UNIVERSITI

TEKNOLOGI
MARA
KAMPUS PULAU PINANG

CEG 552 – HIGWAY AND TRAFFIC ENGINEERING

AFFECTIVE ASSESSMENT

NAME OF PRACTICAL: TEXTURE DEPTH, SKID RESISTANCE AND SURFACE DRAINAGE

DATE OF ASSESSMENT: 8/12/2020……………….. GROUP: 5F2………………………………

LECTURER: MOHD IZZAT BIN JOOHARI…………………….……………………………………..

CO3 : Present laboratory findings.

PO10: Ability to impart effectively complex engineering activities through presentations, written and verbal
communications to the engineering community and society at large.

No. STUDENT ID GROUP MEMBER’S NAME

1. 2019452178 MUHAMMAD IRSYAD SYAHMI BIN ABDUL JAMAL (LEADER)
2. 2019814318 MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN BIN MOHD
3. 2019814578 SADIQUE BIN MOHD TAHARIM
4. 2019452028 MUHAMMAD ZULHANIN BIN MOHD RAFI
5.

AFFECTIVE PERFORMANCE RUBRIC

PERFORMANCE SCALE
NO. CRITERIA Developing Functional Proficient Advanced
1 2 3 4 5
Written work Written work has weak Written work has Written work has clear Written work has well-
organizational beginning, development adequate beginning, and appropriate defined beginning,
structure and and conclusion. development and beginning, development and
Structure paragraphing have Paragraphing and conclusion. development and conclusion. Paragraphing
1
(A1) serious and persistent transitions are also Paragraphing and conclusion. and transitions are also
errors. deficient. transitions are also Paragraphing and clear and distinct.
adequate. transitions are also
clear and appropriate.
Written work does not Written work does not do Written work has Written work provides Written work provides
cover the assigned an adequate job of sufficiently cover the in‐depth coverage of comprehensive coverage
Content topic, and assertions covering the assigned topic, and assertions the topic, and of the topic, and
2 are not supported by topic, and assertions are supported by assertions are clearly assertions are supported
(A2)
evidence. are weakly supported by evidence. supported by evidence. by easily understood
evidence. evidence.
Data collected was not Data collected was Data collected was Data collected was Data collected was
Analysis and relevant and not relevant but not sufficient relevant and sufficient relevant, related to the relevant, related to
3 Interpretation sufficient to analyze to analyze and interpret to analyze and objectives and the objectives,
of Data (A3) and interpret interpret sufficient to analyze sufficient to analyze
and interpret and accurate
interpretation of data
No discussion on Discussion on the results Little discussion on Description of result Result and discussion are
the meaning of was very difficult to what result mean and was generally clear. clearly stated, through
experimental results follow, no discussion on implications of results. Some discussion on discussion on what results
and very difficult to the meaning of results Enough errors are what results mean and mean and implications of
Discussion
4 follow the and information was so made to be distracting, implications of results. result. Provide
(A3)
discussion inaccurate that makes the but some information No significant errors consistently accurate
report unreliable was accurate are made information

No attempt was made Conclusion was derived Conclusion was good Conclusion was good Conclusion was excellent
to conclude and from the collected and and derived from the and derived from the and derived from the
objective of the lab analyzed data but it is collected and analyzed collected and analyzed collected and analyzed
Conclusion
5 were not answered not answering the data and not from data and not from data and not from
(A4)
objectives other sources but did other sources and other sources.
not directly answering directly answer the Conclusion clearly
the objective objective answer the
objective
Not able to Able to acknowledge Able to list and Able organize and Able to organize and
acknowledge some relevant references acknowledge adequate adapt very good adapt substantial relevant
References
6 references and no and several appended relevant references references with plenty and recent references as
/Appended
appended materials materials and some appended appended materials well as the appended
Materials (A3)
materials materials
1.0 INTRODUCTION

TEXTURE SURFACE DRAINAGE USING OUTFLOW METER

Flexible pavements are those pavements which reflect the deformation of subgrade and the subsequent
layers to the surface. Flexible, usually asphalt, is laid with no reinforcement or with a specialized fabric
reinforcement that permits limited flow or repositioning of the roadbed underground changes. The
design of flexible pavement is based on load distributing characteristic of the component layers. The
black top pavement including water & gravel bound macadam fall in this category. Flexible pavement
overall has low or negligible flexible strength flexible in their structural action).

The flexible pavement layers transmit the vertical or compressive stresses to the lower layers by grain
transfer through contact points of granular structure. The vertical compressive stress is maximum on
the pavement surface directly under the wheel load and is equal to contact pressure under the wheels.
Due to the ability to distribute the stress to large area in the shape of truncated cone the stresses get
decreased in the lower layer. As such the flexible pavement may be constructed in several layers and
the top layer has to be strongest as the highest compressive stresses. To be sustained by this layer, in
addition to wear and tear, the lower layer must take up only lesser magnitude of stress as there is no
direct wearing action due to traffic loads. Therefore, inferior material with lower cast can be used in the
lower layers.

The rigid characteristic of the pavement are associated with rigidity or flexural strength or slab action
so the load is distributed over a wide area of subgrade soil. Rigid pavement is laid in slabs with steel
reinforcement. The rigid pavements are made of cement concrete either plan, reinforced or prestressed
concrete. Critical condition of stress in the rigid pavement is the maximum flexural stress occurring in
the slab due to wheel load and the temperature changes. Rigid pavement is designed and analysed by
using the elastic theory. Figure 1.1 shows the difference between flexible pavement and rigid
pavement.

Figure 1.1: Difference between flexible and rigid pavement

TEXTURE DEPTH AND SKID RESISTANCE

Pavement macrotexture is the deviation of a pavement surface from a true planar surface. The
characteristic dimensions for the macrotexture vary in the range 0,5-50 mm. Peak-to-peak amplitudes
may (normally) vary in the range 0,01-20 mm. This type of texture is the one which has wavelengths in
the same order of size as tire tread elements in the tire/road interface (PIARC, 1995). Macrotexture
provides drainage channels for water expulsion between the tire and the pavement, allowing better tire
contact with the pavement to improve frictional resistance and prevent hydroplaning.

Pavement microtexture is the deviation of an aggregate from a true planar surface. The characteristic
dimension for the microtexture is less than 0,5 mm. Peak- to-peak amplitudes usually vary in the range
0,001-0,5 mm. This type of texture is the texture which makes the surface feel more or less harsh but
which is normally too small to be observed by the eye (PIARC, 1995). Microtexture provides a gritty
surface to penetrate thin water films and produce good frictional resistance between the tire and the
pavement. Currently, there is no system capable of measuring microtexture profiles at highway speeds.
Therefore, microtexture is evaluated by using pavement friction at low speeds (Hanson et al. , 2004).
The Figure 1.2 shows the difference between macrotexture and microtexture.

Figure 1.2: Difference between microtexture and macrotexture

2.0 OBJECTIVES

TEXTURE SURFACE DRAINAGE USING OUTFLOW METER

The objective of this experiment is to evaluate the surface drainage of a surface course of pavement and
its relationship with skid resistance value.

TEXTURE DEPTH AND SKID RESISTANCE

The objective of this experiment is to measure the road surface texture depth and skid resistance.

3.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

TEXTURE SURFACE DRAINAGE USING AN OUTLOW METER

Provision of enough surface drainage is important in the location and geometric design of roadways.
Inadequate drainage will eventually result in serious damage and accidents. Recently, during heavy
rainfalls, water accumulated on the pavement causing few vehicles skidded. The campus management
has appointed your firm to conduct the study of the surface drainage texture of the major road on the
campus. Your team have to report the current condition of the road surface in term of its hydroplaning
potential and propose a solution if necessary.

TEXTURE DEPTH AND SKID RESISTANCE

Since the opening of the UiTM Cawangan Pulau Pinang campus in 2003, major roads in the campus
are still under its original conditions. Few sections of the roads are visibly deteriorated and need major
maintenance activity. The campus management has appointed your firm to conduct the study of the
skid resistance and texture depth of the major road on the campus. Your team must report the current
condition of the road surface and propose a solution if necessary.
4.0 APPARATUS

TEXTURE SURFACE DRAINAGE USING AN OUTFLOW METER

Outflow meter Stopwatch

SKID RESISTANCE

Pendulum skid resistance tester Brush

SAND PATCH

Measuring cylinder wind shield

Rubber pad
5.0 PROCEDURE

SAND PATCH

1. The surface of pavement was cleaned by using brush.

2. Steel shied were placed around the sand to avoid wind blow.
3. 50 ml of sand was measured by using measuring cylinder.
4. The sand was poured on the pavement surface in heap shape and spread by using rubber pad in
circular motion.
5. The diameter of sand was measured by ruler for 3 times at different location.
6. Steps 1 to 5 were repeated at 2 other location.

SKID RESISTANCE

1. The skid resistance tester was setup until the center column is vertical.
2. The height of the pivot was adjusted so that the arms swings freely through its arc without
touching the road surface and the arms were checked that it swings right through to the zero on
the scale.
3. The pivot height is lowered so that the friction foot is in contact with the road surface over the
precise distance 150mm as shown by the gauge which is placed alongside.
4. Pendulum arms were raised to the starting position and retaining catch was engaged.
5. The test was taken on the watered road surface and for dry road surface.
6. The maximum swing indicator was set to the vertical position.
7. The pendulum arm was released.
8. The data was collected and tabulated.
OUTFLOW METER

1. The outflow meter was placed on the pavement surface and the stabilizer board was fitted to the
outflow meter.
2. Two people with same weight stand on the board to stable the outflow meter.
3. Tap water was filled into the outflow meter until the 2000 ml gradation.
4. The stopper in the outflow meter was opened and the time for the water to reach graduated mark
from 2000 ml was recorded.
5. Steps 1-5 are repeated three times for the different surface.
6. The data collected are tabulated.
6.0 DATA

Table 6.1: Data sand patch

Type of Volume of Diameter of sand Average Average Remark

surface sand (ml) patch (mm) diameter of texture depth
circular sand of circular
patch (mm) sand patch
(mm)
180
X 50 175 180.00 1.965 Rough
185 Surface
246
Y 50 245 244.67 1.063 Medium
243 surface
320
Z 50 315 320.00 0.622 Fine
325 surface

6.1.1 Sample calculation of average diameter of circular sand patch of X type surface.

180+175 185
Average=
3

Average=180.00 mm

6.1.2 Sample calculation of average texture depth of circular sand patch of X type surface by using
formula below.

4V
Texture depth=
π d2

4 (50 x 103 )
Texture depth= 2
π (180)

Texture depth=1.965 mm

*50ml = 50 x103 mm3

 Table 6.2: Data skid resistance

``Types of Category of Skid resistance Average skid Remark

surface road value (SRV) resistance value
(SRV)
95
Dry 90 91.67
90 Rough
X Surface
48
Wet 55 49.67
46
75
72.67
Dry 73
70 Medium surface
Y
40
37.67
Wet 38
35
58
58.33
Dry 62
55
Fine surface
Z
28
33.00
Wet 35
36

6.2.1 Sample calculation of average skid resistance of surface’s X.

95+90+90
Average=
3

Average=91.67 SRV
 Table 6.3: Data outflow meter
Types of Volume (ml) Initial mark Final mark Flow rate, Q Remark
Surfaces reading (sec) reading (sec) (m3/s)
X 0 30 0.0000667 Rough
Surface
Y 2000 0 110 0.00001818 Medium
surface
Z 0 530 0.00000377 Fine
surface

6.3.1 Sample calculation of flow rate surface’s X.

V
Q=
t

0.002
Q=
30

Q=0.000667

* 2000ml = 2liter = 0.002 m3

7.0 DISCUSSION
First and foremost, this is a 3 experiment that are combine with 3 different surface which is X, Y and Z.

Main reason for the sand patch test is to determine the pavement surface texture. To be more
specified the sand patch test is the simplest method of determining the macro texture of the road
surface. The surface texture depth is a measure of the macro texture of the road surface. This method is
suitable for field test because of the ease to determine the macro texture depth of the test road surface.
From the experiment we obtain, texture depth for the surface X, Y and Z is 1.965,1.063 and 0.622
respectively. From the texture depth we could determine the classification of the road. We class that X
surface is rough surface, Y surface medium surface and Z surface is fine surface.

.Source of errors may come from the environment. For example, there were wind during doing
the experiment. Second the pavement surface may slightly damp not completely dry. Otherwise, the
bigger size of circle in sand patch method is not suitable to be used for the road pavement for vehicle as
it has smaller texture depth which is not good to counter the friction from the vehicle tyre to the roads.
After we get the average value of diameter, we can get the value of texture depth using the formula in
the data tabulation.

Based on the experiment of skid resistance, it is to determine the skid resistance value of the
pavement surface. The skid resistance values were recorded in two condition that were dry and wet
condition. From the result that had been taken, the dry condition has the bigger value of skid resistance
than wet condition. The value that we got from the experiment were, for average skid resistance value
at dry condition is 91.67,72.67, and 58.33 respectively. For the average skid resistance for the wet is
49.67 ,37.67 and 33.00. So, we can conclude that the X is rough surface, Y is medium surface and Z is
fine surface.

This show that the higher rough level of the surface road, the higher the skid resistance value that
also can considered as friction values of the road surface. The highest value of the skid resistance can
be determined the size of macro of the road surface as the rough surface can be classified surface that
has macro texture and the smooth surface can be classified as micro texture. The rough surface is the
most suitable that to be use for road pavement. It can prepare more safety factor to the user and avoid
the accident that related to the road surface factor.

An outflow meter for determining the drainage characteristic of a surface in which the time for a
given volume of fluid to flow out of the meter is a measure of the drainage characteristic of the surface.
 For the outflow test, based on the result the time have been taken by using outflow meter to
measures a known quantity of water, under gravitational pull, to escape through voids in the three
various pavement texture. The data show show the flow rate for X,Y and Z are
0.0000667m3/s ,0.00001818m3/s and 0.00000377m3/s. The surface drainage of a surface course of a
pavement and its relationship with skid resistance value.
The faster escape time of water throughout the outflow meter the increase value of skid
resistance it indicates a thinner film of water may exist between the tire and the pavement, thus more
macro texture is exposed to indent the face of the tire and more surface friction is available to the tire.
When the time is faster there is more void that can prepare more friction between the road and
tyre to avoid from the surface slippery for use. From the experiment, the best road surface is at the right
as it takes a less time for water to flow out from the apparatus. From the data also, we can get the value
of rat of flow by volume of water flow out divide by time taken.
8.0 CONCLUSION
From this 3 experiment sand patch,Skid resistance and outflow meter,we have achived all the
objective of experiment.

Surface texture measurement is a sand patch test. The 50 ml of sand pour on pavement and then
spread in circular pattern to record the diameter. This diameter can then be correlated to an average
texture depth, which can be correlated to skid resistance. The bigger diameter of circle the finer surface
of pavement.

For the skid resistance we organize two condition of the pavement wet and dry. Wet pavement
will reduce the friction of the road. This is to potray the tire during wet day. Less of friction of the
pavement will increase rate the tire to skid that will lead to the accident.

Macro texture refers to the large-scale texture of the pavement as a whole due to the aggregate
particle arrangement, which is controls the escape of water from under the tire and hence the loss of
skid resistance with increased speed.

Texture surface drainage is to study the water flow on the pavement. If the water accumulate on
road it will cause the pavement structure weaken and decrease the friction between of tire and
pavement.
9.0 APPENDICES

SAND PATCH

Figure 9.1.1: Pour sands to the cleaned area.

Figure 9.1.2: Spread the sands evenly in circle .

Figure 9.1.3: Measure the diameter of the spread.

SKID RESISTANCE

Figure 9.2.1: Setting the apparatus.

Figure 9.2.2: Recording the data.

OUTFLOW METER

Figure 9.3.1: Filling the outflow meter with water.

Figure 9.3.2: Wet rough surface.

References
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qqTdIhZc8Rs - AJO Milling Sand patch test
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mjKnO5wbBRQ - CEG552 - Skid Resistance Test
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Road_texture - Road Texture