Unit 3:Limit State Design Method (LSM)
• Limit state design method is a further development over the plastic design method. In this method
the basis in dependent entirely on the actual behaviour of materials in structures and the
performance of structures determined by tests as well as long-term observations.
• This method has been developed to take into account every possible condition that can be lead a
structure to become unfit for use. The philosophy behind this theory is, that the object of a structural
design is to make a safe and economical structure which should satisfactorily fulfill its required
purpose.
• This method aims to achieve not only strength but also stability and serviceability. Besides having
the desired strength, a structure should not overturn or sway objectionably and should remain
stable.
• Deflections, vibrations, fatigue should not render the structure unfit for use. That means the
structure should also be designed for serviceability. Thus, this method specifies a number of limits
states.
• Compared with the elastic method of design, the limit state method is more general.
• It is possible to apply different safety factors to different limit states. This is more justified than
applying just one load factor as in plastic design method.
• It is also possible to implement any new limit state based on the development in the knowledge
Vibration
Fire resistance
LOADS ON STRUCTURES:
1. DEAD LOAD: [I.S. 875 Part-I]
Dead loads are the permanent loads acting on the structure including the
self wt of the section.
2. LIVE LOAD: [I.S. 875 Part-II]
It is an imposed load in structure due to people, furniture, movable objects etc.
Based on utility of the structure the values are given in [I.S 875 Part-II]
Example:-
For Residential Buildings – 2 KN/m2
For Commercial Buildings – 3 KN/m2
3. Wind Load [I.S 875 Part-III]
4. Snow Load [I.S 875 Part-IV]
5. Seismic Load (or) Earth quake Load [I.S 1893-2002]
6. Accidental Loads
7. Errection Loads
8. Crane Loads
CHARACTERISTICS OF LOAD:-
It is designed as the action of the load which are not expected more than
five percentage probability during the life of the structure.
1. Partial safety factor for loads for limit state ‘γf’ is given in table 4 [I.S800-2007]
2. Partial safety factor for material is given in table 5 [I.S 800-2007]
DESIGN STRENGTH:-
The uncertainties to be considered in the strength value for design for
1. Possibilities of deviation of material strength from the characteristic values.
2. Possibilities of unfavorable varities of member sizes.
3. Possibilities of unfavorable reduction in member strength during fabrication.
4. Uncertainity in calculation of strength.
I.S 800 recommands the reduction is strength of the material based on the
partial safety factors for the material as given in table 5 of IS 800-2007
Deflection limity in order ro prevent damage to finishes, deflection check
is done for the load combinations with partial.
Safety given in table 4 and the limiting deflection factor given in table 6 IS 800-2007
Limit state of strength and serviceability
Limit state of strength :
The limit states of strength are those related to failures (or imminent failure), under the action of
probable and most unfavorable combination of loads on the structure using the appropriate partial
safety factors, which can endanger the security of life and property. The limit state of strength
includes:
a) Loss of equilibrium of the structure as an entire or any of its components or elements.
b) Loss of stability of the structure (including the impact of sway wherever applicable and
overturning) or any of its components together with supports and foundations.
c) Failure by excessive deformation, rupture of the structure or any of its components or elements,
d) Fracture because of fatigue,
e) Brittle fracture.
Limit state serviceability :
The limit state of serviceability include:
Deformation and deflections, have an effect on|which can} adversely have an effect on the
appearance or effective use of the structure or might cause improper functioning of apparatus or
services or may cause damages to finishes and non-structural members.
a) Vibrations in the structure or any of its parts creating discomfort to individuals, damages to the
structure, its contents or which can limit its purposeful effectiveness.
Special consideration shall tend to systems at risk of vibration, like massive open floor areas free of
partitions to make sure that such vibrations are acceptable for the supposed use and occupancy.
b) Repairable damage or crack because of fatigue.
c) Corrosion, durability.
d) Fire.
