas that will be planted and w is the number of winter hazels that
will be planted?

A. h+ w ≤244
h≤3w

B. h+ w ≤244
3h≥w

C. h+ w ≥ 244
h≤3w

D. h+ w ≥ 244
3h≥w

Question 10. y ≤ x +3
y ≥−3 x−7

Which point (x , y ) is a solution to the given system of inequalities in the xy-


plane?

A. (0 ,−14) B. (0 , 14) C. (−14 ,0) D.


(14 ,0)

Question 11. 3 x 2−5 x−5=0

What is the greatest solution to the given equation?

5 √ 85 5 √ 85 5 √ 85
A. − B. + C. − D.
6 6 6 6 3 3
5 √ 85
+
3 3

Question 12. f ( x)=−0.0038400 x2 +15.236 x−15,103

The model shown gives the predicted average Arctic sea ice area f (x), in
millions of square kilometers, for September of each year x , where x
represents a year and 1979 ≤ x ≤ 2012. Based on the model, what is the positive
difference, in millions of square kilometers, between the predicted average
Arctic sea ice area for September of the year 1991 and the predicted
average Arctic sea ice area for September of the year 1992? (Round your
answer to the nearest thousandth.)

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A. 0.078 B. 0.077 C. 9.504 D.


9.426
x +1
Question 13. What is the y-intercept of the graph of y= in the xy-plane?
13
1
A. (0 , 13) B. (0 , ) C. (0 , 3) D.
13
1
(0 ,− )
13

Question 14. f ( x)=x2 −4 x−320

The function f is defined by the given equation. Which of the following


equivalent forms of the equation displays the minimum value of the function
as a constant or coefficient?

A. f (x)=x2 −4 (x+ 80) B. f (x)=¿ C. f (x)=x(x −4)+(−320) D.


f (x)=(x +16)(x−20)

Question 15. Line s in the xy-plane is defined by 6 x +2 y=0. Line t is


k
perpendicular to line s and passes through the points (7 , 0) and (k , ). What is
3
the value of k ?
−21 7 63
A. B. C. D. -7
8 2 10

Question 16. g(x )=x 3 +a x 2+ bx+ c

The function g is defined by the given equation, where a , b , and c are integer
constants. The zeros of the function are −2, −7 , and 6. What is the value of a
?

A. -84 B. -3 C. 3 D. 84

Question 17.

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The weight of each object in two groups, A and B, was recorded. The
histograms represent the distributions of weight, in grams, for the objects in
groups A and B.

A. The standard deviation of weight for the objects in group A is less than
the standard deviation of weight for the objects in group B.

B. The standard deviation of weight for the objects in group A is equal to


the standard deviation of weight for the objects in group B.

C. The standard deviation of weight for the objects in group A is greater


than the standard deviation of weight for the objects in group B.

D. There is not enough information to compare the standard deviations of


weight for the objects in these two groups.

Question 18. A carpenter charges a flat rate of $216 for the first 3 hours of
work and $60 for each additional hour of work. Which equation gives the
total amount y , in dollars, that the carpenter charges for x hours of work,
where x >3?

A. y=60 x +216 B. y=216 x +396 C. y=60 x +36 D.


y=216 x +60
46 46 46 46
Question 19. = − −
p q r s
The given equation relates the positive variables p , q , r , and s. Which of the
following is equivalent to q ?

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prs 46 (p+ r +s )
A. B. C. p+r + s D.
pr − ps+rs pr + ps+ rs
46 ( p+r + s)

Question 20.

´ and BC
In the figure, AD ´ intersect at point D. The measure of ∠ ABD is w ∘, the
∘ 9
measure of ∠ CAD is z ∘, and AD=178. If cos ⁡w = , what is the value of tan ⁡z∘ ?
41
9 9 40 40
A. B. C. D.
40 41 41 9
Question 21. A right square pyramid has a total surface area of 70,560
square inches, and the combined surface area of the four lateral faces of this
pyramid is 38,160 square inches. What is the height, in inches, of this
pyramid?

A. 56 B. 90 C. 106 D. 180

Question 22. A circle in the xy-plane has center (28 , 5) and y-intercepts
(0 ,−16) and (0 , 26). What is the radius of this circle?

A. 35 B. 26 C. 21 D. 16
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