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This document provides background information on binary liquid-vapor phase diagrams and ideal solutions. It explains key concepts like Raoult's law, positive and negative deviations from ideality, and azeotropes. The purpose of the experiment is to study the binary liquid-vapor equilibrium of water and ethanol by measuring liquid and vapor compositions using refractometry and analyzing the data using equilibrium thermodynamic considerations.

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Ira Khryzel Gallo
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138 views2 pages

Paras A Scribd

This document provides background information on binary liquid-vapor phase diagrams and ideal solutions. It explains key concepts like Raoult's law, positive and negative deviations from ideality, and azeotropes. The purpose of the experiment is to study the binary liquid-vapor equilibrium of water and ethanol by measuring liquid and vapor compositions using refractometry and analyzing the data using equilibrium thermodynamic considerations.

Uploaded by

Ira Khryzel Gallo
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Experiment No.

8
BINARY LIQUID-VAPOR PHASE DIAGRAMS

I.Background

An ideal solution is one in which the vapor pressure of a particular component is


proportional to the mole fraction of that component in the liquid phase over the entire range of
mole fractions and there is no distinction is made between solute and solvent. The proportionality
constant is the vapor pressure of the pure material. Empirically, it has been found that in very
dilute solutions the vapor pressure of solvent, the major component is proportional to the mole
fraction, X of the solvent. The proportionality constant is the vapor pressure, p o, of the pure
solvent. This rule is called Raoult's law:

p solvent = po solvent X solvent for X solvent = 1 (1)

Raoult's law states that, in an ideal mixture, the partial pressure of a component is
proportional to its molar percentage-where an ideal mixture is a mixture that obeys Raoult's law
throughout its ranges of composition. Mixtures that have temperatures where the vapor pressure
of a component is higher than that predicted by Raoult's law are said to show a positive
deviation, while mixtures with components with lower vapor pressures are said to show negative
deviations. Often, these deviations are large enough to cause maxima or minima in vapor-
pressure and boiling-point curves.

At a maximum or minimum, the plot of the temperature or pressure of L, the liquid phase,
and V, the vapor phase become tangent. The mixtures defined by these tangent points are called
azeotropes. As a result, azeotropes are mixtures that cannot be separated by simple distillation, as
the liquid and vapor phases are of the same composition.

For a truly ideal solution, Raoult’s should apply over the entire range of compositions.
However, as Xsolvent decreases, a point will generally be reached where the vapor pressure no
longer follows the ideal relationship. Similarly, if the solute will be consider in an ideal solution,
then Equation 1 should be valid. Experimentally, it is generally found that for dilute real
solutions the following relationship is obeyed:

psolute = KXsolute for Xsolute<< 1 (2)

where K is a constant but not equal to the vapor pressure of pure solute. Equation 2 is
called Henry's law.

The purpose of this experiment is to study a binary liquid-vapor equilibrium of water and
ethanol. Measurements of liquid and vapor compositions will be made by refractometry. The data
will be treated according to equilibrium thermodynamic considerations, which are developed in
the theory section.

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