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63 views46 pages5 Elementary Functions of Complex Variables
The document discusses elementary functions of a complex variable, focusing on exponential and trigonometric functions, their definitions, properties, and theorems. It includes proofs of convergence, periodicity, and relationships between these functions, such as Euler's formula and identities for hyperbolic functions. Theorems are presented to establish the behavior and characteristics of these functions within the complex plane.
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
63 views46 pages5 Elementary Functions of Complex Variables
The document discusses elementary functions of a complex variable, focusing on exponential and trigonometric functions, their definitions, properties, and theorems. It includes proofs of convergence, periodicity, and relationships between these functions, such as Euler's formula and identities for hyperbolic functions. Theorems are presented to establish the behavior and characteristics of these functions within the complex plane.
Uploaded by
honey100institutenotesCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
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/ 46
5
ELEMENTARY
FUNCTIONS OFA
COMPLEX VARIABLE
1. EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
”
; is convergent for every z € C.
2
Theorem 1. The power series oy
n=
Proof. The given power series is)’ a,7" where a, = +.
n=O me
Radius of convergence R of given series is given by
1
= lim —
ne
(n+I!
= tim SD! 2 hin’ tee,
nm ont! ne
Hence given power series converges for all z EC.
Theorem 2. The solution of the equation f(z) = f(z) with initial value
£(@) = 1 is the sum function f(z) = xy ez".
n=0
Proof. Let S(2) = ay ta, 24032? +...
293 294 PREGIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
Then SUB) = $2.0) 2430, 22 tore
Substituting these in equation /"(z) = f(z), we get
iy #0240227 tone = 0) 420g Z4303z7 ease
ay =, 4, = 202, 2 = 30; wm A, = Na, and soon
4% 2% | my
7 TM RTOS op aA oa m
a
and soon a, = —.
nm!
Now, fQ =1 2 aq = 1, so that a, = 1.
mi
= on
a f= 7
Definition. Exponential Function. The sum function of the everywhere
= 4"
convergent series)” A is defined as the exponential function of the
nm
a0
complex variable z, and is denoted by e* or exp (z).
Remark. The exponential e* is an entire function.
Theorem 3. (Addition Theorem) e7!"*2 = e“'e*? W z,,2, EC.
(P.U. 2012)
Proof. Consider the function
a(s) = ef eit
Then Biz) =e (eM) ae? eI 2 =O
= (2) = constant
“ 80) = g(z,)
i ett - oft Ft n7 be g@aeF ett]
= eT = oft 2, \ ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 295
“Cor. 1. e* #0 foranyr EC.
Proof. Let z be any complex number.
Then by addition theorem, we have
'y eft?) = 99 =]
> eF #0.
41
Cor. 2, e'? = £_ Wz, EC.
er
Proof. By above theorem, we have _
eta) a gltih)tn
te ef %2¢72 = fl
x
= etrtz a £_
8 a a
Cor.3, e? = vrec
=
Proof. Taking z, =O and z,—z in Cor. 2, we get the result.
Theorem 4. e* = e* (cos x +/sin y), wherez=x+iy.
ol caw
|| Proof. By definition, e'” = > 2)"
Gy)?
ken!
(-0 1k y’ oe Sr (-1yt pet!
- o Qn! fm (k+!
=cosytisiny.
| ef sett = et el¥ = oF (cos y+ isin y). 296) 5 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALY rata
e* andar —y, where = x4 iy.
Proois Wed know that if z= r (cos @ + sin 8), then
lpsper and ags=@.
Haves ce? = e* (cas ysisin y)
‘ve. [tel = e7 and agemy.
‘Periodic Function. A fimetion f: D + C is: saiditactes
periodiccifitiiere exists a number @ = 0 such that f(=+<))
W2 sec? x tan? 2 =1,
(if) Dividing (/) by sin? z, we get
1+cot? z = cosec?z
= cosec?z— cot? z = 1.
(Il) sin (2) =~sinz and cos (2) =cosz,
tz _ pit iz _ poke
i ere ef
Proof, sin(-z)= {——*— = _|£ =* Jas
G2) a7 [ ai } sinz
nity ft
and cos ep 7 = cosz.
(ll) If f(z) =sinz, then f'(z) = cos z and if /(2) = cos x, then
f'(2) ==sinz.
0 if n=2k
Further, for f(z) =sinz, sae{ oy ce
if m=2k+1
0
and for f(z) =cosz, ro = ee
where & E N U {0}. 300 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS-I
Proof. For f(z) =sinz,z€ C, we have
A -£(¢¢)- tet sit el tet a yatin
iE 7 j
Megan
and sty (e = )
‘Continuing so on, we have, f"(z) =— cosz, f(z) =sinzetc.
if n=2k
0
Ct it meagan, MHEEENU (0).
Hence (0) = {
Similarly if f(z) =cosz, we have f"(z) =-sinz, f(z) =—eosz,
S7(z) =sinz and so on.
0 if n=2k+1
fay where k E NU {0}.
—pf if a=
£70) -{
wo p2n4l
= 2n
(IV) cosz= ze mal and sinz = 2 GneDl
n=0
2
Proof. We know that e? rie i
Changing z to iz and—/z, we get é
(ptt z2ntl
«y?" 274
& @n+D!
(2n)
2.2) (p23
and ej DE COE
2! 3!
. carne 4 nent stant —
mw (2n)! @Qn+D! ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 301
4
n Henle ge 277) ee 0 Zt
el te 7 +2 ptt BN) Gait
; i (-1ynz2""!
and ef =e"? = diz 21 a4 ie Dm srs
(Qn+iyt
in 2nel
ee sinz= a
(2n+1!
9 gan
and cosz= De
a Ga
(¥) sin (2; +22) = sinz, cos z, +cos z, sin z
and cos (z, +23) = cos z, cosz,-sinz,z, W z),z) EC.
Proof. By addition theorem of exponential function, we have
elftit#) = itt gl
> cos (z, +22) +isin (z, +22)
= (cos z, +sin z,)(cosz, + /sin z2)
> cos (2; +22) +/sin (2, +z,) = (cos z, cos z,—sinz, sinz,)
+i (sinz, cosz, +cosz,sinz,).
Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get
cos (z,+2,) =cos 2, cos 2, —sin z, sin z,
and sin (z,+z,) =sin z, cos z, + cos z, sin 2.
Cor. 1. cos2z= cos? z—sin? z and sin2z=2sinzcos z.
Proof. Taking z, = z, =z in above, we get
a cos’z-sin?z=cos2z and sin2z=2sinzcosz.
‘Cor. 2. sin(z, —z,) = sinz, cosz —cosz, sinz,
and cos (2; — 22) = cos z, cosz, +sinz, Sinz, W 2,,2, EC.
Proof. Replacing z, by —z, in above property and using property (II),
we get the result. 302 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS-|
Remark All the trigonometric formulae, which hold true for
trigonometric functions of a real variable can be proved to be true for
trigonometric functions of a complex variable also. Some of these are :
@) cosz=lez=2 nr, nEZ.
(i) sins 1e2=(nel) Ener,
in tinz=1eze(nt1) 2 ,neZ
(iv) cos 2, = cos zy ® x =~2nati2,nEZ.
@) sing Hsing, @ 2, =n 4(-1)"2,,n EZ.
3, HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS
n. For z © C, the hyperbolic functions are defined as below :
We have, sinh z=
ertini _ (tne)
2
Forn€Z, sinh(c+2 nr) = ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 303
= sinh z.
++ sinh z is a periodic function with primitive period 22 i.
Similarly we can prove that cosh z is a periodic function with
Primitive period 2x j and tanh z is a periodic function with primitive
period xr i.
sech z and cosech z, being reciprocals of cosh z and sinh z are
Periodic functions with primitive period 22 i, and coth z, being reciprocal
of tanh z is a periodic function with primitive period zr i.
Theorem 6. (Relation between Hyperbolic and Trigonometric
Functions) For z € C,
(@) — sin(éz)=isinhz (i) cos (iz) =coshz
(ii) tan (fz) =ftanhz.
Proof.()Wehave, sinz = 2
(i) Wehave, — cosz = ee
% . ol UD gia)
“ cos -_———— =
(iz) 2
SS
we te cosh 2,
2
Gi tan (jz) = 2002) Isiah © tanh,
cos(iz) coshz 304 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
icosech z.
Cor. —()_cosec (iz)
Gif) sec(iz) =
(iif) cot (iz) =—coth z.
sech z.
pec ee
Proof. (i) cosec (iz) ain@iz) fainhe Feosech z.
- g cmt) sh Bins pat Sy Parl
OU see)" aa ahe en
(iii) cot (iz) = wel icoth z.
fan (fz) ftanhz
‘Theorem 7. (Identities for Hyperbolic Functions) For z € C,
() cosh? z—sinh? z =1
(ii) sech?z + tanh? z = 1
(iii) coth? z—-cosech?z = 1.
Proof. (i) We have, sin?z +cos?z = 1.
Changing z into iz, we get
[sin (i 2)]? + [00s (72)]? = 1
> — (isin z)? +(cosh z)? =1
= =sinh? 2 +cosh? z =1
ie. cosh? z=sinh? z =1.
(if) Dividing (i) by cosh? z, we get
1-tanh? z = sech?z
> sech?z+ tanh? z =1
(ii) Dividing (9 by sinh? z, we get
coth? z = 1 = cosech?z
= coth? z—cosech?z =I, ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 305
Theorem 8. For: & C,
2 gine
sinh z= z+—+— ee
3! (2n+D!
2 2n
and coshr=z+5—42-4,. 42 4
21° 4! Qa)!
(PU. 2014)
Proof. We know that
3 2n Qael
ef a tezr4 5 4 Z 2,7 _,
23! Qn! Qnepi
Changing z to —z, we have
Qn Dae
-2
eof 2 1732 +
21031" Qa)! (ntn!
35 n+l
‘rete ey os
3! OS! Qn+l)!
gem
> a
(Qa+t!
3 os ns
= simhe= 242-42 4.04 4.
3! oS! (n+lt
2
Also, e* +e7* ~eds 306 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS-1
Remark. All the trigonometric formulae, which hold for trigonometric
functions of a real variables can also be proved to be true in case of
trigonometric functions of a complex variable. Also, corresponding to
every relation between trigonometric functions, there is an identical
relation between hyperbolic functions which may be obtained by
changing z into jz.
Following is a list of some formulae in trigonometric functions and
the corresponding formulae in hyperbolic functions :
‘Trigonometric Functions
()|sin(z, +25) =
sin z, cos =» +cos =
Hyperbolic Functions
sinh (=, +22) =sinhz, cosh =>
+ cosh =, sinh zy
cosh (2) +2)= cosh z, cosh =
(1) }cos (2, +22)"
cos z, 605 22 —Sin z, Sin 22 + cosh =, cosh =,
cosh 22 = cosh? = + sinh? =
= 2cosh? z-1
=1+4 2sinh? =
sinh 3 7=3 sinh=+4sinh? =
4cosh? = —3.cosh = ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 307
tanh 2z=
2 sinh z, cosh =>
= sinh (2, +22 )+ sinh (=) - 29)
2eosh 2, sinh =,
inh (2, +3 }—sinh (2, - =)
2-cosh =, cosh =
2sinh =, sinh =,
cosh (=, +29 cosh (=)
=) +22
FF 2sinh
4. LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Definition. Logarithmic Function. If e” = z, where w € C and
0 #2z6€C, then w is called logarithm of z to the base ¢ and is written as
logz=w, 308 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
Theorem 9. log z is a many valued function.
Proof. Let e” =z.
Then for € Z, e”*?"*! = e™ as e™ is periodic function with
period 2a f
te evttarl 2,
+ By definition, logz=w+2nxi, nEZ.
Thus log z has infinitely many values differing from one another by
integral multiples of 2 i.
Hence log z is a many valued function.
Reinark. w + 22 i,m © Z is called general value of logarithmic
function and is denoted by log z.
‘The value corresponding to n= 0 is called the principal value of the
logarithm and is denoted by Log z.
Thus logz =Logz+2nri,n&Z.
Also, Logz =log|z|+#Argz,
where Arg z is the principal argument of z.
4.1. Laws of Logarithins
If z,,z,, a EC, then it may be easily verified that ;
() log 2,2, =logz, +logz,
fo) be 4) = logz, - log #3.
“2
Remark 1. Above formulae may not hold for principal values.
eg Let z,=-1 and zy =i.
Then Log z, = Log (- 1) = Log (e'*)=iz,
} S)oit
Log z, = Logi =Log}e ? o> ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 309
and Log (z,z,) =Log(-) = Log (3) =-i8.
cs Log (2,22) # logz, + logz5. [» Bains !t]
In fact, in formulae above, one of the values on either side is equal
to one of the values on the other side.
Remark. 2, Ifz is a non-zero complex number and n is a positive integer,
then equality log 2” =n log z may not be true even for general values.
eg logi? = log = iS 42nei = (2ne-%
while 3 log ?= a[2me +4) if
| Now it is not correct to say that
3(2mn+3) = 2na-=
2 2
because left hand side may be written as. 2 (3 mt + 1) = =
which shows that the solution set on the left is only a subset of the
solution set on the right.
Hence logi? #3 logi.
4.2. Analyticity of the Complex Logarithmic Function
The methods of investigating continuity and other properties for
single valued functions cannot be used for multiple valued functions,
But a multiple valued function can be replaced by many different
single valued functions and then nature of multiple valued functions
may be examined from the point of view of its single valued
counterparts. 310 PRECIZE GOMPLEX ANALYSIS4
We define a branch of log = to be any single-valued function
log” z that satisfies the identitye'’®?= z for all non-zero complex
numbers z. There are infinitely many branches associated with the
multiple valued function log z. Among all the branches for log =, there is
exactly one branch whose imaginary part (arg z) is defined in interval
(© x, a]. This branch is called the principal branch of log = and is
‘Log z. This branch may be viewed geometrically as a cut of the z-plane
along negative real axis. This ray is called the branch cut for the function
Log z.
Definition. Branch Cut and Branch Points. A branch cut is a portion of
a line or a curve that is introduced in order to define a branch F of a
multi-valued function f- Points on the branch cut F are singular points of f
and any point that is common to all branch cuts of f is called a branch
point.
For example, the origin and the ray @ = a make up the branch cut for
the branch
logz=logr+i0, r>0,a
> iz
=e?! _ 220! —1 =0, which is quadratic equation ine”
QiztJ4i2z? +4 —
. iw m+
be € a gp ae 1-2’,
where y1—z? is double valued function of z
= iw = log(iz+yl-27)
{ar ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 313
= wo lioggz+vinw)
~flog(iz+y1-z ),
where /I—2? is a double valued function of z.
Thus, sin~' = has bean expressed in terms of logarithmic function.
Since logarithmic function is multi-valued, therefore sin“'z is also
multi-valued function.
Theorem 13. The inverse trigonometric function cos“! z is multi-valued
function,
Proof. Let
Then
Jw pnw
= eee +e
2
* 2ree*yt
Ce")? - 226! +1 =0, whichis quadratic equation in e'”
2
* oft 2 2REyAP <4 a =rtii-2,
where fi—2? is double valued function of.
iw = log(z+ivl-z? )
= cost: = ~ilog (2 +14 2).
Thus cos~!z has been expressed in terms of logarithmic function,
Since logarithmic function is multi-valued, therefore cos™!z is also
Tuhti-valued function.
Theorem 14, The inverse trigonometric function tan“! z is multi-valued
function,
—/, 314 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
Proof, Let
Then
Applying componendo and dividendo, we get
el ee ae me _ tie
iw deiz
=
~
=
=
*
Thus tan7!z has been expressed ir terms of logarithmic function.
Since logarithmic function is multi-valued, therefore tan~! z is also mulli-
valued function,
fh ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 315
4.1. Derivative of Inverse Trigonometric Functions
‘Theorem 15. () Sein" n=
Les'n =--4
Proof. (/) Let w= sin!z,
~ilog(iz + Vi-z).
Here w contains two multiple valued functions namely vi-? and
the logarithm,
If we use specific branches of the square root and the logarithmic
functions, then sin“! z becomes single valued and analytic.
Then by chain rule, we have
{ 52
er att 1-2")
iz#yl-z
Then
1
ap | i wet de
i+2(-z*) 22-2?)
I 2 ae
= = 2!
ize ¥i-z? | 2¥i-z
: -©9@_|,, 42
iz+qi-z? ( i]
‘ iz+yl ee ;
jeevi-z | vi-2 a2
ds Sree
Hence aun 2) ye
tT 316 PREGIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
(if) Let w= cos"! = flog esi i=z? ).
Using specific branches of the square root and logarithmic functions,
cos"! z becomes single-valued and analytic,
Then by chain rule we have
‘ i [gerni-v)|
z+iyi-z2?
=-_-i vee
r+igl-z7 1-2?
=_CACA vm
zeiyi-z? -2?
2 1
a aI z+ivl-z
z+iyl-z? =z? V2’
Hence A cos"! zee ‘i *
a& nz?
Example 1. Solve the following ‘equations :
@ e=2 We =i.
SoL()Wehave, e7 =2
» extiy =2
= — e* (cosy +fsiny)=2. ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 317
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
e* cosy=2 and e* siny=0.
But e* + 0, therefore e* sin y = 0 gives siny =O Le. y=nx,n€Z,
ecosy=2 gives e*cosna=2 ie. e*(-1)"=2.
Ifnis even, say n =2 m, then we get, e* =2 fe, x=log2.
Ifa is odd, we get, e* =— 2, which is not possible,
+ g=x+iy=log 2+ ina, where nis an even integer
ie. z=log2+2imx,wherem EZ.
(i) Wehave, e*
* ety
Comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
ecosy =0 and e'siny=1.
=» e* (cosy+isiny)
Now, e* cos y =0, gives cos y=0 [v e* #0)
> yrQntl) F,n,neZ.
e* siny= 1 gives e* sin@a+1) 2 =1 = &Ciyr=l.
Ifnis even, say n= 2 m, then we get, eX =1 ie. x=0.
If is odd, then we get, e* =— 1, which is not possible.
z=(2n+1) $1, where mis even integer
te, z= (4m4+1) 55, wheremeZ,
Example 2. (i) Prove that sin zis unbounded,
(i) Is sin z + cos z bounded ? Justify your answer.
(P.U. 2012)
re 318 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS4
Sol. () We have, sinz =sin(x+iy)
= sin.x cos iy + cos x sin (iy)
=sinx cosh y+ icosx sinh y
* |sinz| = {osin x cosh y)? + (cosx sinh y)?
= sin? y cosh? y +cos? x sinh? y .
Since cosh y is unbounded, therefore | sin z | is unbounded.
Hence sin z is unbounded.
(ii) We have, sin z+cosz= A ijergeclowosz
2 2
= Asin scon% son sin)
Ls =
i cin(=+).
By part (9), sin (:+4] is unbounded,
Hence sin z + cos z is unbounded.
Example 3. Prove that sinz=Oiff z=nr,n€Z
and cosz=0 if 2=Qn+)5,n€Z.
Proof. Wehave, — sinz =sin (x+y)
= sin x cos (iy) + cos x sin (ip)
=sinx cosh y+icosxsinhy
Isin z|? = sin? x cosh? y +cos? x sinh? y
= sin? x(1+sinh? y) +(1—sin? x) sinh? y
= sin? x+sinh? y. ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 319
Now, sinz =0 # |sinz[’ =0
sin? x+sinh?y =0
« sinx=0 and sinhy-0 [v xyER]
© x=n,n€Z and y=0
e@ r=xtiy=nmi, nEZ.
Again, cos z = cos (x + iy) = cos. x cos (iy) —sin x sin (i)
=cos.x cosh y—/sinx sinh y
Icosz|? = cos? x cosh? y +sin? x sinh? y
= cos? x(1+sinh? y) + (1-cos? x) sinh? y
= cos? x+sinh? y.
Now, cosz=0 & |cosz/?=0
@ ~~ cos? x+sinh? y =0
@ cosx=0. and sinhy=0
ex Grn. n€Z and y=0
* roxtiy= QnenZ, neZ.
Example 4. Find all the zeros and the primitive period of the function
s(2/z +13),
SL Let cos (2iz+13)=0
* 2izt13=Qn+I)F,nEZ
» 2iz- Qn+NF-13 mez
* ri GatDA- vez
Pe pu Ot EHW6 eg
- AF
M.» 320 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSIS-|
Now let k be the period of the function cos (2 iz + 13).
* Then cos (2 i(¢+#) +13) = eos (2 /z+13 +2)
@ QiztQik+1F=2iz+13+2H [2 cos (2) cos (z +2n)]
= 2ik=20
= ik=x
> ko-ni.
Hence, primitive period of the given function is 2 i.
Example 5. Solve the following equations :
@ — sinz=cosh4 (i) sinhz=i
(P.U. 2013)
ip cosh z= 3 (b) sinz=2
(vy) cosz =2 (vi) tankz=-2
(P.U. 2014, 2017)
(il) tanz+cotz=2 (vi) 4cosz=3+i.
(P.U. 2015)
Sol. (/) Given equation is sinz = cosh 4
ie sinz =cos(i4) [cos (Fx) = cosh x]
> sinz ws (#41
ne o(-0"{E-i), where n € Z.
[vy sinz, =sin z, > z, = nx +(-I)"2)
(i) Givenequationis sinhz=i
i ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 321
ie
(7 -i)? =0 eal,
iz %
z =logi=loge 2 Sater
=i(2ne2)x, whee n€Z.
Given equation is cosh z=
Nie
e+e
2
2
e*F ef +] =O
1 2 pet
pay > ete* = 1
2
141 =0,where (=e
es 1s fF 143 _ tio
2 2 2
2 _1tiy3
2
= log feral
h
2
~2tm sl Fog er Bnez
inet log 2 15
= i[2ne5), where n € Z.
(i) Given equation is sinz=2
ie.
sin (x + iy).=2, wherez=x+i¥ix,yER
__—F7f>» 322 PRECIZE COMPLEX ANALYSI84
=> — sinxcos(iy)+cosxsin (iy) =2
> sinx coshy + /cos x sinh y= 2.
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get.
sinx cosh y =2 (1)
and —cosxsinhy =0. an)
From (2), either cosx=0 or sinh y=0.
If sinh y= 0, then y =O, so that cosh y= 1.
From (1), sinx=2, which isnot possibleas ~1 5 sinx S 1.
sinh y # 0, sothatcosx=0 ie, x=(2n+1) nek
sinx= +1,
From (1), cosh y= + 2.
But cosh y cannot be negative, therefore cosh y=2 ie. y= cosh"! 2.
Hence, 2=x+iy=(2n+1) Fricosh"'2, where n €Z.
() — Given equation is cosz=2
ie cos (x + fy) =2, wherez=x+iy,x,yER
= cosxcos(/y)—sinx sin (iy) =2
=> cosx cosh y—/sinx sinh y =2.
Equating real and imaginary parts, we get
cosx cosh y =2 wf)
and sin x sinh y =0. aw(2)
From (2), either sinx=0 or sinhy=0.
If sinh y=0, then y=0, so that cosh y= 1.
From (1), cos x= 2, which is not possible as -1 < cosx SI.
sinh y + 0,so thatsinx=0 ie x=na,nEZ.
From (1) we get, (-1)" cosh y=2 ie. coshy= +2
But cosh y cannot be negative, therefore cosh y=2 Le. y= cosh”! 2.
Hence, z=x+/y=na+icosh"'2, where n © Z.
> fLEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE 323
(v) Given equation is tanh z=—2
2 =
2s
o S222 =0 < 25
r+]
* 3e?? =] .
1 Lin
22 = log |-2] =10g {2
7 2 “( | ve [Se }
a 22=2inn+ log + +in,neZ
i 1 li
* 2 intt+ —lg-+in
2-73 2
win oZ)Lig3,
Hence, z= i(n+ 3} x03, wen |
(vil) The given equation is tan z+ cotz=2
= tanz+
tanz i
= tan? z-2tanz+1=0
(tan z~1)? =0
tanz—1=0
x
= tanz=1= tan—
® 4
1
= a. —|r,neZ.
= areece-[ed)
fy’, 324
PRECIZE COMPLEX AMALYSIS4
(wii) The given equation is 4 cosz—3+/
Ai =
- (-) re
2
7 afest] =3+/, where = e!*
> 242 =G+)t
> 217 -G41+2 =0
G+nt{6+0" -16
Prete Leia
4
Grptfo-lsei-16 G++ f- 846i
4 4
_ G+04043)
4
(43)? =1-9+6i=-8+6]
444i 2-21 1
= p= 1414, -0-
4 4 Aero
= eH 141 or ef =La-9
or ts (4-4) =e lb
ELEMENTARY FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE
1 44
or iz=log [i
2
> ize log y2 +i +2mzi
325
ize loge -1F +20 mn€Z
“ a
= fz = Flog 2+@ m+ Zi
or t= Liga een i
l 6
* = Slog 2+(8 m+)
z 37 8 +( me
or tz= -1 \og2+@n-2.
2i 4
Hence z= (m+n 5-5 tog2, n-S+5log2;m,n &Z.
Example 6, (/) Prove that |sin z|? = sin? x+sinh? y and hence prove
that
| sinh » | s | sin z|
