Solution

PHYSICS

Class 11 - Physics
1. Because of the change in the direction of motion, the length of the path traversed by a body is generally greater than the
magnitude of its displacement. So speed is generally greater than the magnitude of velocity.
2. Yes. A body may be at rest relative to one object and at the same time it may be in motion relative to another object.
3. The speedometer measures the instantaneous speed of the car.
4. Distance travelled = π r. Displacement covered = 2r
5. V = at
⇒ 8 = a × 10

⇒ a = 0.8m/s2
v2 = u2 + 2as
⇒ u = 82 + 2 × a64
= -0.5 m/s2
−64
⇒ a =
2×64

Distance travelled = Area of graph

⇒ 584 =
1 1 1
× 10 × 8 + 8 × t + × 16 × 8
2 2

⇒ 584 = 40 + 8t1 + 64
⇒ 8t1 = 480
⇒ t1 = 60
Total time = 10 + 60 + 16 = 86s
6. Here we need to find the distances travelled by the first ball in 4s, by the second ball in 3s, by the third ball in 2s and by the fourth
ball in 1s.
h1 = 1

2
g(4)2 = 8 × 9.8 = 78.4 m;

h2 = 1

2
g(3)2 = 9

2
× 9.8 = 44.1 m;

h3 = 1

2
g (2)2 = 2 × 9.8 = 19.6 m;

g (1)2 =
1 9.8
h4 = 2 2
= 4.9 m.
∴ Distance between first and second balls is
h1 - h2 = 78.4 - 44.1 = 34.3 m
Distance between second and third balls is
h2 - h3 = 44.1 - 19.6 = 24.5 m
Distance between third and fourth balls is
h3 - h4 = 19.6 - 4.9 = 14.7 m

7. v2 - u2 = 2as
We know a = dv

dt

Multiply and Divide by dx

dv dx
a= ×
dt dx
dv
a= × ϑ
dx

adx = vdv
(∵ = v)
dv

dt

Integrating with the limits

x v

a ∫ dx = ∫ vdv
λ v

2 2
v v
a(x - x0) = 2
−
2

2 2
v −v
as = 2
(∵ (x - x0) = s = displacement)

v2 - u2 = 2as

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 8. Let h be the height of the cliff
Let stone fall for n second
u = 0 m/s and a = g = 9.8m/s2
a
Snth = u + 2
(2n - 1)
9.8
44.1 = 0 + (2n − 1)
2
44.1×2
2n − 1 =
9.8

2n − 1 = 9
10
n=
2
= 5 s
Height of the cliff
1 2
h = ut + at
2
1 2
h = un + gn
2
1 2
h = 0 × 5 + × 9.8 × (5)
2

h = 4.9 × 25

h = 122.5 m
9. As s = ut + 1

2
gt2
∴ h=0×T+ 1

2
gt2
−−
or T = √ 2h

T
Distance covered in time 3
,
2
′ T 1 T
h = 0 × + g( )
3 2 3

2
gT
= 18
=
8

18
×
2h

g
=
h

Position of the ball after time T

3
8h
=h− h

9
=
9
, above the ground.
10. s3rd = u + a

2
(2 × 3 - 1) = 4
or u + 5

2
a=4
a
s5th = u + 2
(2 × 5 - 1) = 12
or u + 9

2
a = 12
On solving,
u = -6 ms-1, a = 4 ms-2
Distance travelled in next 3 seconds
= s8 - s5 = [-6 × 8 + 1

2
× 4 × (8)2] - [-6 × 5 + 1

2
× 4 × (5)2]
= 80 - 20 = 60 m
11. i. Here s = 2m, t = 4 s, u = 0
As s = ut + 1

2
at2
∴
2=0+ 1

2
× a × 42
or a = 0.25 ms-2
ii. Time taken to cover first one metre of the track is given by
s = ut + 1

2
at2
1=0+ 1

2
× 0.25 × t2 ⇒ t2 = 8
–
t = 2√2 = 2 × 1.414 = 2.828 = 2.83 s
∴

Hence time taken to cover the second metre

= 4 - 2.83 = 1.17 s
iii. Speed at the bottom,
v = u + at = 0 + 0.25 × 4 = 1 ms-1
12. Distance traveled in nth second is given by
S = S − S
nth ...(i)
n n−1

Distance traveled in n seconds

S = un +
n an ...(ii) 1

2
2

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 distance traveled in (n-1) seconds
Sn−1 = u(n − 1) +
1

2
2
a(n − 1) ...(iii)
Put equation (ii) and (iii) in equation (i)
1 2 1 2
Snth = un + an − u(n − 1) − a(n − 1)
2 2
1 2 1 2 1
Snth = un + an − un + u − an − a + na
2 2 2

Snth = u− 1

2
a+ na
a
Snth = u + (2n − 1)
2

Hence proved.
13. Here we use the equation of motion for constant velocity in Cartesian form.
Given x1 (0) = 50 m, x2 (0) = 100 m,

v1 = 10 ms-1, u2 = 5ms-1
The positions of the two buses at any instant t are
x1 (t) = x1 (0) + v1t = 50 + 10t
x2 (t) = x2 (0) + v2t = 100 + 5t
When A overtakes B,
x1 (t) = x2 (t)
50 + 10t = 100 + 5t
or 5t = 50
t = 10 s
x1 (10) = x2 (10) = 150 m
Thus A overtakes B at a position of 150 m from the origin at time t = 10 s

14. i.

ii.

S = ut + 1

2
at
2

Distance travelled by object

Area of OABC (trapezium)
= Area of OADC (rectangle) + Area of ΔABD
= OA × AD + × AD × BD 1

2
1
u×t+ 2
× t × (v - u)
= ut + 1

2
× t × at
v−u
(∵ t
= a)
S = ut + 1

2
at2 Given,
Velocity of car v = 126 km/h = 35 m/s
Displacement s = 200 m
Final velocity v = 0 m/s
Apply second kinematic equation to calculate retardation a

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 v2 - u2 = 2as
= -3.0625 m/s2
2 2 2

⇒a=
v −u 0−35

2s
= 2×200

Apply first kinematic equation to calculate time t

v = u + at
v−u 0−35
⇒ t= a
= −3.0625
= 11.43 sec
Hence, retardation is 3.06 m/s2 and time take to stop is 11.4 sec
15. i. B is ahead of A by the distance OP = 100 km, when the motion starts.
= 25 kmh-1
QR 150 − 100
ii. Speed of B = PR
=
2 − 0

iii. Since the two graphs intersect at point Q, so A will catch B after 2 hours and at a distance of 150 km from the origin.
= 75 kmh-1
QS 150 − 0
iv. Speed of A = OS
=
2 − 0

∴ Difference in speeds = 75 - 25 = 50 kmh-1

16. The addition of two vectors can be zero only when these vectors have equal magnitude and opposite directions.
17. Here R = nH
2 2 2
u sin 2θ u sin θ
or g
= n⋅
2g

2 2 2
u ×2 sin θ cos θ u sin θ 4
or g
= n⋅
2g
or θ = n

−1 4
⇒ θ = tan ( )
n

18. The resultant of two or more vectors is that single vector which produces the same effect as the individual vectors together
produce.
19. 90°, because (^i + ^j ) ⋅ (^i − ^j ) = 1.1 - 1.1 = 0
20. If the angle of projection is θ or (90o - θ), it covers same range equal to R i.e., the range of a projectile R =
2
u

g
sin2θ is constant

when the angle of projection is either θ or (90o - θ).

2 2 2
u u u
∴ H1 =
2g
sin
2
θ and H 2 =
2g
2
sin (90
∘
− θ) = 2g
cos
2
θ

2 2

∴ H1 H2 =( u

2g
sin
2
θ) × (
u

2g
cos
2
θ)

2 2
u 2 2
= ( ) × sin θ cos θ
2g

−−−−− u
2
R
∴ √H1 H2 = 2g
sin θ cos θ = 4
−−− −−
⇒ R = 4√H 1 H2 .
which is the required relation between H1, H2 and R.
21. In the figure, A and B are two tall buildings that are 180 m apart. W1 and W2 are the two windows in A and B respectively.

Vertical downward distance to be covered by the ball,

= Height of W1 - Height of W2
= 55 - 10.9 = 44.1 m
Initial vertical velocity of ball,
uy = 0
As y = u yt +
1

2
gt
2

1 2
∴ 44.1 = 0 + × 9.8t
2

Required horizontal velocity

Horizontal distance
= 60 ms-1
180 m
= =
Time 3 s

22. Using R = (A 2
+ B
2
+ 2AB cos θ) 2 we get
1
2 2
4 = (2 + 3 + 2 × 2 × 3 cos θ) 2

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 16 = 4 + 9 + 12 cos θ
3 −1
cos θ = = cos 0.25
12
∘ ′
θ = 75 32

23. A body or object upward at an angle theta other than 90o with horizontal is called Projectile.

Let the body is projected with speed u m/s include θ with horizontal.
then vertical component uy ​=usinθ
Horizontal component ux ​= ucosθ
Now,
x = uxt
= (u cos θ)t ..... (i)
and y = u t + a y
1

2
yt
2

y(u sin θ)t − 1

2
gt
2
(ay = -g)
using value of t from eqn. (i)
(u sin θ) 2
1 x
y = x − g
u cos θ 2 2 2
u cos θ
2
gx
y = x tan θ −
2u2 cos 2 θ

the eq is similar to standard eq of parabola

i.e y = ax2 + bx + c
Hence projectile motion is parabolic motion.
Given,
Horizontal range = maximum height
2 2 2

or u sin 2θ

g
=
u sin

2g
θ

or 2 sin θ cos θ = sin

2
θ

or sin θ

cos θ
= 4 or tan θ = 4
θ = 75o58'
24. Given that Horizontal range, R = 3 km and angle of projection of the projectile as 30°
2 2 ∘ 2
–
R=
u sin 2θ

g
or 3 = u sin 60

g
=
u

g
√3/2

2 –
or u

g
= 2√3

Given that the muzzle speed is fixed

Therefore, maximum horizontal range, is
2
u –
Rmax = = 2√3 = 3.464km
g

Hence, the bullet cannot hit the target at 5 km.

25. In hour hand of a watch (T) = 12h
2π
WH =
12

For rotation of earth T = 24h

2π
We =
24
24
⇒ WH : W e = = 2
12

WH = 2We

26. A⃗ × B⃗ = (A x
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
i + Ay j + Az k) × (Bx i + By j + Bz k)

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
= Ax i × (Bx i + By j + Bz k) + Ay j × (Bx i + By j + Bz k) + Az k × (Bx i + By j + Bz k)

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
= Ax Bx ( i × i ) + Ax By ( i × j ) + Ax Bz ( i × k)

^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
+ Ay Bx ( j × i ) + Ay By ( j × j ) + Ay Bz ( j × k)

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 ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^
+ A2 Bx (k × i ) + Az By (k × j ) + Az Bz (k × k)

= AxBx(0⃗ ) + AxBy (k
^
) + AxBz (−^j )
+ AyBx(k
^
) + AyBy (0⃗ ) + AyBz(^i )
+ AzBx(^j ) + AzBy(-^i ) + AzBz(0⃗ )
= ^i (AyBz - AzBy) −^j (AxBz - AzBx)
+k
^
(AxBy - AyBx)
∣ ^ ^ ^ ∣
i j k
∣ ∣
or ⃗ ⃗
A × B = ∣A
x
Ay Az ∣
∣ ∣
∣ Bx By Bz ∣

This equation expresses A⃗ × B⃗ in a determinant form.

27. Position vector for uniform velocity. Consider an object moving with uniform velocity v ⃗ in XY-plane.
Let r ⃗(0) and r ⃗(t) be its position vectors at times t = 0 and t = t respectively. Then
⃗
r (t)− ⃗
r (0)
v⃗ =
t−0

or r (t)
⃗ ⃗
= r (0) ⃗ ..... (i)
+ vt

In terms of rectangular components, we can write

−−−−−−
^ ^
v ⃗ = vx i + vy j , where v = √v 2
x + vy
2

r⃗ (0) = x(0)^i + y(0)^j

^
r(t) = x(t)^i + y(t)^j
Substituting these values in equation (i), we get
^ ^ ^ ^ ^
x(t) i + y(t) j = x(0) i + y(0) j + (vx i + vy j ) ⋅ t

or x(t)^i + y(t)^j = [x(0) + v x t]

^ ^
i + [y(0) + vy t] j ..... (ii)
Equating the coefficients of ^
i and ^
j on both sides,
we get
x(t) = x(0) + vxt
y(t) = y(0) + vyt
The above two equations represent uniform motions along X-axis and Y-axis respectively. Thus equation (ii) shows that a uniform
motion in two dimensions can be expressed as the sum of two uniform motions along two mutually perpendicular directions.
28. Polygon law of vector addition: It states that if a number of vectors can be represented in magnitude and direction by the sides of
a polygon taken in the same order, then their resultant is represented in magnitude and direction by the closing side of the polygon
taken in the opposite order.
Let us find the resultant of four vectors A,⃗ B⃗ , C ⃗ and D⃗ .

−→
− −
−→
In triangle OKL, the vectors A⃗ and B⃗ are represented by the sides OK and K L taken in the same order. Therefore, from the
−→ −→
− −
−→
triangle law of vector addition, the closing side OL taken in the opposite order represents the resultant of vectors OK and K L .
−→
− −
−→ −→
Thus, OK + K L = OL .................(1)
−→
− −→
By applying the triangle law of vector addition to the triangle OLM, it shows that the side OM is the resultant of vectors OL and
−
−→ −→ −
−→ −→
−
LM i.e., OL + LM = OM .
Using eq (1), we get,
−
−→ −→ −
−→ −→
−
OK + KL + LM = OM ................... (2)
Similarly, applying the triangle law of vector addition to the triangle OMN, we get,
−→
− −→
− −
−→
OM + MN = ON

Using eq (2), we get,

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 −
−→ −→ −
−→ −→
− −
−→
OK + KL + LM + MN = ON ........................ (3)
−→
− −
−→ −→
− −→
− → −→
−
Now the vectors OK = A,⃗ ⃗
K L = B, LM = C
⃗
and MN = D . Denoting the vector, ON = R
⃗
, the equation becomes,
⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗ ⃗
A + B + C + D = R

29. i. When a particle is thrown obliquely near the earth’s surface, it moves along a curved path under constant acceleration that is
directed towards the centre of the earth (we assume that the particle remains close to the surface of the earth). The path of such
a particle is called a projectile and the motion is called projectile motion.
2 2
u u sin 2θ
ii. R max =
2
R or g
=
2
×
g
√3 √3

√3
or sin 2θ = 2
= sin 60
∘
∴ θ = 30
∘

2 2
v sin α
iii. h1 =
2g

2 ∘ 2 2
y sin 2( 90 −(x) y cos α
h2 = =
2g 2g

h1 2 2 2g
v sin α
Therefore, h2
=
2g
×
2 2
v cos α
2
lan α
=
1

Ratio:h1:h2 = tan2 α :1
30. To better visualise the solution described here, we first sketch the trajectory as shown in figure.

i. The problem here is to find t when x = 32.0 m. We can use (x = v x0 t ), if we first find v . From figure, we see that v
x0 x0 = v0

cos θ = (20.0 m/s) (cos 30.0o)

0

= 17.3 m/s
Using the relation and solve for t.
x=v t x0

32.0 m
t= x

vx 0
= = 1.85 s
17.3 m/s

ii. We want to find y when x = 32.0 m, or since we have already found the time in part (a), we can state this, find y when t = 1.85
s. Using the relation,
y=v y
0
t - 1

2
gt2
where v y
0
= v0 sin θ = (20.0 m/s) (sin 30.0o)
0

= 10.0 m/s
Thus, y = (10.0 m/s)(1.85 s) - 1

2
(9.80 m/s2)(1.85 s)2 = 1.73 m
Since, y = 0 is 2.00 m above the ground, this means the ball is 3.73 m above the ground as it crosses the goal line too much
high to be caught at that point.

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