Governor Modes of Operation

The Governor is the primary speed/load controller of the turbine. Turbine

governor is the one which controls the fuel/steam input to the turbine thus controlling
the speed and power output from the turbine. The turbine governor usually has
different modes of operation which can be selected depending on the operating
conditions of the generator. The response of the governor during system disturbance,
both small signal which is common during normal operating conditions and large
signal which is during a rare fault condition; depends on which mode of turbine
control is selected in the governor.

There are mainly three Governor Modes

a. Turbine Droop Control
b. Turbine Load Control
c. Turbine Isochronous Control

The turbine droop control is the basic turbine governor mode. In this mode the
speed reference is reduced with the increase in load of the turbine. The droop refers to
the change in speed expressed as a percentage of rated speed when the machine is
loaded from no load to full load. In this mode the speed is the reference to which the
governor takes action. The droop controlled is a proportional controller. The droop
control is used for both Islanding operation and also for operation with the gird.

The turbine load control is a modified droop control. In this mode the Load of the
turbine is the reference and the governor tries to maintain a constant load under all
operating conditions irrespective of the frequency changes. The turbine load control is
a either a PI or a PID controller depending on how it is configured in the governor
control system. The Turbine load control is used only for operation with the grid and
not for operation in independent island condition.

The Turbine Isochronous control is the frequency control. In this mode the
frequency of the turbine is the set point and the governor tries to maintain a constant
frequency under all operating conditions irrespective of load changes. The Turbine
isochronous control is either a PI or a PID controller depending on how it is
configured in the governor control system. The turbine isochronous control is used
only for operation in island condition and not for operation with the grid.
 Turbine Droop control Mode

When the Turbine is put in droop control mode, the speed reference is
decreased with increase in the load of the machine. The droop in effect refers to the
change (reduction) in frequency when the machine is loaded from no load to full load.
The droop is expressed as a percentage of the change in frequency from no load to full
load to the turbine rated frequency.
For example, if the turbine is rated at 3000 rpm, and the machine speed
reduces from 3000 rpm to 2880 rpm when it is loaded from full load to no load, then
the droop % is given by
Droop % (Turbine) = Rated No load speed – Full load speed / Rated No load speed
= 3000 – 2880 / 3000
= 4%
Thus the above machine has 4% droop. In frequency terms, if the Generator
connected to the machine is rated at 50 Hz, the generator output frequency would
have reduced to 48 Hz when it was loaded to full load. Thus the generator droop is
given by
Droop % (Generator) = Rated No load speed – Full load speed / Rated No load speed
= 50 – 48 / 50
= 4%

The Figure shows the Droop characteristics of the Turbine in the given example.
 The Turbine Droop Mode can be used during both parallel operation with the
grid and also during independent island operation. It is a preferred operational tool in
gird level as it yields well to multi machine operation. In small islands which do not
go for isochronous control, droop gives stable operation.

Turbine Droop Control in Independent Operation

When a Turbine is put in droop control in a independent island the turbine the
frequency of the turbine is now dependent on the section load.

a. Operation when the system load changes -

In the figure, it can be seen that the initial condition, the turbine was feeding a
load L with frequency F. In case the section load increases to L2 the frequency gets
reduced to f2. The change in frequency is in accordance with the droop of the
machine. It can be calculated by the formula

Change in Frequency = (L2-L) * Droop % / Full load of the turbine.

New frequency f2 = f – Change in frequency

The reverse happens when the section load reduces. In this case as the load
gets reduced to L2 the frequency gets increased from f to f1. The new frequency will
be in accordance with the droop characteristics of the machine. It can be calculated by
the formula

Change in Frequency = (L1-L) * Droop % / Full load of the turbine.

New frequency f1 = f + Change in frequency
b. Operation when the manual raise/lower command is given -
In an independent operation, the turbine frequency is the output frequency,
and in case we give a manual raise lower command the frequency of the turbine raises
and lowers.

Initially the machine was feeding to a section load L with frequency f, now let
the sped reference in this case be R. If the section load is a constant and a manual
speed increase command is given in the governor, it shifts the speed reference to R2.
This increased speed reference means the turbine frequency goes up from f to f2 as
shown in the figure.
In case a manual speed lower command is given to the governor, it shifts the
reference to R1. This reduced speed reference causes the turbine frequency to go
down from f to f1 as shown in the figure.

c. Operation when More than one machine is put in droop in the same island -

In case more than one machine is present in the island and all the machines are
put in droop, the turbine governor behaviour is different. Let us assume a small island
with two machines put in droop mode. In case there are more than two machines put
in droop then the load is shared by the turbines depending on the droop percentage
and also on the droop reference on which the turbines are present.
A turbine with a greater droop reference will take up a greater load and vice
versa. In the same manner the machine with the lowest droop will take up more load
than the machine with a greater droop. In practice all machines put in droop mode will
have a same droop so that in case of a system disturbance they can take up load or
reject load in the same manner.
 The figure shows how two machines with same droop and same speed
reference react to the load changes. The initial load of the machines is L1 and L2,
were L1+L2 forms the total system load. In case of an increase in the section load,
both machines take up the load as shown in the figure. Now the system frequency
reduces to f’ and the load by each machine is L1’ and L2’. The reverse happens in
case there is a reduction in the section load, the two machines uniformly shed the load
and the system frequency rises to a new steady state point. The basic concept is both
the machine when paralled to one another operate on the same frequency.

The figure shows how the machine operates in case when a manual speed raise
is given to only one of the machine. A manual speed rise in generator 2 increases the
reference to a new point as shown in the figure. When the speed reference of
generator 2 raises from R1 to R2, the system frequency also rises from f to f’. In the
initial condition, generator 1 was supplying load L1 and generator 2, load L2 with
system frequency f. When the reference of generator 2 is raised, it takes up more load,
and its load changes to L2’. As the section load remains the same the, generator
reduces its load to L1’. The reverse happens in case a manual speed lower command
is given. In that case the net system frequency drops, generator on which the speed
lower command is given reduces its load and the other generator increases the load.
d. Operation of Two or more machine with unequal droop in the same island -

The figure shows how two machines with different droops behave when put in
parallel to one another in an island condition. From the figure it can be seen that
generator 1 has a much higher droop than generator, but both have the same reference.
In the initial condition, at frequency F, we see that the generator with the smaller
droop is taking up more load. If generator 1 load is L1 and generator 2 load is L2, we
have L2 > L1. Now in case of a section load increase it is seen that the machine with
the smaller droop is taking more load. At a increased load and reduced system
frequency f’, the generator 1 is supplying L1’ and generator 2 is supplying L2’, but it
is seen that L2’- L2 > L1’-L1. Thus the machine with a smaller droop will take up
more load in case of a section load rise and will shed more load in case of a section
load reduction.

This is however an unwanted condition, it is desirable that all machine which

are put in droop and operating in an island have the same droop. This will help in
uniform rise and fall in the loading pattern and help in maintaining a stable operation.
Turbine Droop Control in operation with the Grid
A generator when paralled to the grid has no control over its frequency, the
frequency of the gird in the machine frequency for all practical steady state
considerations.

The figure shows how the machine when parallel to the grid behaves to grid
frequency changes. In the initial condition the generator is supplying a load L at
frequency f. when the grid frequency increases to f1, the generator loading reduces to
L1 as shown in figure. The reverse happens in case of a lowering of grid frequency,
when the grid frequency reduces to f2, the generator loading rises to L2 and shown in
the figure. Thus the loading and unloading of the machine depends on the grid
frequency and the droop % of the controller.
 The figure shows how a machine will react when a manual speed raise or
lower is given when the machine is paralled to the grid. In the initial condition, the
machine is supplying a load L with frequency f and a speed reference R. when a
manual speed raise is given; the speed reference is raised to R2, and for a unchanged
system frequency, the load supplied by the generator increases to L2. The reverse
happens for a manual speed lower command. Here the droop reference is shifted to
R1 and for an unchanged system frequency the load reduces to L1 as shown in figure.
Implementation of Droop in GE Gas turbine systems

Droop is a proportional controller. In GE gasturbine systems, the FSRN block

is used to configure the droop.
Speed Control Fuel Stroke Reference

190:FSRNV4

CLAMP
f
G3\FSRMAX 100 %f FSRMAX max FSRN 100 % G3\FSRN
f
G3\FSRMIN 17.3006 % FSRMIN
G3\FSKRN1 22.2 %f FSKRN1
+ min

G3\TLC_COMP 0 %f TLC_CMP
+

G3\FSKRN2 14.1 %/%f FSKRN2 +

G3\TNR 100.3 %f TNR
+ x +
- +
G3\TNH 0 %f TNH 0

G3\L83ISOK 0b LISOK
FSRN
f - -
+
+

G3\TNRI 100 % TNRI x

f +
G3\FSKRN3 1 %/% FSKRN3
G3\FSR 0 %f FSR
+ f
G3\FSKRN5 0.06 %/secf FSKRN5 x - MIN FSRNI 0% G3\FSRNI
+
-1
A FSRMAX
Z
b A>B b
G3\L83SCI_CMD 0 LI_CMD B L60IR 0 G3\L60IR
A b
A < -B L60IL 0 G3\L60IL
f
G3\FSKRN6 0.5 % FSKRN6 B

The Block shown above is taken from a GE gas turbine application code. In the droop
mode of operation, the FSRN , which is the fuel flow reference to the turbine is given
by the formula

FSRN = FSKRN1 + (TNR-TNH)*FSKRN2

Where
FSRN – furl stroke refernce
TNR – Turbine speed/droop reference
TNH – turbine speed
FSKRN1 – no load fuel reference
FSKRN2 – Droop gain for fuel

The control equation can be redrawn as the control system block as shown in the
figure , as seen the droop mode is a P (proportional) controller. In the figure , TNR is
the setpoint ,or it is the droop reference for turbine , The variation of TNR is done
using the TNRV1 block.
Speed/ Load Setpoint
770:_COMMENT

780:_MOVE_B 800:TNRV1
TRUE 1 SRC DEST 1 G3\L83TNROP b b0
TRUE 1 ENABLE G3\L83HOST 0 L83HOST A L33CDMN G3\L33CDMN
b A=B
FALSE 0 L83LOST B
f b0
G3\TNKHOST 113.5 % TNKHOST A L33CDMX G3\L33CDMX
f A=B
0 0 TNKLOST B
f
G3\TNKR3 107 % TNKR3
f CLAMP
G3\TNKR4 95 % TNKR4 max
b f 100.3
G3\L83TNROP 1 LTNROP TNR % G3\TNR
f
G3\TNKR5 100 % TNKR5 min

G3\L70L 0b L70L
b
G3\L70R 0 L70R
FALSE 0b L83JD0
FALSE 0b L83JD1
G3\L83JD2 0b L83JD2
G3\L83JD3 0b L83JD3
G3\L83JD4 0b L83JD4
G3\L83JD5 0b L83JD5
FALSE 0b L83JD6
FALSE 0b L83JD7
G3\L83JD8 0b L83JD8
FALSE 0b L83JD9
G3\L83JD10 0b L83JD10
FALSE 0b L83JD11
- +

+
G3\TNKR1 0 %/secf TNKR1_0
+

G3\TNKR2 100.3 %f TNKR2

G3\TNKR7 100.3 %f TNKR7
G3\L83PRES1 0b L83PRS1
G3\L83PRES2 0b L83PRS2 -1
Z
The control equation for TNR can be writtern as

TNR = TNR * Z^-1 + (L83JD#) ( L70R – L70L)

In the time domain it can be writtern as

TNR(t) = TNR(t-1) + (L83JD#) ( L70R – L70L)

Where
TNR – Speed/Droop reference
L83JD# - Load rate of the turbine
L70R – Manual Raise command
L70L – Manual Lower command

This is pure integration using backward integration. As the auto load rate is
already specified, it cannot be taken to be a controller as such as the response is fixed
and not dependent on the error value. the L70R and L70l can be triggered by either
the manual raise command , the auto synch command , the temperature limit
command or more importantly the MW control block which is what is used by the
preselect load controller.

How to set the droop% in the controller

Note - this is a sample calculation only, some typical values here, and it may not be
what is present at your site.

Let us assume that the droop percentage needed to be set is 4 %. This means
that at full load of the machine the difference between the TNR and the TNH needs to
be 4%. so in the above equation we can fix
TNR - TNH = 4
The FSNL FSR is already known from chara graphs of the machine or by a
field test at site. Let us say that it is 20%.
The maximum base load FSR value is also calculated from graphs in
accordance to the site conditions and in later stages from the base load test of the
machine. Let us say that this is 75%. There is usually some amount of changes to this
constant during the commissioning.
So from the above it can be seen that at base load conditions
75 = 4*FSRKN2 + 20
FSRKN2 = 13.75%
There is usually some amount of changes to this constant during the
commissioning to reflect the field conditions.
Turbine Load control Mode (Preselect Mode in GE Terminology)

When the turbine is put in the load control mode, the reference is the generator
power output and the governor tries to maintain a constant power output from the
generator irrespective of the frequency changes in the gird. Turbine load control mode
is used only when parallel to the grid and a theoretical Load controller would have a
graph like figure

In the load control mode the governor tries to maintain a constant power
according to the setpoint in the whole range of frequency operation. Fl and Fh
indicates the lowest and highest operational frequency, thus making Fh-Fl the
operational frequency range of the generator. In the initial condition, the machine is
supplying a power L at frequency f. In case the gird frequency changes in the
operational frequency range the power output remains the same. When the set point is
raised to L1, the machine loads to load L1 and when the set point is reduced to load
L2, the machine unloads to load L2 as shown in the figure.
The Load control mode is an extension of the droop control. When you put the
machine in droop control and parallel it to the grid the machine load is dependent on
the frequency of the gird as shown in figure
 The figure shows how the droop reference is varied by the turbine governor to
maintain a steady power output in the generator.
In the initial condition let the generator was supplying a load L with frequency
f. The set point of the machine is L. Now if there is a reduction in frequency to f1 , the
load point shifts from point a to point b such that the power output is now b. Now the
controller reduces the droop reference from R to R1 so that the new frequency f1 the
power output remains the same at L. thus with the lowering of the droop speed
reference to R1 the operating point is shifted to c as shown in the figure.
If the frequency had risen to f2 , the new operating point of the generator
would have been point d such that the power output from the generator would have
reduced to L2. Now the governor would raise the droop reference to R2 such that for
the frequency f2, the power output remains the same at L, thus shifting the point of
operation to point e.

Why Load control should not be used for a independent generator in an island
The load control tries to maintain a fixed power output from the generator. In
case of independent operation the section load varies a lot depending on the nature of
the process load. If a fixed setpoint is given to the generator and the section load
rises , the governor tries to reduce the load and decreases the droop reference.
However as the section load remains the same the governor goes on reducing the
droop reference such that the machine frequency goes on reducing till the machine
trips in under frequency. If the section load had reduced, the reverse would have
happened, in order to increase the load the governor would go on increasing the droop
reference and thus the speed till the machine trips on overspeed. Thus from the above
it is clear that load control is not suitable for independent operation.
When can a Machine be put in load control in an independent island
A generator can be put in load control mode in an independent island if there
is at least one machine in the same section which can crater to the changes in the
section load. Let us consider the following example.

Let us suppose that there are two generators, gen-1 and Gen-2 with equal
droop and equal droop reference feeding to a common section load as shown in the
figure.
In the Initial Condition Generator 1 is at point a feeding a load L1 and
generator L2 at point a’ feeding a load L2 such that L1+L2 is equal to the total section
load in the independent island. Now let there be a increase in the section load such
that both the generators take up the load with the system frequency reducing to f’.
Now the new point of operation is b for generator 1 with load L1’ and b’ for generator
2 with load L2’. Now if the generator 1 is put in load control mode and given a
setpoint L1 , the governor tries to reduce the load by reducing the droop reference ,
now the overall system frequency reduces as the generator 1 sheds the load on its way
to the new reference R’. The load shed by generator 1 is taken up by generator 2
which is in droop mode , finally the generators settle at a new frequency f ‘’. Here
generator 1 is in a new operating point with Load L1 and generator 2 with load L2 ‘’
such that L2’’ – L2 is equal to (L2’-L2)+(L1’-L1). Thus the generator 2 takes up the
entire increase in the section load. Thus as long as there is a machine put in droop
mode which can take up the load changes Load control will offer a stable operation in
independent island operation.
Implementation of Load control in GE Gas turbine Systems

The Turbine Load control is implemented in mainly two blocks

Preselcted Load Setpoint
290:_COMMENT

300:MANSET3

G3\K90PSMX 29.4 MWf MAXLMT A

A=B b
B AT_MAX 0 G3\L33PSMX
G3\K90PSMN 2 MWf MINLMT A
A=B b
FALSE 0b RT2SEL B AT_MIN 1 G3\L33PSMN
rate
G3\K90PSR 0.1 Meg/sf RATE2 RATE
CLAMP
G3\K90PSR 0.1 Meg/sf RATE1 MED
f
-1 x REF_OUT 2 MW G3\90PSEL
+
+ +
G3\90PSEL_CMD 2 MWf CMD
- -1
Z
FALSE 0b LPRESET
0f VPRESET
MAX_LIMIT
MED
MIN_LIMIT CDM
- +
rate dt
+ +
-1
FALSE 0b RAISE Z

FALSE 0b LOWER
FALSE 0b RL_ENA

Megawatt Load Control

310:_COMMENT

320:L90LV2

G3\FSRN 100 %f FSRN

-
+

G3\FSRT 100 %f FSRT A

A>B inhibit raise
G3\LK90DB3 3 %f K90DB3 B

A
A>B lower
G3\LK90DB4 6 %f K90DB4 B

G3\L83RMAX 0b L83RMAX
G3\L83PS 0b L83PS
G3\LK90MAX 29.4 MWf K90MAX
G3\90PSEL 2 MWf PRESEL A
A>B raise
B

G3\LK90SPIN 2.6 MWf K90SPIN A

|A -B|
f
G3\DWATT 0.0178608 MW LOAD B A
A>B db1
G3\LK90DB1 0.13 MWf K90DB1 B
A
A>B db2
G3\LK90DB2 0.33 MWf K90DB2 B
Inhibit
"1 db2 db1 raise raise
" b1
L90LR G3\L90LR
L90LR

b0
L90LL G3\L90LL
L90LL
lower
Physical implementation of the Load controller

In the above diagram let point a be the initial machine position. In this condition the
grid frequency is f and load is L . Now let us suppose that the grid frequency has
reduced to f1 , now the machine for a instant will shift from load L to load L1 , ie to
operating point b. The load controller now comes into action and reduces the
reference from R to R1 , such that the initial load condition is attained , with the dead
band gap of L+ub & L-lb. Now the new machine operating point is c , with frequency
f1 and load L with a new reduced reference R1.
The reverse happens in case there is a increase in the grid frequency , now the
operating point shifts to point d from the initial position a. Now the load controller
comes into action and shifts the reference to R2 such that the initial load condition is
obtained. Now the new machine operating point is e , with frequency f2 and load L
with a increased reference R2.
Turbine Isochronous control Mode
When a Turbine is put in isochronous control Mode, the reference to the
controller is the frequency of the generator and the controller tries to maintain a
constant frequency irrespective of load conditions. The Turbine isochronous mode is
used only on independent island conditions and should not be used when in parallel to
the grid. The theoretical isochronous controller would be

In the isochronous control mode the governor tries to maintain a constant

frequency according to the setpoint in the whole range of frequency operation. Fl and
Fh indicates the lowest and highest operational frequency, thus making Fh-Fl the
operational frequency range of the generator. In the initial condition, the machine is
supplying a power L at frequency f. In case the section load changes the frequency of
the machine remains the same. When the set point is raised to f ‘’, the machine
accelerates to frequency f’’ and when the set point is reduced f’, the machine
decelerates to frequency f’ as shown in the figure.
The Isochronous control mode can also be taken as a extension of the droop
control. When you put the machine in droop control in an independent island the
frequency of the machine is dependent on the section load as shown in fig
 The figure shows an implementation of the isochronous control. The figure
shows how the droop reference is varied to keep the output frequency constant. Let
the machine have a frequency setpoint of f.
In the initial condition the generator is at operation point a supplying as load L
with frequency f. Now if the section load increases to L2 the frequency drops down to
f2 with the new operating point b. Now the isochronous controller sensing a reduction
in speed increases the speed reference to R2 such that for the same operating load L2
the frequency is f. Thus the new operating point of the machine is c, where the
machine is supplying to a increased load L2 with the same frequency f.
In case there is a reduction in the load to L1, the frequency rises to f1 and the
machine moves to the operating point d. Now the isochronous controller reduces
droop reference to R1 such that the frequency recues to the initial operating frequency
f. Now the new machine operating point is e as shown in the figure. Thus by
increasing and reducing the droop reference a constant frequency of f is maintained
even with changing section loads.

Why isochronous controller should not be turned on when the machine is with
the grid
When a machine which is in parallel to the grid, it has no control over the
frequency, the grid frequency is the machine frequency. Let us suppose that the
machine is put in iso mode and given a particular frequency setpoint. If this setpoint is
higher than the grid frequency, the controller will go on increasing the droop
reference, but the machine speed will not rise, instead the machine power output rises
and goes on rising till it reaches it maximum load. In case the given frequency
setpoint is lower than the grid frequency , the controller will go on reducing the droop
reference thus unloading the machine , it will go on unloading till the machine trips on
reverse power. Thus depending on the frequency setpoint and the actual gird
frequency the machine will either load itself to base load or unload itself to reverse
power trip. Thus a machine in parallel to the grid must never be put in isochronous
controller mode.
Implementation of Isochronous controller in GE Gas turbines

The Isochronous controller is a PI controller and it is predominantly implemented in

the FSRN block.
Speed Control Fuel Stroke Reference

190:FSRNV4

CLAMP
f
G3\FSRMAX 100 %f FSRMAX max FSRN 100 % G3\FSRN
f
G3\FSRMIN 17.3006 % FSRMIN
G3\FSKRN1 22.2 %f FSKRN1
+ min
f +
G3\TLC_COMP 0% TLC_CMP
G3\FSKRN2 14.1 %/%f FSKRN2 +
G3\TNR 100.3 %f TNR
+ x +
f - +
G3\TNH 0% TNH 0

G3\L83ISOK 0b LISOK
FSRN
- -
100 %f +
+

G3\TNRI TNRI x
f +
G3\FSKRN3 1 %/% FSKRN3
G3\FSR 0 %f FSR
+ f
G3\FSKRN5 0.06 %/secf FSKRN5 x - MIN FSRNI 0% G3\FSRNI
+
-1
A FSRMAX
Z
b A>B b
G3\L83SCI_CMD 0 LI_CMD B L60IR 0 G3\L60IR
A b
A < -B L60IL 0 G3\L60IL
f
G3\FSKRN6 0.5 % FSKRN6 B

The isochronous mode algorithm is explained below

a. once you put the iso mode on in a independent machine , the LISOK signal goes
high.
the following calculation takes place
FSRNI(t) = FSRNI(t-1) + (TNRI -TNH(t))*FSRKN3
(as you can see this is a form of the velocity PI algorithm , and this were the PI is
actually implemented in the controller)

b. After the calculation the following check is done.

If (mod (FSRNI (t)) > FSRKN6)
The respective l60ir ( iso setpoint raise) or the l60il (iso setpoint lower)
goes high. The LISOK signal goes low thus cutting off the TNRI signal from the FSR
block. The L60IR OR the L60IL increases/decreases the TNR, with the help of the
L70R/L70L logic, thus raising or lowering the droop reference.
Else
The FSRNI (t) is added to the FSR to get the new FSR value.
FSR(t) = (TNR - TNH(t))*FSRKN2 + FSRKN1 + FSRNI(t-1) +
(TNRI -TNH(t))*FSRKN3
In the above equation, the (TNR - TNH (t)) is no longer a error signal because,
"TNR is not a setpoint any more". When the iso mode is selected, the TNR raise and
lower is inhibited from any other source.
 Only the L60IR and the L60IL have the permissive to change the TNR. as this
particular code is executed only when L60IR AND L60IL is both zero , TNR is
nothing but a constant in the equation. Now rewriting the equation
FSR(t) = FSRNI (t-1 ) + ( (fsrkn3 * TNRI) - ( TNH(t) * (FSRKN3+FSRKN2)) ) +
FSRKN1 + (TNR*FSRKN2)
Here now the FSR and the FSRNI now represent the same common output can
be renamed as FSRI
FSRI(t) = FSRI (t-1 ) + ( (fsrkn3 * TNRI) - ( TNH(t) * (FSRKN3+FSRKN2)) ) +
FSRKN1 + (TNR*FSRKN2)
Here now the equation ((fsrkn3 * TNRI) - (TNH (t) * (FSRKN3+FSRKN2)) )
is the error signal E(t)
FSRI(t) = FSRI (t-1 ) + E(t) + + FSRKN1 + (TNR*FSRKN2)

The last equation is the final iso mode calculation equation. if you will see , it
is analogous to the velocity form of the pi algorithm.

Physical implementation of the isochronous controller

Now that we have looked into how the FSR is calculated in the iso algorithm ,
let us see the controller inaction during actual conditions.
a. For small load variations –
The small load variations are taken care by the FSRNI block. Let us suppose
that the machine is running in point a where the load (MW) is l1 and the frequency f1.
In this condition it is assumed that the machine is already in iso mode and reached a
steady state such that the TNRI and the TNH are now equal(near equal) , the now let
us suppose that there is a small load increase. The TNH value of the machine will go
down as per the droop reference R1. Now FSRNI is calculated and it will be found
that FSRNI is less than the deadband limit. The value of FSRNI will be positive and it
will be added to the FSR block. This additional FSR will help in increasing the speed
of the machine to its previous value. The reverse happens if the load goes down by a
small amount. The speed of the machine will rise; the FSRNI will be negative and
reduce the actual FSR thus reducing the machine speed back to its previous value.

b. for large load variations –

For large load variations the droop characteristics is changed before the TNRI
comes into play. Let us suppose that the machine is in the initial condition Point a.
now for a sudden load increase from l1 to l2, the frequency changes from f1 to f2.
Now the FSRNI is calculated and it will be found that it is more than the deadband
FSRKN6. Now the L60IR command is issued which inturn increases the TNR value.
The rise in the TNR value will raise the droop reference and the speed of the machine
as already discussed in the droop mode study. Thus when the machine reaches the
point b, the droop characteristics is raised from Reference R1 to R2. This goes on till
the TNH reaches the TNRI and the calculated FSRNI is below the deadband limit.
From that point onwards the isochronous changes to the PI mode and FSRNI takes
care of the rest.

Thus from the above it can be seen that, the for small load variations the
FSRNI is responsible for maintaining constant frequency. In this mode, there is no
droop reference change. For large variations, the FSR reference itself is changed till
the speed becomes more or less equal to the setpoint value. Only then does the FSRNI
come into play.