4 Explain homeostasis as a process to maintain stable internal environment
The different organ systems work together to maintain a controlled, stable internal environment called homeostasis. Homeostasis describes the internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain despite changes in internal and external environments.
7.1.5 Relate how different tissues, organs and organ systems work together to achieve homeostasis 7.1.6 Explain how homeostasis contributes to organisms’ survival 7.1.8 Explain how body temperature is controlled as an example of feedback inhibition 7.1.9 Demonstrate understanding of the role of the liver in regulating blood glucose concentration
The liver is important for homeostasis. It converts toxic substances into compounds that can be removed from the body safely. It also helps regulate the body’s glucose levels.
Practice questions:
Use the diagrams below to answer questions 1 and 2.
1. Which level of organization do the diagrams illustrate?
a. Cell b. Organ c. Organ system d. Tissue
2. Which of the following is a NOT a match between the part and its function?
a. 1: protection b. 2: receiving and transmitting impulses c. 3: absorption and secretion d. 4: movement
3. Which level of organization is illustrated by the diagrams?
a. Cell b. Organ c. Organ system d. Tissue
4. Which of the following is a correct match between the tissue and its function?
a. Connective: absorption and secretion
b. Epithelial:movement c. Muscular: binding and support d. Nervous: receiving and transmitting impulses
3. A group of cells working together to perform a similar function would be best described as a (n)_______________________.
a. organ b. organ system c. organism d. tissue
4. The correct role of ‘connective tissue’ in the body is___________________.
a. binding of epithelial tissue to structures, support and transport of substances
b. protecting,absorbingandexcretingmaterials c. moving voluntary and involuntary movements d. receiving and transmitting nerve impulses
5. Homeostasis in the body is maintained by ‘internal control systems’. These involve_______.
a. a sensor, control center , communication systems and targets
b. a sensor, integumentary center and responder c. motor neuron, sensory and control center d. targets, responder, hypothalamus and sensor
6. Use the diagrams below to answer questions a and b.
a. Which type of feedback is shown in the
diagram? Explain your answer.
Positive feedback. The end product of the
process enhances the first step in the same process. b. Complete the table below by identifying the organ systems that participate in milk production and describe the role of each one.
Organ system Name of the organ system Role in the process
A Integumentary system Contains receptors
B Nervous system Detects signals and sends responses C Circulatory system Carries chemical messages to the breast D Muscular system Contractions to produce more milk
Subtopic 7.2 The Digestive System
7.2.2 Identify four main stages in digestion: ingestion, digestion, absorption and elimination
Ingestion is the process of putting food into your mouth.
Mechanical digestion is the physical breakdown of large pieces of food into smaller pieces. During chemical digestion, enzymes break down food into molecules the body can use. Food molecules are absorbed into the circulatory system by cells in the small intestine. Materials the body cannot digest travel through the large intestine and are eliminated as feces.
7.2.4 Summarize, using a diagram, the five steps of the process of digestion (Include: structures and their functions with labeling)
During digestion, food travels through the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small intestine.
Mechanical digestion begins as teeth tear and grind food. Saliva contains amylase, an enzyme that breaks down starches into sugars. This begins the process of chemical digestion. Once food is chewed, it is pushed into the pharynx. The tube leading from the pharynx to the stomach is called the esophagus. Contractions of smooth muscles, called peristalsis, move food through the esophagus to the stomach, a large muscular sac that continues digestion. 1. Glands in the stomach lining release hydrochloric acid and the enzyme pepsin, which breaks proteins into smaller polypeptide fragments. 2. Contractions of stomach muscles churn the stomach contents, which forms chyme, a mixture with an oatmeal-like consistency. As chyme moves out of the stomach, it enters the duodenum, the uppermost portion of the small intestine. Here, digestive fluids from the pancreas, liver, and lining of the duodenum are added to the chyme. Most nutrients from food are absorbed by the small intestine. The large intestine absorbs water and prepares waste for elimination from the body. 7.2.5 Describe how nutrients are absorbed into the bloodstream in the small intestine
Food nutrients are absorbed from the small intestine
into the bloodstream through fingerlike structures called villi Villi increase the surface area of the small intestine
Practice questions:
Use the diagram below to answer questions 1 and 2.
1. Which of the following participate in lipid mechanical digestion?
a. 1 and 2 only b. 1 and 3 only c. 1, 2 and 4 only d. 2, 3 and 4 only 2. Which of the following is a correct match between the part and its name? a. 1: liver b. 2: urinary bladder c. 3: rectum d. 4: stomach 3. The______________ secretions do not have any effective digestive enzymes. a. Salivary glands’ b. gallbladder c. gastric d. pancreatic 4. What is the importance of the structures labeled “X” in the adjacent figure? a. Increase the surface area of absorption b. Protect the small intestine from germs c. Prevent the accumulation of undigested food d. Move food along the small intestine 5. Which of the following are examples of mechanical digestion that occur in the human digestive system?
I. Enzymes in saliva in the mouth act to break down food molecules
II. Teeth tear and grind food into small pieces III. The muscular walls of the stomach act to churn food back and forth
a. I and II only b. I and III only c. II and III only d. I, II, and III
6. Digestion of carbohydrates occurs in which of the following organs?
I. Mouth II. Small intestine III. Stomach
a. I and II only b. I and III only c. II and III only d. I, II and III
7. Which one of the following does NOT produce digestive secretions?
a. Large intestine b. Mouth c. Pancreas d. Small intestine 8. Use the figure below to answer questions a and b. a. Complete the following table.
Name of Letter Function in digestion part The bolus passes through it into the D Esophagus stomach B Liver Producing the bile E Stomach Partial digestion of proteins Absorbs water as undigested material Large H moves through and is eliminated intestine from the body
b. Some people get part (C) removed from their body due to certain medical conditions. What effects could this have on the process of digestion?
The body can no longer store bile between meals This
may affect fat digestion in the small intestine
Subtopic 7.3 The Excretory System
7. 3.1 Relate between the structure and the function of
the four organs in the excretory system 1. The skin excretes excess water, salts, and a small amount of urea in sweat. 2. The lungs excrete carbon dioxide and water vapor. 3. The liver converts potentially dangerous nitrogen wastes to urea. 4. The kidneys are the major organs of excretion. They remove excess water, urea, and metabolic wastes from the blood. Ureters carry urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder, where it is stored until it leaves the body through the urethra. 7.3.2 Explain how the kidneys clean the blood through filtration, reabsorption and urine excretion
Each kidney has nearly a million processing units called nephrons. Filtration and reabsorption occur in the nephrons.
Filtration is the passage of a fluid or gas through a filter to remove wastes. The filtration of blood in the nephron takes place in the glomerulus, a small, dense network of capillaries. Each glomerulus is encased by a cuplike structure called Bowman’s capsule. Pressure in the capillaries forces fluids and wastes from the blood into Bowman’s capsule. This fluid is called filtrate. Most of the material that enters Bowman’s capsule is returned to circulation. The process by which water and dissolved substances are taken back into the blood is called reabsorption. A section of the nephron tubule, called the loop of Henle, conserves water and minimizes the volume of filtrate. The fluid that remains in the tubule is called urine. Excretion occur when urine move out of the nephron into the collecting duct and then to the ureter
7.3.3 Describe how the kidneys maintain homeostasis
The kidneys remove wastes, maintain blood pH, and regulate the water content of the blood. The activity of the kidneys is controlled in part by the composition of blood. For example, if blood glucose levels rise well above normal, the kidneys excrete glucose into the urine.
7.3.4 Explain, using examples, how hormones influence the kidney function
Practice questions:
1. Which of the following is a function of the urinary system?
a. Absorbs sugar from food b. Contributes to the regulation of body temperature c. Converts toxic wastes into harmless products d. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes 2. Which letter represents the cortex in the kidneys? a. A b. C c. B d. E 3. State the function of structure C. a. Reabsorbs useful substances b. Carries urine out of the kidneys c. Carries oxygenated blood into the kidneys d. Connects the two kidneys in the body 4. This part is called _____________. a. cortex b. nephron c. glomerulus d. ureter 5. Which number refers to the step of “reabsorption” in the figure? a. 1 b. 2 c. 3 d. 4 6. Use the diagram below to answer questions a and b. a. Complete the table below to identify the letter and the name of the part in the diagram that match each function.
Letter Name of part Function
E Nephron The functional unit of the kidney
B Bladder Stores urine
D Urethra Moves urine outside the body
Blood purification (or urine formation, or water A Kidney homeostasis) C Ureter Transfers urine to the bladder
b. Complete the table below by writing the suitable number and name of each process in the diagram that matches the description.
Step Name of process Description
2 Reabsorption Moves nutrients and water back into the bloodstream
3 Urine excretion Gathering urine and transfer it to the ureter
Removing water and other substances from the
1 Filtration bloodstream except cells and large molecules
