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The document discusses the concept of analytic functions and their differentiability in the context of complex analysis. It defines differentiability, continuity, and presents several theorems related to derivatives, including the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which are essential for a function to be analytic. Additionally, it explores singular points and the properties of functions that are differentiable in a given domain.
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ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
1. DIFFERENTIABILITY
Definition, Let w =/(z) be a function defined in a non-empty open subset
Dof C. Then f(z) is said to be differentiable or derivable at a point
SGo+M-SEo). 5. tim L£@)- FE)
h r4% -Z-Zo
uniquely. If this limit exists, then it is called the differential coefficient or
the derivative of, f(z) atz= zy and is denoted by f'(zp).
7 € Dif jim exists
oy
In terms of ‘e — 6’ notation, f is differentiable at z, if for given any
é>0, there exists a positive number d = d(e, zy) such that
- f'&)
Hence we may also say that f"(zy) exists iff there exists a function
4): D + C which is continuous at z) and
F(z) = fq) + S'Zq) (2-29) + - 29) (2) for|z—z9|< 4,2 ED.
167 168 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsisj
‘The number f'(z,) is generally a complex number.
A function J is said to be differentiable in D if it is differentiable a
every point of D.
Ifa function is differentiable in the entire complex plane, then it is
called an entire function.
eg f= 2",n=0,1,2,
any z) EC,
is an entire function because for
"
-%
tim LO-L0) = im
19% 9 Z-Zy rt 2-2
1
= tim 442" 729 ta. 29”)
749%
= nz"!
Note. If f(z) is differentiable at z, then we may write
LED-LO) _peyme te fer -$@)= hse) +eh
where e is a function of h which tends to zero ash > 0.
Theorem 1. Derivative of the constant function is zero.
Proof. Let f(z) = c, where cis a constant.
Then "(= im, ferh- 10) - £ =0.
h30 i
Hence derivative of the constant function is zero.
Theorem 2. If a function f has derivative at zo, then it is continuous
Zo.
Proof. Since f has vinimes at Zp, therefore
= Lo +h)- FZ)
fe) im, oe ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 169
“4 (Zp +h) -.
sim L729 + #)-FCz0)1= Lim, [AeorBatee 5)
im £%o ans C0) tim
fe, He,
= f'Gq) .0=0
ii +A)=.
= jim, fC )=F(z9)
= (2) is continuous at z).
Remark. Converse of above result is not true.
Counter Example : Consider the function f(z) = 7
Here |) —f(0)|=| 7 -0|=|z| 0 in any manner,
xy? ey zat
(it) Show that the function f(z) = x+y s
Qo, z=0
not differentiable at z= 0.
x {yO in),
Sol. () Wehave, f(z)=) 564? a
0, z=0,
Letz +0 along y= mx, wherem & R.
Becpiiep
Then tim LO-LO 2 yy HYG!)
740 z 140 (xo +y?)z
ii -ix'y(x+iy)
* (ay) (00) (x6 +y? )@e+iy)-
-ix? Ste
= tim = tim IO no,
270 x8 4 mx? 740 x’ +m?
Now, let z-* 0 along y= x°.
Then Jim, LOt0 LO = tig, 7 YO= 1x) y= =
140 r0 x84 y2 oz
lim -ix3 2+)
9) 0.0) (x6 4 y 2)(x+iy)
6 ;
po rd! i
= lim =s-+
1m, Sry RO.
Hence the result. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 4173
xy? (x+iy)
Gi) =Wehave, f()= x+y!
0, z=0
+ ze
We shall show that tim 22-100) does not exist
0 z
For this, let z > 0 along y= mx, where m € R.
Then tim, LI=LO) oy 224 Perri)
z fon (+y4yz
my EF
70 @? +y Aye
xy?
= lim
(9) 40,0) x? + y’
4
xm?x?
340 x7 4 mitxt
oem?
= lim Pay
240 4(4 mex?)
im = lim (m?x) =0.
3-90 (14 m4x?) 4 z
Now let z + 0 along the curve x= y.
Then lim fate JO. im 222 tty
0 te @ t+y4)z
x2(x+iy)
9} B00) (427) (r4+7y) 4174 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsis,
Thus im, £)-SO 55 not unique.
roe
tim L9=LO) goes not exist
740 z
Hence f(z) is not differentiable at z= 0.
Example 2. (i) Prove that f(z) = Re z is nowhere differentiable even,
though it is continuous in C.
(if) Prove that the function f(z) = |z|* is continuous everywhere
but nowhere differentiable except at the origin. @.U, 2012)
Sol. (i) Since f(z) = Re z is a polynomial function, it is continuous
everywhere.
Now, let zy be an arbitrary fixed point in C.
‘Then for h= A, +ih,, h #0, we have
Sq +h)-S(ey) _ Re(zg+h)-Rezy _ Reh
A Ah hk
: 4 if h=h+i.0
0, ,
. if h=O+ihy
_fi if em
0 if A=ih,.
tim LE0+ = FO) soos not exist
hao A
Since z) € C is arbitrary, therefore f(z) is nowhere differentiable.
Hence f (2) = Re (z) is. nowhere differentiable whereas it is
. continuous in C,
Aliter ;
Here f(z) = Re z is a real valued function such that f’(z) =] # 0 for
anyz EC.
Hence f(z) = Re (2) is nowhere differentiable, [By Theorem 3] ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 175
(ii) We have, f(z) = |z|? = x? +)?, which being a polynomial
function, is continuous everywhere.
If z = 0, then f(z) = 0 is constant function, so that it is
differentiable, and f'(z) = 0.
[zth? =i?
A
Now for z # 0, f'@)= Ja,
= tim |ztarek
Avo h
Now, let fm rel? sothat =»
which does not tend to a unique limit as it takes different values for
different values of 6 = arg A, where z is anon-zero point.
Thus f(z) is not differentiable for any non-zero value of z.
2. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS
Definition. Analytic Function. A single valued function f(z) is said to be
analytic at a point z) € C if it is differentiable not only at z, but also in
some neighbourhood of z,.
A single valued function which is differentiable at each point of an
open set D, is said to be analytic in D.
An analytic function is also called a Holomorphic function or a
Regular function.
The set of all analytic functions in an open set D is denoted by
H(D), H stands for holomorphic. 4176 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI84
Definition. Singular Points. A point where a function f(z) ceases to be
analytic is called a singular point of f(z).
Ifa function f(z) is analytic in every neighbourhood of a point z,
except at zp, then zo is called Isolated singularity of f(z) .
1
e.g. 0 is an isolated singularity of the function f(z) = =
A function f(z) defined in a domain D is said to have a removable
singularity at a point z, of Dif f(z) is not analytic at zy but it can be
made analytic by assigning a suitable value to f(z) at that point.
‘Theorem 5. Linear combinations and finite product: of analytic functions
in an open set D are analytic in D, If f and g are avalytic in D, then the
quotient £ is analytic in D except for those z in D at which g vanishes.
Proof. Proof follows from theorem 4.
Cor. If f and g are entire functions, then so are f + g, fg and fog
whenever they are defined.
2.1. Cauchy-Riemann (C-R) Equations
Theorem 6. If a function #(z) = u + /v is analytic in a given region D,
then the partial derivatives u,,H,, U,,Vy exist and uw, = Vy
uy =-v,. (@.U. 2012, 2017)
Proof. Let z=x+iy and Ar=Ax+i Ay.
Let w= f(z) = u(x, y) + iv(x, y) be analytic in D.
Then differential coefficient of w at any point z of D must exist and
have a unique value.
Now, = w+Aw =u(x+ Ax, y+ Ay) + fue + Ax, y+ Ay)
‘ Aw =u(x+ dx, y+ Ay) + ful + Ax, y + Ay)
— [utx, y) + 106, 9)]
= [ur + Ax, y+ Ay) — u(x, »)]
+ flute + Ax, y+ Ay) -v(x,))] ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 77
> lim
0 fy [MEH AR V+ Ay) — us ¥D
440 Az Ar30
dz
Het a-oe
Swear asset
where Az + 0 along any path.
Case L Let Az + 0 along real axis.
Here Az=Axand Ay=0.
wean, SS), pas [seers anny
4 (Met deys dy vs 2
ie a tim [season
az Ar40 Ax
9 VGt dn y-v y)
‘ax
au
ee w(1)
| Case II, Let Az - 0 along imaginary axis.
| Here Ax=Oand Az=Ay.
AW Lim | BGirt Ay) - uC»)
aro Az Ay=+0 fay
Ge, y + Ay) - 1G, Y)
j Dey dy) = Un Y)
+ Tay
* oe
az iy wy
dw ou |
| he, =i +. wn(2)
he, z (2) 178 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS
From (1) and (2), we get
Oe 8 a
a a Y
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
ae x
ax ® ox
he. u, =v, and uy =—v,-
Definition. Cauchy-Riemann (C-R) Equations.The partial differential
cu, ov ou ov s
tions — = — and — =- — called the Cauchy Riemann
equations ao ke a = iy
equations or C-R equations associated with the function S@=uriv,
where u and v are real-valued functions of x and y.
Theorem 7. Cauchy Riemann equations hold for an analytic function
S@)= ue, y)+ ive, yi fy = if.
Proof. We have, f(z) = u(x») +iv(, ¥)-
f,(2) = 4, y) ti vy)
and f,(z) = uy(a, y) +i vy (x »)-
Let fy =i tye
Then wu, +iv, = i(u, +i0,) = iu, —v,.
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
u,=-v, and v,=u,,
which are Cauchy Riemann equations.
Conversely, let C-R equations hold for f(z) =u +iv
he ou, = vy and wy =—v,.
Now, Sy =u, tiv, =v, +i(-u,)
= vy-iuy) = -i(u, tiv,y) =F,
Hence Ly 7S ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 179
Theorem 8. A necessary condition for a complex valued function
f= uti to be differentiable at zp is that f;(z9) = 0.
r+E 0 r-F
2082) Fale
Treating z and F as independent variables, we have
Proof. If z=x+iy, then x=
alo ale
[@, -vy) +i, +v,)). (1)
fz(@q) = 7: - vy)+ituy +0,)] (qs ¥o) = 0.
[ew = vy, u, =v, by C-R equations]
Cor. If is analytic in a domain D, then Cauchy-Riemann equations
hold at every point z € D.
Proof. Since / is analytic in D, tacrefore f;(z) =0Wz ED
1 ;
* gle Uy) Fi, +9 HO (By ay)
* uz, -v,=0 and wy +u,=0
>= u, =v, and uy =—v,.
Hence C-R equations hold Wz € D. 180 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsigy
Remark 1. Analytic functions are completely characterised by the
condition
=e.
f= Zo.
Remark 2. By above theorem, we get that if a function is analytic, then it
does not contain 7 and is expressible only in terms of z. Therefore many
formulae for the derivatives of complex functions are the same as those
for the real counter parts.
Theorem 9. (Sufficient Condition for a Function to be Analytic) Leta
function f(z) = u(x, y) +i (x,y) is such that ,, uy, U, and v, exist
and are continuous in a region D. Also, let Cauchy-Riemann equations
u, =v, and 4, = —v, hold at every point of D.
Then f(z) is differentiable in Dand f(z) =u, +iv,.
Proof, Let w =/(z) = ux, y) +/v@,y)-
Let w+ Au=wu(x + Ax, y+ Ay).
Then Au = u(x + Ax, y + Ay) — u(x, y)
= u(x + Ax, y + Ay)— ule + Ax, y) + u(x + Ax, y)~ u(x, y)
= Ay wy (c+ Ar, y +O Ay) + Ax u, (e+ O'Ax, 5),
where 0 <@, 0" <1 by Lagrange’s Mean Value theorem.
Since u, and u, are continuous in the given region, therefore
| u@ + Ax y+ 6 Ay)— u,@y)| Jee =u, tiv, ‘g
> f'@=u, +iv,. [v w=f@)] 182 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
Note. Using C-R equations,
S'@)= uy tiv, = uy tu, = Lary Hiv).
‘i ’ dw _ ow
Also, ifwe= f(2) =u+iv,then SE = SE.
Theorem 10. (Polar Form of C-R equations) If f(z) = u(x, y) + iv, y)
is an analytic function in a domain D and z = re, where r, @ are real,
Then Cauchy-Riemann equations are
ou lw mw low @.U. 2013, 2016)
@ 700’ a Fao’
Proof. We have, z= re!? =r(cos@+ isin @).
x= rcos@, y=rsin @, so that r? = x7 +»? and
= tan(~).
x
Differentiating r? = x? + y? partially w.r.t. x and y, we get
a or
2r— =2x and 2r— =2
le y y
or x ay
ak and 2-2
rr ae
2 70036 aad or _ sine
& or yor
= 2% ~c050 and = =sind,
& y
Again, differentiation @= tan“ partially w.r.t. x and y, we get
x
# ~1(-2)-- y___rsin@ __ sind
o& ie x? x? +y? r? r
x?
and 2. (4) a so FOG wane
x,
we x+y r F ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 183
du _ du Or, du 89 _ du sin O du
& Oe Oa & + 30
Ou _ Ou or
id —=——+.
“ere
3
e|
g
nar ov _ vor
Similarly, & wa
aor a a
y ry
‘Now by C-R equations in cartesian form, we have
Gu _ a au au
Oe Od
ey ye
Ou sin@ du _ dv .. cos 8 dv
e039 - SOE HM = sing = ca
OO a6 a Ot ag My
Gu cos? Gu _ wy sin dv
and sin SG ot 42)
; du _ sin? @ Gu _ au , sinO cos du
sin 9 cos 0 = = oe sin’ coe ae
2 :
and sin@cosg 2H, 0086 Ou og ou ed cos A |
or r 6 r ae
‘Subtracting these, we get
la mj) uy
100 30
Now multiplying (1) with cos 6 and (2) with sin 8, we get
2,ou_ cos@sin@du _ mw. cos? @ av
g Se cos Gain Con oe, ou
oe ree ae nt 38
in? 9 Ot sin@cos@ du _ dv sin? @ av
and sin a 36 Fp 2109 008 8 + — — - oe" 184 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI54
Adding these, we get, a
“Hence me
or
ou —_—
it wre |r a0"
Cor. (Derivative in polar form) If w= f(z) = «+ iv is analytic in some
domain D andz= re’® , then
aw _ io 0 tt Bw
& ar r 68
2m
a
Wehave, —- =
Proof. We Se
te w=utiv)
* nso 28(-, Bair)
(Using C-R equations}
= 030 4 sino | 2 — 4
cos0 +n x)
ow
= cos8—- Si
cond isin 32-4122)
= cos —1sin 9
ow
= (cos 0—/sin 8) —
‘ an ee ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS -_ 185
ie. *
a
* dw
Again, ane
az
- ne,
r
[-e weutiv]
[8 12) ]cogg 20 808
r 660 r 66 aor
(Using C-R equations]
oe sind
oo r
ow sin@ [e wawtiu]
r
w= =! (005 6 ~fsin gy 28 =o Lyne Oe
. r 00 r 00
Hence & = ete OY - 1-16 BY
a& or r 68
Example 3. (/) Using Cauchy-Riemann equations, prove that f(z) = =
and g(z) = Re z are nowhere differentiable.
(i) Show that f(z) = |z[? is differentiable at z = 0 but not
analytic at z= 0. -
or
Give an example of a function /(z) which is differentiable at a
point but not analytic at that point.
(iii) Let £@) = w(x, ») + i vG, y), where u(x, ») = x7y? and
v(x, y) = 2x7y?, Show that f(z) is nowhere analytic.
(iv) Show that the function f (2) = x y +-i y is everywhere
continuous but is not analytic, 186 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
(%) Show that the function (2) = | z | is not differentiable
anywhere.
(i) Show that the function f (<) = arg z is not differentiable
anywhere.
Sol. () Wehave, f(z) = 7-
F(z) =1 #0 for any z.
‘J(2) is nowhere differentiable. [By Theorem 3]
Agein, (2) =Rez= aE
g3(2)= 3 # 0 for any z.
Hence g(z) is also nowhere differentiable. [By Theorem 8}
(ii) We have, f(z) = |z/? = 22.
Ifz=0, then f(z) =0, so that being a constant function f(z) is
differentiable and f“(z) = 0.
Ifz#0,then f(z) =|z/* = 22
Ff
= =7#0.
&
Jf is not differentiable at any neighbourhood of z = 0.
Hence /f is not analytic atz= 0.
In fact, f is nowhere analytic in C.
(iil) We have, f (2) = u(x, y) + i u(x, y), where u(x, y) = x7y? and
(x,y) = 2x?y?
u, = 2xy?, v= 4xy?, uy, =2yx2and v, = 4yx?.
Now, Cauchy-Riemann equations, u, = v, and u, = —v, hold if
ary? =4yx? and 2yx?= 4x5? ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS a. 187
fe. if 2xyCy—2x)=Oand 2xy(e+2y)=0
ie if x=0, y=0 or y=2x
and x=0, y=0 or x=-2y.
‘Cauchy-Riemann equations hold on y for points on x = 0, y= 0.
Now if we take any neighbourhood of points on x = 0 or y = 0, then
‘that neighbourhood will contain points where x * 0 or y # 0, so that
C-R equations will not hold there.
The given function is nowhere analytic.
(i) We have, f(z) = u(x, ») + i v(x, ), where u(x, y) =x y and
ute, y) =.
Since u and v are polynomials in x and y, therefore they are
continuous everywhere.
Hence f(z) is continuous everywhere.
‘Now, =», Fos & -oond Fat.
‘Cauchy-Riemann equations hold only at (0, 1) and not in any
neighborhood of (0, 1).
Hence f(z) is nowhere analytic.
(v) We have, f@) =|2|= e+? +i0=u+iv, where
“= Ix? +37 and v=0.
eu x au y
& x2 4 y? oy [x2 + y?
Clearly, a # a and $ 4 & where (ay) #0, 0).
Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied anywhere except
possibly at (0, 0).
Hence f (z) = | z| is not differentiable for any value of z except
possibly when z= 0.
ou
= =0and
& an 188 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSiIs4
Now, £*(0)= fim LE)=LO = tim 12
a0 z a0 Zz
ix? + y?
lim
(9400) xFiy
Ifz +0 along y= rx, then
ix? + mx? Vi+m?
"(0)= lim E77 = 5
7O aa x+imx x0 tim
which depends upon m and m can have any value,
“+ f'() does not exist and hence f(z) is not differentiable
anywhere.
(vi) Wehave, f(2)=argz= tan? =u + iv, where
x
ou
ou, a
tH MS To Be where Ge. 2) = ©, 0).
Clearly,
©. Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied anywhere except
possibly at (0, 0).
Now, lim f(z)= lim argz= fim tan? 2
, fe 90 e (xy) 910.0) x
= lim tan! 2%) letting p= mx
a0 x
= tan! m,
which is not unique as it depends upon m and m can have any value.
“. (2) is discontinuous at z = 0 and hence not differentiable at
z=0, *
Hence f(z) is not differentiable anywhere. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 189
1
Example 4. (/) Show that f(z) =| Rez Imz |? satisfies C-R equations at
the origin but is not differentiable at this point.
or
Show by an example that holding of Cauchy-Riemann equations is a
necessary condition but not a sufficient condition for a function to be
analytic. (P.U. 2012)
(i) Show that the function
PU+)-¥ 1-9
= if z#0
f@= Fay
0 if z=0
is continuous and satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations at the origin
but is not differentiable there. (P.U. 2015, 2018)
@
(ii) Show that f (2) = 4, —+ 7*9 satisfies Cauchy-
0, +r=0
Riemann equations but is not differentiable at the origin.
s
= if z#0
(wv) Le f@= |z (t . Prove that Cauchy-Riemann.
0 if z=0
equations are satisfied but the function is not differentiable at the origin.
Is the function differentiable at some other point ?
(¥) Show that the function f(z) = ,ixy| is not analytic at
origin although Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied at that point.
(P.U, 2009, 2014, 2017)
(vf) Show that the function f(2)= 7? forz # 0 and f(0)=0
is not analytic at z = 0 although Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied
at this point.
Re ee 190 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
5
yi (ety)
(vi) Let $@)" yyy #00
0 7=0,
Show that f(z) is not analytic at z = 0 although Cauchy-Riemann
equations are satisfied at the origin. (P.U, 2016)
1
Sol. (i) We have, f(2)=|xy[? =
Also, ((@)=a-+iv, where u(x, ») = [xy|?, vG,y) =0.
= tim 04.0)— 400, 0) O-0 _
Now, u,(0,0) = i ma memo ee 0.
Similarly, uy (0, 0) = v, (0, 0)= v, (0, 0)=0
Cauchy-Riemana equations hold at z= 0. \
However taking h= re! #0 with r-» 0, we find that
f@)-f o.
SO = jin 7a
1
|r? cos @'sin 8?
740.r(cos@ +isin 6)
“‘wrO+isin@ 2
which takes different values for different values of 0.
Thus f is not differentiable at z = 0,
Hence we conclude that f is not differentiable at z = 0 even though /
satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations at the origin,
aia ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS , 491
3 3
+) | if @e@0)
x+y
if (x ¥)=(0,0).
+y?
=z we rational functions of x
and y, therefore they are continuous at all points for which x? + y? #0.
Also, x,y) = 0 = u(0, 0
(x, nto. 0) way) oo
and lim (x,y) =0=v(0, 0).
(> (0,0) ey)
u and v are continuous at origin also.
Thus f(z) = w+ iv is continuous everywhere in C.
Now, f,(0,0) = fim, £00100)
and f,(0,0) = Lim, LO- L090) H- $0.0)
—1+i
(a+b) _
A
Clearly, if, (0,0) = 7,,(0,0). 192 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI84
S(z) satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations at the origin.
[By Theorem 7]
0) = tan LOL
Now, FO) = fen ot
Taking A= h, +i, ie b> O.along line hy = hy, we get
and taking A= A, +10 ie. h-» along Ay =0, we get
tik,
“(0) = tim 27) = +i,
fO) alin, 5 I+
LOL) does not exis.
Th "= lit
ms FC)
Hence f satisfies Cauchy-Riemann equations but f is not
differentiable at origin.
2
QO treo
(iif) Wehave, f(z)=
0 if z=0.
For z # 0, we have: ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 193
= x, y) + u(y), where
= 3x 2
3 a.
and v(x, y) = Fey,
wey
Also, etna ts u(0, 0)=0 and u(0, 0) = 0.
x,y) =
Now, 0,0) = tim 2 O=m00.0) 4, A-O
ore 7G) ie A Pe mt
u,(0,0) = im eee = tim
k>0 k0
= pn MCA. 0)- 000.0) _
se Ieee (kre ay
aoa ¥, (0,0) = fim MON —W(0.0) in
B30 io
‘v, atthe origin £e. Cauchy-Riemann
Thus u, = v, and
equations are satisfied,
Now, FO = lim, £2)- £0 fe =O)
Ea
=\*
= lim = = Tim [2
20 z ro0(z
im x- x-iy)
© er, ol xtiy
x40(x+imx
_{leim
ltim)’ =
which is not unique as it takes different values for different values of m.
Hence /f is not differentiable at the origin.
= lim (GEE) nara 194 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI84
- :
(iv) We have, (2) = a iise8 .
0 if 2=0.
,(0.0) = im, £0.0- LO gy I
4
_ (a
= lim = lim |—| =1
mo Tale hyo [Al
‘sa f,(0.0) = Jim, £0, = £000)
Ry
#0 ara a A, x
Clearly, i f,(0,0) = f,(0,).
Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at the origin.
=F _
= =i.
Ne TE jh .h [ale
rie’ ale
= ptaking A= re!®
re (
as,
‘As h + 0 along different paths, the value of e!*? does not
give a unique value,
Thus. f is not differentiable at the origin.
3 5 3
F z
Again, forz #0, f()= = = 4 = 4, = 4,
lef dzPY GE?
3
ie “25 ~-2D x0, te #0)
Thus f is not differentiable at z # 0 nd hence it is nowhere
differentiable. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 495
(») Wehave, f(z) = xy] = u(x») + iv(e»), where
ux, y) = lxy] and v(e, y)=0.
u(h, 0) — 2(0, 0)
ou : 0-0
= (0, 0)= lim —-
ar OO fe i WisveNmne
du, (0, b)-1(0,0)_ 0-0 _
and $0.0) im, ASTD = im “= 0.
Similarly, 20, O)= zo 0)=0.
‘Cauchy-Riemann equations hold at the origin.
LO=10) jg, WevI-9
Fi
£0) = Ii =]
News, fh 40 oxtiy
Ifz + 0 along y = m x, then
2
mx" | _ viel
S'@)= lim
xs0x+imx 1+im’
which is not unique as it depends upon m.
Hence f‘(0) does not exist.
(i) Wehave, f(z)= e7 forz # Oand f(0)=0.
Forz # 0, we have
ot iy
SQ ret =e Hi “ey
heat 6stytaistyedixy?)
7
id
where x? + y? =r?
2
= Gatayt—622y2) Aixy(s2-y?)
=e" sgn 196 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYsig,
. aeons
2 _y2 2 2.
pos 227 YD , isin SEX @*
A r8 y
fee 4xyG@?-y?)
x? +y2)8
asaytoxy?
7
oe:
aa gay sin 422@°-¥7) |
@? +y7)4
u(h, 0) —u(0, 0)
A
Bn gy = 1;
Now, 5*(0,0) = jim,
uO, k) - (0,0) _
k
ao, = in, wh, “ ¥(0,0) _
= ou 4
Similarly, —(0, 0)=
imilarty, 50,0) =
and 5° 9) = fin 10.9) 4) = (0, 0) a0 =
k
C-R equations hold at the origin. ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 197
in
Now, ifz = re4, then f(z) = exp(-r-“e"'") =
tends to © asr-+0,
Thus f(z) has infinite discontinuity at origin.
Hence f(z) is not analytic at z= 0.
ra
» which
Sy etiy) 5
Gil) Wehave, f@)=} 44,510 if @, ») #0, 0)
if @y)=(0,0).
For (x, ¥) # (0,0), ux,9) = TW
xtye
and Me"
uth, 0)— 0,0) _ jin
ou ‘
tied = = jim ——
& (@,0) no A Ao =
aie du _ av _ av
Similarly, — = — = — =0at(0, 0).
* ye ®
‘C-R equations hold at origin.
xy Peis) et
Now, lim LD=LO) _ jg
2 (y) 40,0) xtiy
xtys
= in oa
40.0) xf + yl?
Ifz + 0 along y =x, then
tim LE)=LO) = tig 2° i
= lim ——
40 z 230 xh yy! x90 xfer)
lim 5
x40 (L4.x%) 198 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSis4
If z+ 0 along y° = x?, then
2 2
lim J2-SO- tim x?.x? (x+iy)
F490 z 970.9 (xt 4x4) +i y)
4
= ti
10x 4x"
4
Slim: 2 = 2b?
x902x4 2
f°) = lim LE)-SO) goes not attain the same value
190 z
along two different paths.
Thus (0) does not exist. |
Hence f(z) is not analytic at the origin.
Example 5. (i) If w= logz, find # and determine the region where w is
not analytic.
(if) Show that the function f(z) = e*(cosy+isiny) is |
holomorphic and find its derivatives. |
Sol. () Wehave, w =logz=log(x+/y) |
= Fog (x? wysiaer(2).
2 x
u(x, ¥) = Flog? +y?)
and v(,y) = tan (2) c
x
bul ox2
@& 2x? 4y?) x? ay?”
Be}
& xtey?” ANALYTIC FUNCTIONS 199
2
Hl
1
whe
cee
"
\
*
‘3
+he
s
a 2
we
x
av fi x
and = = .
yy oe () xray?
1445
*
. Gu _ aw ou av si
Since ‘ and » ae except at origin, therefore Cauchy
Riemann equations hold and all the partial derivatives are continuous
except at origin, therefore the function w = log z is analytic everywhere
except at the origin. ¢
Now, — Se Sti
= nly
xPgy? (x+iy)(e-fy)
1
xt+iy
provided z # 0.
(ii) Here w= e* cos y and v= e"siny
ve Fem ot cosy, B= —eFsiny
av ov
d Baers: Bae
ant e*siny, cosy
Gu _ ou ov
Clearl; =_— 2 wk.
learly, and
.._ C-R equations are satisfied.
Also the partial derivatives of u and v are continuous.
Hence f(z) is holomorphic. 200 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
Now, Fie) = Hei = e* cos y+ie* sin y
= e*(cos y +/sin y)
= tt? wet,
Example 6. (f) If f(z) = u(x, ») + / v(s, y) is an analytic function in D,
then show that Jacobian of u(x, y) and u(x, y) wart. x and y is | f"(z)|?.
(i) Let f(z) =u +iv be an analytic function in D and y be any
function of x and y having first order partial derivatives in D. Prove that
(zy (ee) : (xy (yh sey)?
ou Ow
our) la ay |_ ou ov due
Wehave, 20%) _ ou fv _ due
Soh © Wehave, ry) | a do|” ae ay ay ae
a y
du ou
aed © ae &
[su =v, and vy =-»,)
2
ai fie a fe) =
rer. [» reo- BiB]
ay _ By ou ay ov
if) We have, 24 = 2¥ ou , Oy ov a
(0) We have, or a ae ao oe m
ay _ ay ou, ay a
a OY Oy au Oy
an ey ta Be
te Wu-em,
= [Using C-R equations] ...2)
2
2
