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Darkness and Light Project

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Mworozi Dickson
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28 views4 pages

Darkness and Light Project

Uploaded by

Mworozi Dickson
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MBARARA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FACULTY OF APPLIED SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY


BACHELOR OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
DIGITAL SYSTEMS PROJECT ASSIGNMENT

A REPORT ON THE DARKNESS AND LIGHT SENSOR PROJECT

BY;
NAKAKAAWA MARIA ASSUMPUTA 2021/EEE/093/PS
NASASIRA ERIC 2021/EEE/130/PS
MWOROZI DICKSON 2021/EEE/089/PS

1
INTRODUCTION
A darkness and light sensor is an electronic device that is used to detect the presence or absence
of light in its environment. This sensor can be used in various applications, such as automatic
street lights, security systems, and home automation systems.
OBJECTIVES
To design and build a simple but effective darkness and light sensor using readily available
electronic components.
To explore the principles of operation of the NPN transistor, LDR and resistor circuits used in
the sensor.
To understand the relationship between the amount of light falling on the LDR and its resistance.
To study the voltage and current characteristics of the NPN transistor in switch mode operation.
To learn how to connect and test electronic components on the breadboard.
To practice basic circuit analysis and troubleshooting skills.

MATERIALS AND TOOLS USED


Bread board.
9v battery
LDR (light dependent resistor)
1k ohm resistor
47k ohm resistor
BC547 transistor
LED Blue
Connecting wires

2
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

PROCEDURES
First connect the transistor and then connect a biasing resistor (47k ohm) across the base
terminal.
The LDR is connected on the emitter and the base terminal.
The LED is connected in series with the 1k ohm resistor to control the amount of current flowing
through the LED across the collector terminal.
Working of the project.
The LDR is a photoresistor that changes its resistance based on the amount of light that falls on
it. When there is more light, its resistance decreases, and when there is less light, its resistance
increases. We will use this property of the LDR to detect the presence or absence of light.
The transistor acts as a switch in this circuit. When there is enough light falling on the LDR, its
resistance decreases, and the voltage across it decreases as well. This causes the base voltage of
the transistor to be lower than the emitter voltage, and hence the transistor is turned off. As a
result, the LED does not light up.
On the other hand, when there is less light falling on the LDR, its resistance increases, and the
voltage across it increases as well. This causes the base voltage of the transistor to be higher than
the emitter voltage, and hence the transistor is turned on. As a result, the LED lights up.
The 47k ohm resistor is used to limit the current through the LDR, and the 1kohm resistor is used
to limit the current through the LED. The power supply is connected to the circuit through the
47k ohm resistor.

3
FINDINGS
The sensor can detect the presence / absence of light in its environment and turn on/ off the LED
accordingly.
The sensor works well in normal lighting conditions and it is sensitive to changes in the amount
of light falling on the LDR.
The sensor is simple and easy to build using readily available components.
The accuracy and stability of the sensor can be improved by selecting a high quality LDR and
maintaining stable power supply voltage.
LIMITATIONS
The sensor may not work properly under extreme lighting conditions such as very dark or very
bright environment.
The accuracy of the sensor may be affected by the quality and sensitivity of the LDR used in the
circuit.
The LED used in the circuit may not produce enough brightness to be visible in bright day-light
conditions.
The sensitivity of the sensor may vary depending on the angle and position of the LDR with
respect to the light source.
The accuracy and stability of the sensor may be affected by variations I the power supply voltage
and environmental factors such as temperature and humidity.
The circuit may not be able to handle high current loads and can only drive low power devices
like LEDs.
CONCLUSION
In this project, we have used an NPN transistor, an LDR, a 47k ohm resistor, a 1k ohm resistor,
and an LED to make a darkness and light sensor. This sensor can be used in various applications,
such as automatic street lights, security systems, and home automation systems.

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