International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 10, No.

11, November 2021

Design of Heat-Recovery Steam Generator

Components in Gas Turbine (70 MW) Combined
Cycle Power Plants (105 MW)
Sri Wuryanti and Rakhadian Dwi Jadmiko
Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Energy Conversion Engineering, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: sriwuryanti.lamda@gmail.com, rakhadiandj@gmail.com

Abstract—The gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) power designs requires general limitations. The boundary
plant system combination a gas power plant and a steam requirement is that the dirt factor (RD) of the two fluids
power plant using Brayton and Rankine cycles. In GTCC flowing in the HE should be greater or equal to the
specification, the heat-recovery steam generator (HRSG) is provisions of the second impurity factor, with pressure
employed as a heat exchanger to produce superheated steam.
drops obtained from piping and heat exchangers [5]. The
The utilization of waste heat is a need for sustainable energy
use. This paper reviews research on the recovery of waste calculation of the impurity factor depends on the model
heat by designing and simulating an HRSG construction. value of the heat transfer coefficient, which is in progress
Therefore, this study aims to create an HRSG with high (56 to predict the behavior of post-boiling transitions that may
bar) and low (6 bar) pressure levels at a temperature of 500°C occur during the anticipated operational events for boiling
and 137.3 kg/s of gas turbines using simulation. The use of [6]. Furthermore, it considers the effect of the most crucial
equations and design simulations can be applied to HRSG parameters, such as surface waves, evaporation, and flow
components with appropriate high and low pressure.  configurations [7].
The value of each fluid’s heat transfer is used to
Index Terms—Economizer, evaporator, gas turbine
calculate the overall coefficient (UC), which determines
combined cycle, heat-recovery steam generator, superheater
𝑈𝐷 to obtain RD and provides geometrical design data from
I. INTRODUCTION HRSG [8]. This paper summarizes the detailed HRSG
design scheme and produces its height, length, and width
A Gas turbine combined cycle (GTCC) is a power-plant dimensions. The feasibility analysis of the HRSG design is
system that generates more efficient, significant, and the thickness of the pipes used, which is different from that
improved electricity than that produced by a conventional in previous studies on the Heat Exchanger. The research
cycle, such as a gas power plant and steam power plant. on the system of HRSG for various Na liquids produced
One of the benefits of GTCC is its ability to consume a differences in the heat transfer coefficient ( ℎ𝑁𝑎 ) [9].
limited amount of cooling water and shorter operational Research on the simple modification of the internal
time than those of the two conventional plants. Industries configuration of HRSG also makes the gas combustion
can improve, and high efficiency in GTCC (up to 58%) can flow more uniform [10].
be achieved by improving the heat-recovery steam Furthermore, recovering waste heat from a 60 MW gas
generator (HRSG) design [1]. We focus on introducing turbine exhaust generates additional power of 35.14 MW
multiple pressure levels by reheating steam in the steam [11]. Waste hot air from HRSG also indicated that the air
cycle on HRSG to recover more exhaust gas energy. return strategy offers significant performance
Furthermore, the HRSG has broad application prospects in improvements [12].
increasing electricity capacity and reducing its generation In this work, we propose the design and simulation of
costs. This design aims to further improve system HRSG with high and low pressure by heating the exhaust
performance above 60%. Power plant modifications, heat at a temperature of 500oC. In designing this HRSG,
configurations, and operating strategies can improve the consider the mass-energy balance equation, HRSG, and
unit’s cycling capability [2]. Also, the combined cycle boiler identical in modeling [13]. Apart from that, they also
power plants are increasingly subjected to cyclic include low and high pressures which are required to
operations [3]. GTCC employed HRSG, a Heat Exchanger maximize heat recovery from exhaust gases. The
(HE), on the exhaust gas turbine. Researched include advantage and novelty of this design are that it successfully
economizers, evaporators, and superheaters. Other combines steam and gas power with a capacity of 105 MW
research also focused on enhancement technologies by and an efficiency of 69.48%.
offering more design options for increasing thermal
efficiency [4]. Obtaining optimal performance in HE

Manuscript received April 7, 2021; revised June 12, 2021.

© 2021 Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res 612

doi: 10.18178/ijmerr.10.11.612-619
 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 10, No. 11, November 2021

II. SIMULATION AND DESIGN TABLE III. DATA FROM THE SIMULATION SUPERHEATER RESULTS TO
START DESIGNING
A. Simulation
This simulation’s focus is to design an HRSG with high
Low High
(56 bar) and low (6.2 bar) pressure levels at a capacity of Pressure Pressure
105 MW. This parameter is the main component of the No Parameter Unit
HRSG, which utilizes the gas turbine’s flue to convert 6 bars 58 bars
water into steam at a temperature of 500 °C. Capacity and
temperature are the initial values for simulating the initial Inlet water
1 ⁰C 140.25 269.06
temperature
design parameters. The simulation results are as shown in Water
Tables I, II, and III. 2 ⁰C 303.8 509.95
temperature out
Specific heat of
3 kJ/kg ⁰ C 4.23 4.25
TABLE I. DATA FROM THE SIMULATION SUPERHEATER RESULTS TO the water
START DESIGNING Water mass flow
4 kg/hr 27898.5 38438.3
rate
Exhaust gas
Low High
5 temperature ⁰C 372.12 650.8
No Parameter Unit Pressure Pressure
entered
6 bars 58 bars
Exhaust gas
6 ⁰C 334.92 572.53
temperature
Inlet water
1 ⁰C 151 265.5 7
Specific heat
kJ/kg ⁰ C 1.06 1.094
temperature exhaust gases
Vapor Exhaust mass
2 ⁰C 160 271 8 kg/hr 494319 494319
temperature out flow rate
Steam mass flow
3 kg/hr 27899 38438.3
rate
Exchaust gas B. Design
4 temperature ⁰C 300 464.4 The design uses the exhaust gas’s base temperature that
entered
comes out of the turbine, which is between 450 °C and
Specific heat kJ/kg
5
exhaust gases ⁰C
0.908 1.139 630°C [14]. Furthermore, the method uses a flue gas
temperature at 500oC and a mass flow rate of 137.3 kg/s
Exchaust a mass
6
flow rate
kg/hr 494319 494319 with the initial dimensions, as shown in Table IV. The
HRSG design uses a flue gas temperature at 500oC and a
Enthalpy of
7 kJ/kg 636.56 1162.49 mass flow rate of 137.3 kg/s and sets the initial design
water enters
Enthalpy of
dimensions as in Table IV.
8 kJ/kg 2756.8 2788.87 The design of the HRSG must go through the stages of
steam out
designing HRSG, which is as follows:
TABLE II. DATA FROM THE SIMULATION EVAPORATOR RESULTS TO
START DESIGNING C. Calculation of Heat Transfer Rate
The equation for calculating the heat transfer rate,
energy balance, and LMTD [15] are:
Low High Heat transfer rate:
No Parameter Unit Pressure Pressure
6 bars 58 bars q U D  A  tLMTD (1)

1
Inlet vapor
⁰C 160 270.5
q is the rate of heat transfer (W), A is heat transfer area
temperature (m), UD is the design of overall heat transfer coefficient
2
Vapor
⁰C 213 450 (W/(m2) (°C)), and ∆t LMTD is logarithmic mean
temperature out
temperature difference (°C).
Specific heat of kJ/kg
3
steam ⁰C
2.281 2.905 Energy Balance:

Q  M  C p  T1  T2   m c p   t2 t1 
Steam mass
4 kg/hr 27758.9 38438.3
flow rate (2)
Exhaust gas
5 temperature ⁰C 350 500.5 Q ̇is energy balance (W), M is exhaust mass flow rate
entered (kg/s), m is water mass flow rate (kg/s), C is the specific
Exhaust gas
6 ⁰C 343 464.4 heat of exhaust gas (J/kg °C), and c is the specific heat of
temperature
Specific heat kJ/kg
feed water (J/kg °C). T1 is the temperature of hot fluid
7 1.101 1.135 entering (°C), T2 is the temperature of hot fluid coming out
exhaust gases ⁰C
Exhaust mass (°C), t1 is the temperature of cold fluid entering (°C), and t2
8 kg/hr 494319 494319
flow rate is the temperature cold fluid coming out (°C).

© 2021 Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res 613

 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 10, No. 11, November 2021

TABLE IV. DATA DIMENSION SET TO START DESIGNING

Superheater Evaporator Economizer

No. Parameter Unit Low High Low High

Low Pressure High Pressure
Pressure (6,2 Pressure (56 Pressure Pressure
(6,2 bar) (56 bar)
bar) bar) (6,2 bar) (56 bar)
1 BWG. 13 13 15 13 10 13
Outer Diameter
2 cm 1.905 1.905 2.54 2.54 2.54 2.54
(OD)
Inner diameter
3 cm 1.422 1.424 2.174 2.057 1.859 2.057
(ID)
4 Thick pipe cm 0.241 0.241 0.183 0.2413 0.34 0.241
Distance
5 between fin cm 1.27 0.2413 1.27 1.27 1.27 1.27
ends
Flow area per
6 cm 0.627 0.627 1.463 2.245 1.069 1.308
tube
Surface per
7 linear m m 0.059 0.059 0.079 0.099 0.079 0.079
(Outside)
Surface per
8 m 0.045 0.045 0.067 0.085 0.058 0.065
linear m (inside)
Weight per kg
9 0.329 0.329 0.354 0.581 0.617 0.454
linear m steel
Arrangement of
10 Triangular Triangular Triangular Triangular Triangular Triangular
pipe
11 Fin height cm 0.635 0.635 2.007 2.007 2.007 2.007
12 Fin thickness cm 0.419 0.419 0.1016 0.102 0.102 0.102
Number of fins
13 cm 10.16 10.16 20.32 20.32 20.32 20.32
per inch
OD '(OD + 2 x
14 cm 3.81 3.175 6.5532 6.553 6.5532 6.553
height of fins)
15 Long pipe cm 74.98 74.98 74.98
16 High Duct m 8.997 8.997 8.997
17 Duct Width m 3.0785 3.0785 3.0785

The LMTD can be calculated by equation, following: OD is the outside diameter of the tube (cm), and 𝑁𝑓 is
number of fins (per tube).
t LMTD 
 t2  t1  Then to calculate the projection perimeter (P) using the
 t  (3) following equation:
ln  2 
 t1 
P  21 2?N f  2  2 1  N f  Y  (7)
LMTD is Log Mean Temperature difference ( C), ∆t1, o

∆t2 is temperature difference at the cold and hot terminals, where P is projected perimeter (cm/m), Y is fin thickness
respectively (oC) (cm), and L is fin height (cm)

D. Calculating Equivalent Diameter E. Determine the Number of Pipes per Bundle

Calculation of equivalent diameter is to use Eq. (4), The pipes contained in the HRSG consist of pipeline
where the parameters needed to determine the equivalent arrangements in the form of rows (Bundles). The distance
diameter are the fin surface (Af) [16], the bare tube area between the vertical center points of the channel width
(Ao), and the projected perimeter. determines the number of pipes in a Bundle. Calculation

2 A  Ao  
of the number of tubes in HRSG in one bundle uses the
f (4) equation:
de 
 projected perimeter  Y
Nt  (8)

With Af 
4
 OD '  OD  2  N
2 2
f
 12
ST
N is the number of pipes per bundle (dimensionless), Y
(5)
is duct width (m), and ST is the vertical distance between
Ao  1  N f . y    OD 12
central points of lines (cm).
(6) With ST  OD   2 1  ?Dis tan cebetweenthetips
? of the fins
𝐴𝑓 is the surface of thin fins (both sides) (cm2), 𝐴𝑜 is (9)
bare surface on the outside of finned tube (cm2), OD’ outer F. Calculating the Heat Transfer Coefficient in Pipes (hi)
diameter (outer diameter of the pipe plus fin height) (cm),
Calculate Flow area

© 2021 Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res 614

 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 10, No. 11, November 2021

Where Res is exhaust gas Reynold Number

Nt  a 't
t  (10) (dimensionless), De is= equivalent diameter (de/12) (m),
144 µs is the viscosity of flue gas at average temperature (kg/m.
s).
Where αt is flow area (m2), Nt is the number of pipes
(dimensionless), and α't = flow area (cm2). K. Determine the External Pipe Heat Transfer
Calculate Water Flow Speed (V) Coefficient (hf)
1
Gt (11)
V kg  C p   3 (18)
3600  w h f  jH    
D  k g 
Where V is flow velocity of water (m/s), Gt is mass water
velocity (kg/(m2) (s), and ρw is water density (kg/m3) Calculating the Heat Transfer Coefficient on the Pipe
With Mass Velocity Surface (h'fi)

h ' fi    Af  Ao 
hf (19)
w (12)
Gt  Ai
t
Determining Reynold Numbers in Pipes (Ret) where Ω is Fin effectiveness (dimensionless)
Determination of the Reynold number in the pipe (Ret),
Calculating the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient (UD)
using the following equation [17]

D  Gt
h ' fi  h 'i (20)
Ret  (13) UD 
 h ' fi  h 'i
D is tube diameter, μ and is the water’s viscosity (kg/
(m. s). The value of UD is the overall heat transfer coefficient
(W/(m2) (oC)).
G. Determine the Heat Transfer Coefficient in Pipes (hi) Calculating Heat Transfer Area (A) [18]
Q
In determining the heat transfer coefficient in the pipe A (21)
(hi), you can use the following equation: U Di  tLMTD
1

 cp   3
k The value of A is heat transfer area, (m2)
h  jH     (14)
D  k  Count the Number of Pipe Bundles (n)

A (22)
h is heat transfer coefficient in the pipe (W/(m2°C)), kw n
is heat conductivity of feed water at average temperatures Ai perbundle
(W/ (m °C)), μ is the viscosity of water at average
temperature (kg/ (m. s), 𝑗𝐻 is the Sieder-Tate and Colburn where n is the number of pipe bundles (dimensionless),
heat-transfer factor in the pipe (dimensionless), and c is Ai per bundle is Ai. Nt. L (m2)
specific heat (J/ (kg °C). Calculates Actual Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient
(UD. act.)
H. Calculating the Exhaust Gas Pass Area Q
U D act  (23)
Ai  t
 s  XY  Nt  OD.48  Nt  2 y.L.N f .48 (15)
With:
where αs is exhaust area passage area, (m2), X is duct height,
Ai   n  Nt   a " L (24)
(m), and Y is duct width, (m).
where n is the number of pipe bundles; a” is surface per
I. Calculating Mass Gas Flue Mass Speed (Gs) linear m, m; L is pipe length (m)
W (16) Calculating Dirt Factor (Rd’)
Gs 
as
Rd '  Rd  Excess fouling factor  Adding tothe outside fouling factor
where Gs is exhaust gas mass velocity, (kg/ (m2.s).
(25)
J. Determine Exhaust Gas Reynolds Numbers (Res) where Rd’ is the Combined dirt factor calculated
(m2 °C)/W), Rd is Combined dirt factor provisions
De  Gs
Res  (17) (m2 °C)/W).
s With excess fouling factor can be calculated using the
equation:

© 2021 Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res 615

 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 10, No. 11, November 2021

High temperatures convert feed water into superheated

1 1 (26) steam. Superheated steam will drive a steam turbine and
Excess fouling factor   produce mechanical energy. The design requirements used
U D act U Di are a decrease in water pressure ≤ 0.689476 bar, a decrease
in exhaust gas pressure, and vapor ≤ 0.137895 bar, and the
Then adding to the outside fouling factor can be calculated dirt factor must be higher than or equal to the
calculated using the equation: stipulated dirt factor.

Adding to the outside RD 

A f  Ao 
(27)
O. Calculate the Minimum Pipe Thickness (𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 )

A 'i The calculation of the minimum pipe thickness can keep

the pipe within safe limits if it is operated at its working
L. Calculating Pressure Drop pressure. The thickness of the tube is one of the
requirements for designing HRSG components from the
Determine the Volumetric Equivalent Diameter (D’ev) mechanical side. Calculation of minimum thickness of the
(4  net free volume) pipe is performed using the following equation [19-20]:
Dev'  (28)
Frictional surface P  OD (34)
tmin   0.005  OD
2S  P
With net free volume (NFV): where 𝑡𝑚𝑖𝑛 is a minimum thickness of the pipe, m, P is
fluid working pressure, bar, S is allowable stress, bar, OD
NFV  XY
vs 1
  Nt   Nt  1 
 OD 2 1
 Y   Nt   Nt  1
OD '2  OD2  is the outside diameter of the tube, m.
12 2 4 144 2 144
(29) P. Design Output
The HRSG design uses a high (56 bar) and low (6.2 bar)
Where X is duct height (m), Y is duct width (m), Vs. is
pressure base at a capacity of 105 MW. Before performing
Volumetric section (cm3), and y is fin thickness (in). Then
the calculation phase, the superheater design stage
the friction surface can be calculated using the equation:
determines the outer diameter, BWG (Birmingham Wire
Gauge), and pipe thickness. The first calculates the dirt
1
Friction surface   Nt   Nt  1  baretubearea  Y (30) factor, followed by selection of the pressure drop on the
2
flue gas and vapor side. The results of this superheater
design meet the design requirements with a dirt factor of
Where bare tube area (ft2/ft). 0.003057 retention stipulation (0.003) and pressure drop
on the flue gas and vapor side less than or equal to 2 psi.
M. Calculating the Pressure Drop on the Duct Side The economizer design calculation also meets the
(∆Ps) design requirements at a dirt factor of 0.00349 (0.003) and
the pressure drop on the exhaust side ≤ 0.1378952 bar and
f  Gs 2  Lp  D 'ev   S L 
0.4 0.6 water ≤ 0.689476 bar.
Ps      (31)
5.22 10 ?D 'ev  s  s  ST   ST 
10
III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

∆Ps is pressure drop on the duct side (bar), f is flue gas A. Design Results
friction factor (m2/cm2), and s is specific gravity. ST is the We note the parameters of the HRSG design as follows:
vertical distance between the center points of the pipe (cm), Pipe thickness (Table V) HRSG HP components of a
SL is the transverse distance between pipe center points standard pipe for typical HRSG models. This condition
(cm), ∅s is the exhaust gas viscosity ratio, and Lp is helps in increasing pressure dynamics and variation.
exhaust gas path length (m). The size of the path (Lp) is HRSG has many tubes (Table VI) to improve the heat
calculated using the following equation: exchange area with exhaust gas flow. Since heat transfer
in HRSG is conducted by convection, HRSG requires as
n  vs
Lp  (32) much surface area as possible.
12 The HP HRSG downcomer tube area is equal to 0.865
N. Calculating Pressure Reduction in Pipes (∆Pt) m2 which is higher than HRSG (0.6323 m2) [21]. This
condition is possible to increase the water head in the
ft  Gt 2 L  n evaporator’s downcomer, and it helps enter the natural
Pt  (33) circulation process and avoid backflow problems in the
5.22 1010  D  s  t
evaporator.
where ∆Pt is pressure drop on the pipe side (bar), f is water This difference is due to the significant pressure drop in
friction factor (m2/cm2), s is specific gravity, ∅t is water the number of tubes in the evaporator.
viscosity ratio, and L is pipe length (m).

© 2021 Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res 616

 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 10, No. 11, November 2021

TABLE V. THE RESULTS OF THE HRSG DESIGN

Superheater Evaporator Economizer

Parameter Unit HP LP HP LP HP L.P.

Outer diameter of the pipe cm 1.905 1.905 2.54 2.54 2.54 2.54

Inside diameter of the pipe cm 1.4224 1.4224 2.0574 2.1742 2.0574 1.859

Pipe length per line m 8.9977 8.9977 8.9977 8.9977 8.9977 8.9977

Number of pipes per row 70 70 40 40 40 40

Number of rows line 7 1 44 23 4 4

Number of fins fin 4 4 8 8 8 8

Pressure-drop (gas) bar 0.069 0.01131 0.01129 0.1157 0.0703 0.0989

Pressure-drop (water for bar 0.0291 0.0345 0.02199 0.32336 0.22295 0.12728
ECO in and out; EVAP
in/steam for EVAP out; SUP
in and out)
Dirt factor 0.00306 0.00355 0.00309 0.00305 0.00349 0.00346

B. Specification of HRSG Dual Pressure Level TABLE VII. COMPARISON OF MINIMUM PIPE THICKNESSES WITH
DESIGNED PIPES
The HRSG analyzed in this study supplies two levels of
pressure, namely high and low pressures, to a steam Design pipe
Minimum pipe
Component thickness
turbine. Gas turbine exhaust gas flows through HRSG, thickness [mm]
[mm]
thus providing the heat energy used for steam production. Superheater Low
HRSG contains two superheaters (one HP SUP and one LP 0.147 3.40
Pressure
SUP), two economizers (one HP ECON and one LP Evaporator Low
0.196 1.83
ECON, and two evaporators (one HP EVAP and one LP Pressure
Economizer Low
EVAP). Pressure
0.196 3.40
Superheater High
TABLE VI. SPECIFICATION OF HRSG DUAL PRESSURE LEVEL 0.104 2.41
Pressure
Evaporator High
0.734 2.41
Parameter Unit Value Pressure
Economizer High
0.734 2.41
Pressure
Output MW 35
C. Feasibility Analysis of the Design Dimension
Flue Gas Flow kg/s 137.3
It is crucial to determine the pipe’s outer diameter
before assessing the thickness using the BWG. It is also
Flue Gas Input Temperature C 500.43
important to calculate the pressure drop and impurity
factors of HRSG components such as economists,
Flue Gas Output Temperature C 146.8 evaporators, and superheaters at high and low pressures.
The reviewed operation’s feasibility is the thickness of the
Feed Water Flow kg/s 18.43 feed pipe.

Feed Water Input Temperature C 60.14 D. Effects of Changes in Flue Gas Temperature on the
Property of Water
Flue Gas From Natural Gas
Fig. 1 illustrates an increase in flue gas mass speed due
Efficiency % 69.48 to a temperature rise. Changes in the mass rate of the
exhaust gas increase the amount of water entering the
HRSG. This condition states that the amount of energy
Table VI indicates that the HRSG design can increase from the flue gas is directly proportional to the evaporated
efficiency by up to 68.48 %, which exceeds the value feed water’s mass. HRSG is a significant component of the
indicated in the design made by Wahyu et al, who designed GTCC that utilizes the temperature of the exhaust gas
the propulsion system using HRG, namely 48.49% [22]. produced by the gas turbine to provide steam. The gas
The optimization of the double pressure steam cycle (SDC) turbine’s combustion temperature is not always constant
for waste heat recovery by Liya et al. is and 19.75 [23]. during operation [8]. This condition changes the exhaust

© 2021 Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res 617

 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 10, No. 11, November 2021

gas turbine’s temperature; therefore, there is a need to REFERENCES

design the temperature changes’ HRSG components. [1] M. N. Dumont, G. Heyen, “Mathematical modeling and design of
Changes in exhaust gas temperature are very influential on an advanced once-through heat recovery steam generator,”
the mass rate of feed water needed by HRSG. Computers and Chemical Engineering, vol. 28, pp. 651–660, 2004.
[2] N. Kumar, B. Peter, S. Lefton, A. Dimo, “Power plant cycling costs,”
Contract, vol. 303, pp. 275–300, November 2012.
[3] S. Keshavarzian, F. Gardumi, M. V. Rocco, E. Colombo, “Off-
design modeling of natural gas combined cycle power plants: An
order reduction using thermoeconomic input-output analysis,”
Entropy, vol. 18, no. 3, 2016.
[4] Sun ZC, Ma X., Ma LX, Li W., Kukulka D.J., “Flow boiling heat
transfer characteristics in horizontal, three-dimensional enhanced
tubes, “Energies, vol. 12, no.5, pp.1–25, 2019.
[5] Souza, R.D., Khanam, S., Mohanty, B., “Synthesis of heat
exchanger network considering pressure drop and layout of
equipment exchanging heat, energy, vol. 101, pp. 484–495, 2016.
[6] Sibamoto Y., Maruyama Y., Yonomoto T., Nakamura H., “Core
heat transfer coefficients immediately downstream of the rewetting
front during anticipated operational occurrences for BWRs,” J Nucl
Sci Technol, vol. 48, no. 3, pp. 440–53, 2011.
[7] Kwon H., Min B.J., “Experimental study of interfacial shear stress
for an analogy model of evaporative heat transfer,” J Nucl Sci
Technol, vol.45, no. 6, pp. 487–97, 2008.
[8] Yoon J., Kim J.P., Kim H.Y., Lee D.J., Chang M.H., “Development
of computer code, ONCESG, for the thermal-hydraulic design of a
once-through steam generator,” J Nucl Sci Technol, vol. 37, no. 5,
pp. 445–54, 2000.
[9] Sabharwal P., Utgikar V., Tokuhiro A., Gunnerson F., Design of
liquid metal phase change heat exchanger for next-generation
Figure 1. Effects of changes in flue gas temperature nuclear plant process heat application, “J Nucl Sci Technol, vol. 46,
no. 6, pp.534–44, 2009.
They are used by the working fluid pressure and [10] Hegde N., Han I., Lee T.W., Roy R.P., “Flow and heat transfer in
heat recovery steam generators,” J Energy Resour Technol Trans
temperature at 56 bar and 6.2 bar, respectively. Table V ASME, vol. 129, no. 3, pp.232–42, 2007.
indicates that the pipe thickness from design calculations is [11] Ahmed A., Esmaeil K.K., Irfan M.A., Al-Mufadi F.A., “Design
greater than the minimum allowable thickness. These data methodology of heat recovery steam generator in electric utility for
suggest that the HRSG components have met their waste heat recovery,” Int J Low-Carbon Technol, vol. 13, no. 4,
pp.369–79, 2018.
mechanical requirements at low and high pressures. [12] Pitot de la Beaujardiere J.F.P., Reuter H.C.R., Klein S.A., Reindl
D.T.,” Impact of HRSG characteristics on open volumetric receiver
IV. CONCLUSION CSP plant performance,” Sol Energy, vol. 127, pp. 159–74, 2016.
[13] Ahmed Shams El-din Ahmed, Mostafa A. Elhosseini, Hesham
This paper uses equations and simulates the complete Arafat Ali, Modelling and practical studying of heat recovery steam
operating range of high and low pressure HRSGs. The generator (HRSG) drum dynamics and approach point effect on
control valves, Ain Shams Engineering Journal 9 (2018) 3187–
equations for calculating the pressure drop and heat 3196.
transfer in the HE use the same data. A high temperature, [14] Wang Y., Chen H., Chen Z., Ma H., Zhao Q.,” Slagging and fouling
mass flow, and pressure for both sides, gas, and characteristics of HRSG for ferrosilicon electric furnaces,”
water/steam obtained for all components under Energies, vol. 8, no. 2, pp.1101–13, 2015.
[15] DQ. Kern, Process Heat Transfer, McGraw-Hill, 1983.
investigation. The HRSG simulation shows that, although [16] Benzenine H., Saim R., Abboud S., Imine O., “Comparative study
simple, the HSRG modeling is effective. of the thermo-convective behavior of a turbulent flow in a
In future work, we will attempt to further improve the rectangular duct in the presence of three planar baffles and
efficiency of HRSG by integrating simulation with the corrugated (waved),” J Eng Sci Technol., vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 35–47,
2018.
design using equations and changing the exhaust gas [17] Menni Y., Azzi A., Zidani C., Use of waisted triangular-shaped
temperature variable. In future work, we will try to further baffles to enhance heat transfer in a constant temperature-surfaced
improve the efficiency of HRSG by integrating simulation rectangular channel, “J Eng Sci Technol., vol. 12, no. 12, pp. 3251–
with the design using equations and changing the exhaust 73, 2017.
[18] Rathjens M., Fieg G., “Cost-optimal heat exchanger network
gas temperature variable. synthesis based on a flexible cost functions framework, “Energies,
vol. 12, no. 5, 2019.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST [19] John B. Kitto and Steven C. Stultz, Steam/its generation and use,
41st edition, The Babcock & Wilcox Company, Barberton, Ohio,
The authors declare no conflict of interest. USA, 2005.
[20] Zarif Aminov, Nobukazu Nakagoshi, Tran Dang Xuan, Osamu
Higashi, Khusniddin Alikulov, “Evaluation of the energy efficiency
AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS of combined cycle gas turbine,” Applied Thermal Engineering, pp
501-509, 2016.
Sri Wuryanti contributed up to the analysis and in [21] Ahmed Shams El-din Ahmed, Mostafa A. Elhosseini, Hesham
charge of the whole direction and design. Rakhadian Dwi Arafat Ali,” Modelling and practical studying of heat recovery
Jadmiko conducted a simulation. All authors discussed the steam generator (HRSG) drum dynamics and approach point effect
results and contributed to the last manuscript. on control valves,” Ain Shams Engineering Journal, vol. 9, pp.
3187–3196, 2018.

© 2021 Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res 618

 International Journal of Mechanical Engineering and Robotics Research Vol. 10, No. 11, November 2021

[22] Wahyu Nirbito, Muhammad Arif Budiyanto, and Robby Muliadi,” Sri Wuryanti was born in Indonesia on March
Performance Analysis of Combined Cycle with Air Breathing 26th, 1965. She received the Ir. degree in
Derivative Gas Turbine, Heat Recovery Steam Generator, and Chemical Engineering from Institut Teknologi
Steam Turbine as LNG Tanker Main Engine Propulsion System,” Sepuluh November (ITS), Surabaya, Indonesia
J. Mar. Sci. Eng., vol. 8, no 726, pp 1-15, 2020. in 1990, and M.Sc. degree in Chemical
[23] Recovery Liya Ren and Huaixin Wang, “Parametric Optimization Engineering from Institut Teknologi Bandung
and Thermodynamic Performance Comparison of Organic Trans- (ITB), Bandung, Indonesia in 1994. She
Critical Cycle, Steam Flash Cycle, and Steam Dual-Pressure Cycle received her doctoral degree at the Department
for Waste Heat, “Energies, vol. 12, pp. 1-22, 2019 of Physics, Universitas Indonesia (UI),
Indonesia, in 2015. From 1990 until now, she has been a Lecturer in
Energy Conversion Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Bandung,
Indonesia. Email: sriwuryanti.lamda@gmail.com
Copyright © 2021 by the authors. This is an open access article
distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY-
Rakhadian Dwi Jadmiko was born in
NC-ND 4.0), which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any
Indonesia on June 20th, 1995. He received the
medium, provided that the article is properly cited, the use is non-
SST degree in Power Generation Technology
commercial and no modifications or adaptations are made.
from Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Bandung,
Indonesia, 2017. Email:
rakhadiandj@gmail.com

© 2021 Int. J. Mech. Eng. Rob. Res 619