TRANSPORTATION

SVBP 223 - Highway & Railway Engineering

Basic Concepts of Transportation
Compiled by: Engr. Jessa Mae A. Gomez, CE
 The movement of people, animals and goods from one
location to another.

 In other words, the action of transport is defined as a

particular movement of an organism or thing from point
A to Point B.

Transportation
Public Transport

A form of travel offered locally that enables more

people to travel together along designated routes.

Typical examples of public

transportation include buses, trains, and trams.

Division of Transportation
Public Transport
Private Transport

 (as opposed to public transport) is the personal or

individual use of transportation vehicles which are not
available for use by the general public, where essentially
the user can decide freely on the time and route of transit.

 Using vehicles such as: private car, company car, bicycle,

dicycle, self-balancing scooter, motorcycle, scooter,
aircraft, boat, snowmobile, carriage, horse, etc., or
recreational equipment such as roller skates, inline
skates, sailboat, sailplane, etc.

Division of Transportation
Private Transport
Transportation Network
1. Transport contributes in Growth of industries
whose product requires quick marketing. Perishable
articles like fish and green vegetables are carried to
various consumers quickly even in distant markets
through transport.

2. Transport helps increase the demand for goods.

Through transport newer customers in newer places
can be easily contacted and products can be
introduced to them. Today markets have become
national or international only because of transport.

Significance of Transportation
3. Transport creates place utility. Geographical and
climatic factors force industries to be located in
particular places far away from the markets and
places where there may not be any demand for the
products. Transport bridges the gap between
production and consumption centers.

4. Transport creates time utility. Of late transport

has started creating the time utility. It has been
made possible by virtue of the improvements in the
speed of transport. It helps the product to be
distributed in the minimum possible time.

Significance of Transportation
5. Transport helps in stabilization of price.
Transport exerts considerable influence upon the
stabilization of the prices of several commodities
by moving commodities from surplus to deficit
areas. This equalizes the supply and demand factors
and makes the price of commodities stable as well
as equal.

6. Transport ensures even flow of commodities into

the hands of the consumers through out the period
of consumption.

Significance of Transportation
7. Transport enables the consumers to enjoy the
benefits of goods not produced locally. This
increases the standard of living, an essential factor
for further development of marketing and
economy.

8. Transport identifies competition, which in turn,

reduces price. Prices are also reduced because of
the facilities offered by transport for large-scale
production. Advantages of large- scale production
is possible only due to transport.

Significance of Transportation
9. Transport increases mobility of labor and
capital. It makes people of one place migrate to
other places in search of jobs. Even capital,
machineries and equipment are imported from
foreign countries through transport alone.

10. Bring countries closer. No country in the world is

self-sufficient. They have to depend on one another
to fulfill their requirements. Transportation has
brought the countries closer. It not only caters to the
need of mobility but also provides comfort and
convenience.
Significance of Transportation
11. Creates employment. Transport also contributes
to economic development through job creation. It
creates both direct and indirect employment
opportunities.

It also facilitates movement of labors and thereby

encourages employment resulting into industrial
development and thereby economic development.

Significance of Transportation
12. Serve several purposes. Transportation provides
access to natural resources and promotes trade,
allowing a nation to accumulate wealth and power.
Transportation also allows the movement of
soldiers, equipment, and supplies during war.

Hence transportation is vital to a nation’s economy

as it serve several purposes. It includes the
manufacture and distribution of vehicles, the
production and distribution of fuel, and the
provision of transportation services.

Significance of Transportation
Social
High quality transport links ensure that communities can
access basic services, facilities, and employment
opportunities. The connectivity provided by such links
promotes social inclusion, can reduce social isolation, and
enhances quality of life.

Functions of Transportation
Economic

Transportation is a crucial component of every

economy since it enables the transport of resources
from one location to the other, enabling people and
societies as a whole to produce welfare. Transported
resources can range from material objects such as
natural resources and manufactured products to
labour, knowledge and skills in the form of people.

Functions of Transportation
Mobility

Mobility enables transportation. It is obvious that

mobility is very important for the daily life of
humans and as such, the continuity of the traffic
should be guaranteed. Mobility is fundamental to
economic and social activities. In developed and
developing nations, a large fraction of people travel
daily for work, shopping and social reasons. More
information can be found on the mobility page.

Functions of Transportation
Safety
Specific safety issues in transportation
objects concern mainly traffic safety.

Functions of Transportation
 The most dominant modes of urban transport are
land transport, including road, rail, water and
air transport.
 Other modes also exist, including pipelines,
cable transport, and space transport.
 Transport using more than one mode is described
as multimodal transport.
 Transportation that carries around many people
and can be used by the public is known as mass
transport.

Modes of transport
 Each mode has its own infrastructure, vehicles,
and operations, and often has unique regulations.

 Each mode of transport therefore also has

different security issues which should be
accounted for in the design and operation
processes.

Modes of transport
 Road transport
 Rail transport
 Water transport
 Air transport
 Public transport
 Freight transport and logistics
 Multimodal transport
 Mass transport

Different Modes of
Transportation
People travelling on the road are either
pedestrians, cyclists or they are using a certain
type of vehicle, such as automobiles, bicycles,
buses, vans or trucks.

Passenger transport may furthermore be public,

where operators provide scheduled services, or
private.

Road Transport
Potential risks for road transport are blocked
roads and traffic accidents.

Blocked roads can be prevented or the

consequences can be minimized by using traffic
management, such as incident management and
designing a robust road network.

Traffic accidents can also be minimized by these

measures, and by road safety.

Road Transport
Automobile

 A motor vehicle or road vehicle that is a self-

propelled wheeled vehicle that does not operate
on rails, such as trains or trolleys.

 The vehicle propulsion is provided by an engine

or motor.

Road Transport
Non-motorized transport

 Non-motorized transportation (also known as active

transportation or human powered transportation)
includes walking and bicycling, and variants such as
small-wheeled transport (skates, skateboards, push
scooters and hand carts) and wheelchair travel.

 These modes provide both recreation and utilitarian

transportation, although users may consider a
particular trip to serve both objectives.

Road Transport
Walking

 Walking is a means of transport that is commonly

used for short trips. At present, the importance of
walking is underestimated because national travel
surveys often do not register the shorter trips and the
walking parts of trips made by public transport are
usually not taken into account. 

 Walkability is a measure to assess the overall

attractiveness for walking mobility in an area.

Road Transport
Cycling

 Cycling or also known as bicycling or biking is a means of

transport that is commonly used for short to moderate distance
trips.
 Cycling is a very efficient and effective mode of
transportation because:
(a) it is very cost-efficient for its users;
(b) the infrastructure investment costs are much lower than
for (private) motorized traffic infrastructure;
(c) the bicycle is as time-effective or even better as motorized
traffic in dense and congested urban areas ;
(d) it has zero-emissions

Road Transport
Other non-motorized modes

 Other non-motorized modes include small-wheeled transport

such as skates, skateboards, push scooters and hand carts but
also wheelchairs. These modes are primarily used for
recreational purposes.

Light commercial vehicles

 Light commercial vehicles (LCV, also sometimes Light goods

vehicle or LGV) is a commercial carrier vehicles with a Gross
vehicle weight (GVW) of up to 3.5 tons.

Road Transport
Heavy duty vehicles

 A truck is a motor vehicle designed to transport cargo.

Trucks vary greatly in size, power, and configuration.

 Commercial trucks can be very large and powerful, and

may be configured to mount specialized equipment, such
as in the case of fire trucks and concrete mixers and
suction excavators. 

Road Transport
Bus

 A bus (also omnibus, multibus, or autobus) is a road vehicle

designed to carry passengers. Buses normally have a capacity of
10 to 60 passengers. The most common type of bus is the single-
decker rigid bus, with larger loads carried by double-decker
buses and articulated buses, and smaller loads carried by
minibuses and minibuses; coaches are used for longer distance
services.

 Buses may be used for scheduled bus transport, scheduled coach

transport, school transport, private hire, tourism; promotional
buses may be used for political campaigns and others are
privately operated for a wide range of purposes.

Road Transport
Rail transport includes all transport over rails.

This can be either for passenger or goods

transport, and with different modes of transport,
such as trains, metro and trams.

With rail transport, more people or goods can be

transported within the same transport vehicle
(i.e.) than with road transport.

Rail transport
However, there is less flexibility for choosing a
different route or time.

A schedule is needed to manage all

vehicles/trains on the railroad network.

Also, disruptions can have large consequences

on the schedule, since passing a standstill train is
not always possible.

Rail transport
Train

 A railway or railroad train is a connected series of vehicles for

rail transport that move along a track (permanent way) to
transport cargo or passengers from one place to another place.

 The track usually consists of two rails, but might also be a

monorail or maglev guide way. Propulsion for the train is
provided by a separate locomotive, or from individual motors
in self-propelled multiple units.

 Most modern trains are powered by diesel locomotives or by

electricity supplied by overhead wires or additional rails.

Rail transport
Tram
 A tram (also known. as a tramcar, streetcar, trolley car) is a
passenger rail vehicle which runs on tracks along public
urban streets and also sometimes on separate rights of way.

 It may also run between cities and/or towns (interurban,

tram-train), and/or partially grade separated even in the
cities (light rail).

 Trams very occasionally also carry freight.

Rail transport
 Water transport or Ship transport is watercraft carrying
people (passengers) or goods (cargo).

 Sea transport has been the largest carrier of freight

throughout recorded history.

 Although the importance of sea travel for passengers has

decreased due to aviation, it is effective for short trips
and pleasure cruises.

 Transport by water is cheaper than transport by air.

Water transport
 Ship transport can be over any distance by boat, ship,
sailboat or barge, over oceans and lakes, through canals
or along rivers.

 Shipping may be for commerce, recreation or the

military.

 Virtually any material that can be moved, can be moved

by water, however water transport becomes impractical
when material delivery is highly time-critical.

Water transport
 Air transport includes all transport through the air.

 In an urban or regional context this air transport includes

local air traffic such as small airplanes or helicopters.

 From a broader perspective air transport within urban or

regional areas include passenger and freight air routes
that cross urban or regional areas.

Air transport
 In the context of urban security air transport is explicitly high
impact.

 As experienced during 9/11 and other terrorist threats the

consequences of failing security are devastating.

 Air traffic is therefore extremely well monitored, both in

terms of passengers or freight as in terms of routing and
operations management.

 Security enforcement primarily takes place at

the airports incorporating many facets of security
management.

Air transport
 Public transport is passenger transport which is publicly
available.

 This can furthermore be distinguished in collective and

individual transport.

 Examples of collective public transport are transport by

buses, tram metro, train and plane.

 Examples of individual public transport are taxis, and in

some countries so called riksjas or tuk tuks (a bicycle or
moped with a backseat for a few people).

Public transport
 Public transport management is used to manage the
public transport in order to be able to get people from A
to B with public transport as efficiently as possible.

 If the public transport is disrupted due to a security issue,

public transport management measures can be used to
minimize the hindrance, such as sending temporary
buses or letting trains drive over alternative routes.

Public transport
 Public transport management is used to manage the
public transport in order to be able to get people from A
to B with public transport as efficiently as possible.

 If the public transport is disrupted due to a security issue,

public transport management measures can be used to
minimize the hindrance, such as sending temporary
buses or letting trains drive over alternative routes.

Public transport
 A special discipline within transportation is freight
transport and logistics.

 It concerns the distribution of goods from the source to

their destination, such as warehouses or terminals for
further distribution to e.g. shops.

 This can involve different modes of transport.

Freight transport and logistics

 The total system of organizations, people, technology,
activities, information and resources involved in moving a
product or service from supplier to customer is called a supply
chain.

 Optimizing this chain is called supply chain optimization.

This is mainly focused on time and cost minimization.

 Disruptions in the supply chain (possibly caused by security

issues) mainly have economical consequences, while incidents
in passenger transport also might have health consequences
for people.

Freight transport and logistics

 Multimodal transport relates to trips for which travellers
use two or more transport modes, for example bicycle
and train, train and bus, or private car and metro.

 The requirements for multimodal transport are

numerous: transfer nodes, travel information,
synchronized transport services, and so on.

 Multimodal transport requires new organizational and

financial arrangements between all actors involved.

Multimodal transport
 Multimodal transport nodes such as ports or public
transport terminals form a critical aspect of multimodal
transport planning.

 Due to the large flows of passengers and goods these

locations are vulnerable to security threats and need to
be designed and operated accordingly.

Multimodal transport
 Mass transport or mass transportation is a typical form of
public transport wherein large flows of people are
transported. Most common examples are subway’s, light
rails, trams, bus rapid transit and airplanes.

 Mass transport have specific vulnerabilities for security

threats, sometimes specifically linked with the use of
transportations hubs.

Mass transport
 Among all modes of transportation road transportation is nearest to
people for various reasons
i. Low capital investment (general comparison with other modes but it
very a lot on type of road for example high speed facility requiring high
quality of road)
ii. Flexible services
More freedom to users while travelling (you can stop, go)
iv. Ability to accommodate various types of vehicles at a time
v. Quick and assured door to door service (rail and air transport are faster
but they cant provide door to door service)
vi. Faster and cheaper service particularly for short distance travel (for
long distances say within two countries or within same big country
air and rail transport will be fast as compared to road transport)

Characteristics of Road Transport

 Passengers and goods have to be transported first by road.

 Can serve the remotest places of a vast country.

 Road transport is closest to people of all modes.

Characteristics of Road Transport

Can briefly be described as follow:

USES
Used by different kinds of vehicles like animal drawn
carts and carriages, pedal cycles, rickshaws, motor cycles,
cars, buses, trucks etc.

INVESTMENT
Less investment is required by the government.

Characteristics of Road Transport

FREEDOM OF USERS
Roadway offers complete freedom to its users.
Flexibility of changes in direction, speed and timings of
travel.

SAVING IN TIME AND MONEY

Road transport is cheaper and time, in particular for short
distance travel.

DEGREE OF ACCIDENTS
Subjected to high degree of accidents.

Characteristics of Road Transport

The choice of mode of transportation depends upon,

 Length of the haul

 Weight and size of consignment
 Traffic density
 Nature of route
 Quality of service

Choice of Mode of Transportation

CONTINUATION. . .