This article is about extratropical cyclones. For tropical cyclones, see Rapid intensification.

The Braer Storm of January 1993 explosively deepened to a

record low of 913 mbar (hPa)

GKHJVHGVSH CFYCMBXKDIHJCFHXVN BCXMKXDIJFDHXCVNB 004DSLKDSJCHFXN BMFGDCFXHVCKFHGHDEFKVLB

VMNBCDSHYDESFDVK t $125 billion in late August 2005, particularly in the city of New Orleans and its surrounding area. It is tied
with Hurricane Harvey as being the tages, uprooted trees, and flooding. Damage from Delta in the United States reached
$2.9 billion. The hurricane and its remnants produced heavy rain, strong winds, storm surge, and tornadoes across much of the
Southeastern United States. In Louisiana, strong winds generated by Delta caused additional damage to structures that were
impacted by Laura, while debris remaining from Hurricane Laura were scattered across roadways and drains. However, much of the
damage in the state was caused by flooding, with 17.57 in (446 mm) of rainfall at LeBleu Settlement. Floodwaters entered several
homes in Baton Rouge and Calcasieu. In Mississippi, roughly 100,000 businesses and homes lost electricity after rainfall and
tropical storm-force wind gusts uprooted trees.[43]

Hurricane Epsilon
[edit]

Main article: Hurricane Epsilon (2020)

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)

Duration October 19 – October 26

Peak intensity 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);

952 mbar (hPa)

A non-tropical low formed on October 16 to the east of Bermuda. Moving southward over warmer waters, the system developed
enough organized convection to become Tropical Depression Twenty-Seven on October 19. It soon intensified into Tropical Storm
Epsilon as it executed a small counter-clockwise loop. Dry air and wind shear affected the storm at first, but Epsilon strengthened
once the shear subsided and it began a northwest track. The storm became a hurricane on October 21, and a day later Epsilon
reached maximum sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum pressure of 952 mbar (28.1 inHg). Epsilon marked the
farthest east that a major hurricane had been observed after October 20. It soon weakened, passing about 185 mi (300 km) to the
east of Bermuda as a minimal hurricane on October 23. After turning to the northeast, Epsilon weakened to a tropical storm,
becoming an extratropical storm on October 26 about 565 mi (910 km) east of Cape Race, Newfoundland.[44] Epsilon's remnants
were later absorbed into a deep extratropical low southwest of Iceland.[111]

The hurricane caused one direct death; a 27-year-old man drowned in Epsilon-induced rip currents in Daytona Beach, Florida. The
hurricane also generated large sea swells from Bermuda to the Bahamas, the Greater Antilles, and the Leeward Islands. Rainfall on
the island as the storm passed by amounted to less than 1 in (25 mm); winds at Bermuda's airport gusted near tropical storm-force,
with a peak wind gust of 38 mph (61 km/h).[44] The trailing weather fronts associated with this low produced waves up to 98 ft (30 m)
on the coast of Ireland on October 28.[112]

Hurricane Zeta
[edit]

Main article: Hurricane Zeta

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)

Duration October 24 – October 29

Peak intensity 115 mph (185 km/h) (1-min);

970 mbar (hPa)

The interaction of a tropical wave and a midlevel trough led to the formation of Tropical Depression Twenty-Eight on October 24
near Grand Cayman. It quickly intensified into Tropical Storm Zeta, and reached hurricane status on October 26. That day, Zeta
made landfall near Ciudad Chemuyil, Quintana Roo, with winds of 85 mph (135 km/h). After weakening to a tropical storm inland,
Zeta moved offshore of the northern coast of the Yucatán Peninsula about 11 hours later. On October 28, it reattained hurricane
status as it turned northward. Zeta peaked later that day at 21:00 UTC when it became a Category 3 major hurricane with maximum
sustained winds of 115 mph (185 km/h) and a minimum barometric pressure of 970 mbar (29 inHg), as it made its second landfall
near Cocodrie, Louisiana. Zeta steadily lost strength after landfall, weakening to a tropical storm over Alabama at 06:00 UTC on
October 29, before transitioning into a post-tropical cyclone over central Virginia by 18:00 UTC that day, while moving rapidly
northeastward. Early on October 30, Zeta's remnants dissipated east of the mid-Atlantic U.S. coast.[45]

Heavy rain in Jamaica caused a landslide that killed two people after demolishing a home in Saint Andrew Parish. Zeta left roughly
$15 million in damage on the island.[45] Strong winds and rain caused flooding and

The emergency response from federal, state, and local governments was widely criticized, leading to the resignation of Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) director Michael D. Brown and New Orleans Police Department (NOPD)
superintendent Eddie Compass. Many other government officials faced criticism for their responses, especially New Orleans
mayor Ray Nagin, Louisiana governor Kathleen Blanco, and President George W. Bush. However, several agencies, such as
the United States Coast Guard (USCG), National Hurricane Center (NHC), and National Weather Service (NWS), were commended
for their actions, with the NHC being p

" a "maritime, cold season event".[10][12]

In early 2023 in the North Atlantic, fourteen wind events out of twenty that had reached hurricane-force, underwent bombogenesis,
the process that creates a bomb cyclone, according to National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA).[16] NOAA said that
bombogenesis "occurs when a midlatitude cyclone rapidly intensifies, dropping at least 24 millibars over 24 hours."[16]

Formation
[edit]

Baroclinic instability has been cited as one of the principal mechanisms for the development of most explosively deepening
cyclones.[17] However, the relative roles of baroclinic and diabatic processes in explosive deepening of extratropical cyclones have
been subject to debate (citing case studies) for a long time.[18] Other factors include the relative position of a 500-hPa trough
and thickness patterns, deep tropospheric frontogenetic processes which happen both upstream and downstream of the surface
low, the influence of air–sea interaction, and latent heat release.[19]

Regions and motion

[edit]

Absorbing the remnants of a powerful tropical cyclone can trigger

explosive cyclogenesis

The four most active regions where extratropical explosive cyclogenesis occurs in the world are the Northwest Pacific, the North
Atlantic, the Southwest Pacific, the South Atlantic and the Eastern Pacific. [20]

In the Northern Hemisphere the maximum frequency of explosively deepening cyclones is found within or to the north of the
Atlantic Gulf Stream, the Kuroshio Current in the western Pacific,[10] and in the eastern Pacific. In the Southern Hemisphere it is
found with Australian east coast lows above the East Australian Current, which shows the importance of air-sea interaction in
initiating and rapidly developing extratropical cyclones.[21]

Explosively deepening cyclones south of 50°S often show equator-ward movement, in contrast with the poleward motion of most
Northern Hemisphere bombs.[19] Over the year, 45 cyclones on average in the Northern Hemisphere and 26 in the Southern
Hemisphere develop explosively, mostly in the respective hemisphere's winter time. Less seasonality has been noticed in bomb
cyclogenesis occurrences in the Southern Hemisphere.[19]

Other uses of "weather bomb"

[edit]

The term "weather bomb" is popularly used in New Zealand to describe dramatic or destructive weather events. Rarely are the
events actual instances of explosive cyclogenesis, as the rapid deepening of low pressure areas is rare around New Zealand. [22]
[23]
This use of "bomb" may lead to confusion with the more strictly defined meteorological term. In Japan, the term bomb cyclone (爆弾
低気圧, bakudan teikiatsu) is used both academically and commonly to refer to an extratropical cyclone which meets the
meteorological "bomb" conditions.[24][25]

The term "bomb" may be somewhat controversial. When European researchers protested that it was a rather warlike term, Fred
Sanders, the coauthor of the paper which introduced the meteorological usage quipped: "So why are you using the term 'front'?" [26]
 See also
[edit]

 Weather portal

 Cyclogenesis, extratropical cyclones

 Extratropical cyclone, formation
 Notable non-tropical pressures over the North Atlantic
 Superstorm
References
[edit]

1. ^ Jump up to:a b "Fierce 'weather bomb' batters Britain". The Telegraph. 9 December 2011. Archived from the original on 9 December
2011. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
2. ^ "The worst storm in years?". Met Office Blog. 28 January 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
3. ^ Edwards, Tim (10 December 2014). "Weather bomb: the storm phenomenon brewing over Britain". The Week. London, United
Kingdom: Dennis Publishing. Retrieved 21 November 2024.
4. ^ O'Hanlon, Larry (25 February 2013). "Look out -- 'meteorological bomb' is on the way!". NBC News. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
5. ^ Jump up to:a b Williams, Jack (20 May 2005). "Bomb cyclones ravage northwestern Atlantic". USA Today. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
6. ^ Feltman, Rachel (3 January 2018). "What the heck is a bomb cyclone?". Popular Science. Retrieved 6 January 2018.
7. ^ "Ryan explains Bomb Cyclogenesis". WBRZ News 2 Louisiana. Archived from the original on 12 April 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
8. ^ Freedman, Andrew (1 March 2013). "Meteorological bomb explodes over New England". Washington Post. Archived from the original on
December 24, 2013. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
9. ^ Rodman, Kristen (23 January 2014). "What is Bombogenesis?". Accuweather. Retrieved 31 January 2014.
10. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Sanders, Frederick; Gyakum, John R (1980). "Synoptic-Dynamic Climatology of the 'Bomb'". Monthly Weather
Review. 108 (10): 1589–606. Bibcode:1980MWRv..108.1589S. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1980)108<1589:SDCOT>2.0.CO;2.
11. ^ Chelsea Harvey (November 10, 2014). "Here's What Caused The 'Bomb Cyclone' That's About To Freeze The Northern US". Business
Insider. Retrieved October 8, 2017.
12. ^ Jump up to:a b "Bomb". American Meteorological Society. Glossary of Meteorology. 20 February 2012. Retrieved 27 December 2023.
13. ^ Jump up to:a b "The Bomb". blog.ametsoc.org. 27 October 2010. Retrieved 21 March 2013.
14. ^ MacDonald, Bruce C; Reiter, Elmar R (1988). "Explosive Cyclogenesis over the Eastern United States". Monthly Weather
Review. 116 (8): 1568–86. Bibcode:1988MWRv..116.1568M. doi:10.1175/1520-0493(1988)116<1568:ECOTEU>2.0.CO;2.
15. ^ Baker, Laura (2024). Sting Jets in Extratropical Cyclones (Ph.D.). University of Reading.
16. ^ Jump up to:a b "What is bombogenesis?". US Department of Commerce and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. n.d.
Retrieved 27 December 2023.
17. ^ Weng, H. Y.; Barcilon, A. (1987). "Favorable environments for explosive cyclogenesis in a modified two-layer Eady model". Tellus
A. 39A (3): 202–214. Bibcode:1987TellA..39..202W. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0870.1987.tb00301.x.
18. ^ Fink, Andreas H.; Pohle, Susan; Pinto, Joaquim G.; Knippertz, Peter (2012). "Diagnosing the influence of diabatic processes on the
explosive deepening of extratropical cyclones" (PDF). Geophysical Research Letters. 39 (7):
n/a. Bibcode:2012GeoRL..39.7803F. doi:10.1029/2012GL051025. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
19. ^ Jump up to:a b c Lim, Eun-Pa; Simmonds, Ian (2002). "Explosive Cyclone Development in the Southern Hemisphere and a Comparison
with Northern Hemisphere Events". Monthly Weather Review. 130 (9): 2188–2209. Bibcode:2002MWRv..130.2188L. doi:10.1175/1520-
0493(2002)130<2188:ECDITS>2.0.CO;2.
20. ^