A

Project Based Lab Report

On
STREET LIGHT USING LDR
A mini project work on “Analog electric circuit design” submitted to
G.P. Kishanganj, Kishanganj (Bihar)

By
“CODE RED GROUP”

Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering ,

G. P. Kishanganj
Churli, Badal Chawk, Nagagachha
855116,
Kishanganj Dist.
2022-25

Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Govt. Polytechnic Kishanganj
 Department of electronics & Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the project entitled “STREET LIGHT USING LDR” is the mini project

work, students of II-year Diploma, E.C.E dept, Govt. Polytechnic Kishanganj, in the

Laboratory for the academic year 2023-24.

Signature of the Project guide Signature of Course Coordinator

Head of the department

CONTENTS:

Sl.no

1 ABSTRACT

2 INTRODUCTION

3 BASIC PRINCIPLE

4 COMPONENTS REQUIRED

5 SPECIFICATIONS OF LDR

6 CHARACTERISTICS

7 APPLICATIONS

8
WORKING

9
PROCEDURE

10
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

11
CONCLUSION
1.ABSTRACT
Automatic Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor
as a switch. By using this system manual works are 100% removed. It automatically switches
ON lights when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor
called Light Dependant Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes.

It automatically switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes. By
using this system energy consumption is also reduced because nowadays the manually
operated street lights are not switched off even the sunlight comes and also switched on earlier
before sunset. In this project, no need of manual operation like ON time and OFF time setting.

This project clearly demonstrates the working of transistor in saturation region and cut-off
region. The working of relay is also known.
2.INTRODUCTION
We need to save or conserve energy because most of the energy sources we depend on,
like coal and natural gas can't be replaced. Once we use them up, they're gone forever. Saving
power is very important, instead of using the power in unnecessary times it should be switched
off. In any city “STREET LIGHT” is one of the major power consuming factors. Most of the
time we see street lights are controller has an LDR which is used to detect the ambient light. If
the ambient light is below a specific value the lights are turned ON.

A light dependent sensor is interfaced to the pic18f452 microcontroller it is used to

track the sun light and when the sensors go dark the led will be made on and when the sensor
founds light the led will be made OFF.

It clearly demonstrates the working of transistor in saturation region and cut-off region.
The working of relay is also known Microcontroller and the code is written in c language in
MikroC ide, the resulted value can be seen with the help of UART or LCD display. Automatic
Street Light Control System is a simple yet powerful concept, which uses transistor as a switch.
By using this system manual works are 100% removed. It automatically switches ON lights
when the sunlight goes below the visible region of our eyes. This is done by a sensor called
Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) which senses the light actually like our eyes. It automatically
switches OFF lights whenever the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes.

3. BASIC PRINCIPLE
The automatic streetlight control system operates on 12 V DC supply. The automatic
streetlight controller has a photoconductive device whose resistance changes proportional to
the extent of illumination, which switches ON or OFF the LED with the use of transistor as a
switch. Light dependent resistor, a photoconductive device has been used as the transducer to
convert light energy into electrical energy. The central dogma of the circuit is that the change
in voltage drop across the light dependent resistor on illumination or darkness switches the
transistor between cut-off region or saturation region and switches OFF or ON the LEDAs we
know property of LDR that during the time of day resistance is low therefore voltage at the
inverting input ( IE pin 2) is higher than the voltage at the non-inverting input (pin3) hence the
output at the pin 6 is low so the transistor goes into the cut off state which means LED or bulb

will no glow.
4. Components required:
 LDR (R1)

 Resistors: R2 = 100K, R3 = 1K, R4 = 1K

 Transistors: Q1 = BC 107, Q2 = SL100

 230V Lamp

 Fuse (optional)

Following figure shows the circuit. Here we have used a 230V lamp which will
turn on in night and get turned off during day time.
5. SPECIFICATION OF COMPONENTS-

5.1. LIGHT DEPENDENT RESISTOR (LDR)

LDRs or Light Dependent Resistors are very useful especially in light/dark sensor circuits.
Normally the resistance of an LDR is very high, sometimes as high as 1000000Ω, but when
they are illuminated with light resistance drops dramatically. Electronic onto sensors are the
devices that alter their electrical characteristics, in the presences of visible or invisible light.
The best-known devices of this type are the light dependent resistor (LDR), the photo diode
and the phototransistors.

Light dependent resistor as the name suggests depends on light for the variation of
resistance.

 LDR are made by depositing a film of cadmium sulphone or cadmium

selenide on a substrate of ceramic containing no or very few free electrons
when not illuminated. The longer the strip the more the value of resistance.
 When light falls on the strip, the resistance decreases. In the absence of light,
the resistance can be in the order of 10K ohm to 15K ohm and is called the
dark resistance.
The below figure shoes that when the torch is turned on, the resistance of the LDR
falls, allowing current to pass through it is shown in figure.

Fig. 1.1: LDR. Fig. 1.1.1: Symbol for LDR.

 The basic construction and symbol for LDR are shown in above figures respectively.
The device consists of a pair of metal film contacts separated by a snakelike track of cadmium
sulphide film, designed to provide the maximum possible contact area with the two metal films.
The structure is housed in a clear plastic or resin case, to provide free access to external light.
Practical LDRs are available in variety of sizes and

packages styles, the most popular size having a face diameter of roughly 10mm. practical LDR
is shown in below figure.

Fig. 1.2: Practical LDR.

5.2. TRANSISTORS BC547

Is an NPN bi-pola junction transistor. A transistor, stands for transfer or
resistance commonly used to amplify current. A small current at its base controls a
larger current at collector & emitter terminals. BC547 is mainly used for amplification
and switching purposes. It has a maximum current gain of 800. Its equivalent transist
The transistor terminals require a fixed DC voltage to operate in the desired region of
its characteristic curves. This is known as the biasing.
For amplification applications, the transistor is biased such that it is partly on for all
input conditions. The input signal at base is amplified and taken at the emitter. BC547
is used in common emitter configuration for amplifiers.
The voltage divider is the commonly used biasing mode. For switching applications,
transistor is biased so that it remains fully on if there is a signal at its base. In the absence
of base signal, it gets completely off.
5.3. RESISTORS
Is an electrical component that reduces the electric current. The resistor's ability
to reduce the current is called resistance and is measured in units of ohms (symbol: Ω).
If we make an analogy to water flow through pipes, the resistor is a thin pipe that
reduces the water flow.
5.4. LED (LIGHT EMITTING DIODE)
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source that
resembles a basic punction diode, except that an LED also emits light. When an LED's
anode lead has a voltage that is more positive than its cathode lead by at least the LED's
forward voltage drops, current flows. Electrons are able to recombine with holes within
the device, releasing energy in the form of photons. This effect is called
electroluminescence, and the color of the light (corresponding to the energy of the
photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the semiconductor.

5.5. PCB (PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD)-

A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects
electronic components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from
copper sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. PCBs can be single sided (one
copper layer), double sided (two copper layers) or multi-layer. Conductors on different
layers are connected with plated-through holes called bias. Advanced PCBs may
contain components - capacitors, resistors or active devices - embedded in the substrate.
5.6. POWER SUPPLY
A power supply is a device that supplies electric power to an electrical load. The
term is most commonly applied to electric power converters that convert one form of
electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another
form of energy (mechanical, chemical, solar) to electrical energy. A regulated power
supply is one that controls the output voltage or current to a specific value; the
controlled value is held nearly.
6.Characteristics of LDR

LDR’s are light dependent devices whose resistance is decreased when light falls on them
and that is increased in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark, its resistance
is very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance.

It can be as high as 1012 Ω and if the device is allowed to absorb light its resistance will be
decreased drastically. If a constant voltage is applied to it and intensity of light is increased the
current starts increasing. Figure below shows resistance vs. illumination curve for a particular
LDR.

7.Applications of LDR
Lighting switch
The most obvious application for an LDR is to automatically turn on a light at a
certain light level. An example of this could be a street light or a garden light .

 Camera shutter control

LDRs can be used to control the shutter speed on a camera. The LDR would be used to
measure the light intensity which then adjusts the camera shutter speed to the
appropriate level.

 Used in street light applications.

 Used in Domestic applications.

8. WORKING
Circuit of a compact and true solid-state automatic lawn light is described here. The
circuit can be used to switch on incandescent garden light bulbs at desk and switch off them at
dawn. A 10 mm encapsulated light dependent resistor (LDR) here works as the twilight
detector.

The whole circuit can be housed in a very small plastic cabinet. For powering the circuit AC
household supply is needed. With a little skill and patience, you can easily modify this circuit
to drive a number of white LED strings, instead of the incandescent bulb load at the output.

When ambient light is normal, transistor T1 is reverse biased by the low resistance of
LDR. Multiturn plastic trimpotP1 sets the detection sensitivity. If ambient light dims, transistor
T1 turns on to drive the triac T2. Now the lamp load at the output of T2 energizes. When the
ambient light level restores, circuit returns to its idle state and light(s) switched off by the
circuit. Working voltage for the circuit is derived directly from the AC supply input through
components R1, R2 and R3. This obviates the requirement of a bulky.

If you wish to operate the, light bulb(s) on a little reduced power, just replace the trail T2 with
a suitable silicon-controlled rectifier (SCR). This may give a long life to the incandescent load.
Finally, the LDR should not be mounted to receive direct sunlight. It may be mounted at the
top of the enclosure, pointing to the sky say southwards.

LDR offers Very high Resistance in darkness. In this case the voltage drop across the LDR is
more than 0.7V.

This voltage is more sufficient to drive the transistor into saturation region. In
saturation region, IC (Collector current) is very high.

Because of this IC. The relay gets energized, and switches on the lamp. LDR offers Very low
Resistance in brightness. In this case the voltage drop across the LDR is less than 0.7V.

This voltage is not sufficient to drive the transistor into saturation region. Hence, the transistor
will be in cut-off region. In cut-off region, IC (Collector current) is zero. Because of this IC,
the relay will not be energized, and the lamp will be in ON state only. Diode is connected across
the relay to neutralize the reverse EMF generated.

9. PROCEDURE-
1. Insert first transistor Q1-BC547 (NPN) on PCB board shown in the circuit diagram
2. Connect another transistor Q2-BC547 (NPN) on PCB board shown in the circuit
diagram. 3. Connect wires across emitter pin of both transistor and negative terminal
of battery on the PCB board.
3. Connect a wire across collector pin of transistor Q1 and base pin of transistor Q2.
4. Connect a resistor 1k across positive terminal of battery on the PCB board and collector
pin transistor Q1.
5. Connect LDR (Light Dependent Resistor) across positive terminal of the battery and
base terminal of transistor Q1
6. Insert a transistor 330 ohm across base pin of transistor Q1 and negative terminal of
battery.
7. Connect a resistor 330 ohm across positive terminal of battery and anode terminal of
LED connect the cathode terminal of LED to collector pin of transistor Q2.

10. ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES

By using this automatic system for street light controlling, we can reduce energy consumption
because the manually operated street lights are not switch off properly even the sun light comes
and also not switched on earlier before sunset
  Low cost
 Automated operation
 Low power consumption
 Very flexible
 Easy to manufactured in sunny and rainy days, on and off time differ notice which is
one of the major disadvantages of using timer circuit or manual operation for switching
the street light system.

11. CONCLUSION
More effective in case of cost, manpower and security as compare with today's running
complicated and complex light controlling systems. Automatic Street Light Controlling System
puts up a very user-friendly approach and could increase the power This The Streetlight
controller using ldr based Light intensity & traffic density, in the todays up growing countries
will be paper elaborates the design and construction of automatic street control system circuit.
Circuit works properly to turn street lamp ON/OFF.

After designing the circuit which controls the light of the street as illustrated in the previous
sections. LDR sensor and the photoelectric sensors are the two main conditions in working the
circuit. If the two conditions have been satisfied the circuit will do the desired work according
to specific program.

Each sensor controls the turning ON or OFF the lighting column. The street lights have been
successfully controlled by microcontroller. With commands from the controller the lights will
be ON in the places of the movement when it's dark. furthermore, the drawback of the street
light system using timer controller has been overcome, where the system depends on
photoelectric sensor. Finally, this control circuit can be used in a long roadway between them.

12. FUTURE SCOPE

We can save the energy for the future use and we can control the losses of the power. We can
implement this project for the home lamp or night lamp of the room. This is also used for the
signals.