RAILWAY COMPONENTS

DITCH

CUT SLOPE
LANES
Superstructure
SLEEPERS

BALLAST

ASPHALT
LAYER

DITCH

Infrastructure

PLATFORM — —
INFRASTRUCTURE

Cour
t Trench
Structure of
seat Half slope
Embank
INFRASTRUCTURE ment
Bridges
Tunnels
factory works Viaducts
Pontoons
Walls
Drainage
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It is an excavation that is carried out by cutting natural terrain with

great slopes to take it to the project slope. They can be in
trenches or half a hillside.

HALF
It is said whenHILLSIDE
a depression remains on both side of it, a slope sides of
the cut.

TRENCH
It is a cut in which the grading caused by It is between two slopes
earthworks.
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It is a grading process that is carried out by building a platform

of a certain height by filling and compacting successive layers
until reaching the level of the predefined level in the project.

EMBANKME
NT
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BRIDGES
They are large structures that allow passage over large water channels
(rivers, lakes, among others).

VIADUCT
They are large structures that can be made of concrete or metal in their
platform, which allow uneven passage (elevation) through other roads,
water passages and natural terrain.
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 RAILWAY COMPONENTS

TUNNELS
They are large longitudinal excavations carried out with special
machinery through large bodies of land such as mountains, hills or
small hills.
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PONTOONS
They constitute a way of draining medium-sized water channels
transversally to the road (natural drainage from hills, occasional
streams and others), most of which are made of concrete.

WALLS
They can be containing or supporting, their principle is the same
except that the supporting ones are designed to support additional
vertical loads. They can be made of earth (dams), stone (gabions,
raw stone) or concrete, whether reinforced or projected.
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DRAINS
There are longitudinal, transversal and various ones, as their name
indicates, their function is to drain water from both fixed currents
and rain.

We can mention the longitudinal ones such as concrete ditches,

trapezoidal channels and channels of different sections, and the
transversal ones such as culverts, drains, passageways and
others.

Among the so-called various are all the drainages adjacent to the
road such as concrete works for channeling streams, rectangular
channels and of various shapes, streams among others.
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SUPERSTRUCTURE
BALLAST
It is the element located above the sleepers or sleepers.

The type of rock to use is siliceous rock.

The characteristic shape of this element is with angular and non-

rounded edges, in order to oppose the movements of the track.

Lane

Platform
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BALLAST

Aim
BALLAST PROPERTIES
• Cushion the actions exerted by vehicles on the road.

• Evenly distribute the loads.

Property Values
Disintegrability to sulfates, weight loss in % <= 7%
• Prevents movement of the track.
Abrasion wear test (Los Angeles Test) <= 25%

specific weight of rock

• Facilitates the evacuation of water. >= 2690Kg/m3

Simple cubic compression strength

• Protects the platform floors. >= 600Kg/cm2
Percentage of flat or elongated particles <= 5%
• Allows geometric recovery ofrock
Approximate thesize
track. 2 ½”
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RAILWAY COMPONENTS
 RAILWAY COMPONENTS

SLEEPERS OR SLEEPERS
They are the element that transmits all the efforts produced by the passage
of the railway to the ballast.

Traditionally, sleepers used to be made of wood until their scarcity caused

them to be manufactured with other materials such as concrete or cast
materials. Currently, in some specific cases, wooden sleepers are still used.
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concrete sleepers
Ecoopere 70 DW Model
Resistance = 500 Kg/cm
2
Weight = 315 Kg Slope 1/20

225mm
300mm
2500mm

Wooden sleepers for track devices

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SUPPORTS
Element or set of elements that fix the rail to the sleeper. In most
cases it prevents movement between the rail and the sleeper.

TYPES REGARDING THEIR FUNCTION

• Rigid
• Elastic
• Direct
• Indirect
• Sliders
• Non-slip
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NABLAS FIXINGS, Scheme

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FASTENINGS (Functions)

• Maintain track width

• Prevent lane overturning

• Maintain vertical tightening on the rail skate, preventing contact

between it and the sleeper from being lost.

• Prevent longitudinal movement of the rail in relation to the sleeper

• Achieve an adequate modulus of elasticity in the support of the rail

on the sleeper (in concrete sleepers)

• Provide electrical insulation

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SUPPORTS

The fastenings used in the section are Nabla RNTC type

• These are elastic fastenings since

they deform due to the load actions
transmitted by the rail.

• They are direct fastenings since

there is a single element that joins the
fastening to the rail and the sleeper.

• They are non-sliding since they do

not allow longitudinal movement of
the rail.
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Features of Nabla fastenings

V Electrical isolation 10000MΩ

AND Average tightening force to the

cap screw 2 to 2.5 Ton

V Average tightening force to the roller skate 1 to 1.3 Ton

AND Performance 0.5 to 0.6

and slip resistance

longitudinal by rail and sleeper > 2 Ton
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 RAILWAY COMPONENTS

INSULATING JOINTS
Set of pieces made of different materials with which two rails are
joined or clamped, isolating electrical currents. This operation is
carried out in the factory or in the field.
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It is the fundamental element of the road structure and acts as a

roadway, guiding device and electrical current conductor.

The rail profile used in the section is of the Vignole type (Flat
Skate Profile), which consists of three fundamental parts.

Head

Soul

Roll
er
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HEAD: Part intended to come into contact with the wheels and
flanges. Its width should always remain between 65 and 72 mm.
The side that is in contact with the wheel flange is called the active
face.

ALMA: This idea helps transmit the efforts from the head to the
skate. Therefore, thickness is its fundamental characteristic.
Normally the thicknesses vary from 15 to 17 mm.

SKATE: Its objective is to transmit the efforts to the sleepers in

addition to providing adequate resistance to overturning. Normally the
ratio of rail height and skate width is
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LANES (Functions)

• Directly resist the stresses received by the rolling stock and

transmit them to the elements that make up the track.

• Guide the wheels in their movement

• Serve as a precise electrical current conductor for signaling and

traction on electrified lines.
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Lane characteristics

• The rolling surface of the rail must be smooth, although there must
be roughness to guarantee the adhesion of the wheel to the rail.

❖ The deformation under load must be of such a nature that its

geometric characteristics are within the range that limits a good
quality roadway.

❖ Robustness of the rail, weight It guarantees large loads

security at speeds rolling stock. and high

❖ Elasticity to act against existing to dynamic actions that

between the vehicle and the road.
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ROAD APPARATUS

The track is a unidirectional element, but at the same time it presents

various inconveniences from the point of operation, since under
normal conditions there is the need to make crossings, reaches,
separation of the material, from this circumstance arises the need for
the track device, The function of this device is to ensure the continuity
of the track for a path or route selected from several, divergent or
secant paths .
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ROAD DEVICES, classification

There are various types of track devices, but these can be reduced in
detours and crossings.

• Detours allow the passage from one road to another, whose axes are
tangent. Its structure is: changes, joining lane and simple crossings.

• The crossings also allow the passage from one track to another, but the
axes intersect. Its structure is: simple crossings, union lanes, double
crossing, union lanes and simple crossings
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 RAILWAY COMPONENTS

ROAD DEVICES, fundamental parts

Change Zone: It is the area of a track apparatus where the

the way by which it goes circular. They can be driven
manual or electro-
mechanical.
6
Main elements

1 Counterglaives
2 Needles
3 Slide bearing
4 Straps
5 Special plates 3

2
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ROAD DEVICES, fundamental parts

Union Lane Zone: It is made up of lane coupons intended to unite the

change and crossing zone.

Union rails
area
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RAILWAY COMPONENTS

DILATING APPARATUS

They are devices that absorb the movements of the breathing zones in the long
welded bar.

These movements are caused by the temperature variation in the environment

and their function is to fully or partially absorb the expansion of the rail,
maintaining the continuity of the rolling path.