Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.

uk

Edexcel GCE
Mathematics
C 1 January 2005

Model Solutions

ExamSolutions.co.uk

WARNING

You are not allowed to use

a calculator in this paper.

Please Note
The solutions provided here are not necessarily the only way to solve the problems.

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 1
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

No Model Solutions – C1 January 2005

1
1 Use the law for indices
a) 16 2 = ± 16 1

= ±4 xn ≡ n x
In this case n = 2
Note: Remember the ± sign
for even powered roots.

Use the law for indices

− 32 1 1
b) 16 = 3 x−n ≡ n
16 2 x
1 In this case n = 32
=
( ± 16 )
3

Use the law for indices

1
=
( x)
m m
( ±4 ) xn ≡
3 n

= ± 641 In this case m = 3 and n = 2

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 2
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

2 i) a) Method
• Differentiate each term with respect to x.

y = 5 x3 + 7 x + 3 To differentiate each of the terms,

multiply each term by its power of x
and then subtract 1 from its power.
dy
= 15 x 2 + 7 dy
dx i.e. If y = ax n then = anx n −1
dx
Note: The differential of kx is k, and
the differential of a constant k is 0.

b) Method
dy
• Differentiate dx with respect to x.

d2y dy d2y
= 30 x Differentiate each term in to get .
dx 2 dx dx 2

ii) Method
• Integrate each term with respect to x.

1
Express the terms x andas powers
x2
of x in preparation for integrating. To integrate each of the
terms, add 1 to each terms
power of x and then divide

∫ 1 + 3 x−
1 
2 
x 
(
dx = ∫ 1 + 3 x 2 − x −2 dx
1

) by the new power

ax n +1
∫ ax dx =
n
i.e.
n +1
3
3x 2 x −1
= x+ − +c
3
2 −1 Note: The integral of a
3 constant k is kx, so the
= x + 2 x 2 + x −1 + c
Use the law for indices 3 1 Note: Do not forget the
= x + 2x 2 + +c
1 x constant c.
x−n ≡ n
x
In this case n = −1

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 3
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

3 Method
Set the discriminant of the quadratic to the value required for equal
roots and solve for k.

For equal roots, the discriminant equals zero.

∴ 122 − 4 ( k )( k ) = 0
For any quadratic ax 2 + bx + c = 0 the
∴ 144 − 4k = 0
2
discriminant is b 2 − 4ac
∴ 4k 2 = 144 So for the quadratic kx 2 + 12 x + k = 0
144 where a = k , b = 12 and c = k the
∴ k2 =
4 discriminant equals 122 − 4 ( k )( k )
∴ k = 36
2

∴ k = ± 36
∴ k = ±6

Given k is positive: k = 6

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 4
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

4 Method
Make one of the variables x or y the subject of one of the equations then
substitute this into the other equation, and solve.

It is good practice to label the

x+ y = 2 [1] equations to make it clear which
x 2 + 2 y = 12 [ 2] equations you are referencing and
substituting into at later stages.

Rearrange [1] to give:

y = 2− x [3]

Substitute [3] into [ 2] to give: Expand the brackets and

x + 2 ( 2 − x ) = 12
2 rearrange to form a quadratic in
x, then factorise and put each
∴ x 2 + 4 − 2 x = 12 factor equal to zero. Solve for x.
∴ x2 − 2 x − 8 = 0
∴ ( x + 2 )( x − 4 ) = 0
∴ x+2=0 or x − 4 = 0
∴ x = −2 or x=4

Sub x = −2 into [3] to give: y = 2 − −2 Sub x = −2 into [3] to

find the corresponding
=4 value of y.

Sub x = 4 into [3] to give: y = 2−4 Sub x = 4 into [3] to

= −2 find the corresponding
value of y.

∴ x = −2, y = 4 or x = 4, y = −2

Summarise the results that have been found.

Note: Take care to group the matching
answers, x with the corresponding value of y.

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 5
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

5 a) Method
Use the expression 2r – 5 with appropriate values of r to write down the
first three terms.

1st term = 2 × 1 − 5
= −3

2nd term = 2 × 2 − 5 To calculate the first 3 terms,

substitute r = 1, 2, 3 into 2r − 5 .
= −1

3rd term = 2 × 3 − 5
=1

The common difference is the

difference between consecutive terms.
b) The common difference = 2 i.e. 2nd term − 1st term = −1 − −3
=2

c) Method
• Write down the first few terms of the series.
• Check to see what type of series it is.
• Use the appropriate summation formula.
• Simplify to get the required answer n ( n − 4 ) .

Substitute r = 1 into Substitute r = 2 into 2r − 5

2r − 5 to give the 1st term. to give the 2nd term etc…
n

∑ ( 2r − 5) = ( 2 ×1 − 5) + ( 2 × 2 − 5) + ( 2 × 3 − 5) + ... + ( 2 × n − 5)
r =1

= −3 + −1 + 1 + ... + ( 2n − 5 ) Evaluate each term to reveal

an arithmetic progression
= n2  2 ( −3) + ( n − 1)( 2 )  with 1st term = −3 and
common difference = 2
= n2 ( −6 + 2n − 2 )
= ( 2n − 8 )
n
2
The series is now seen as an Arithmetic
Progression with 1st term a = −3 , common
= n ( n − 4)
difference d = 2 and number of terms is n.
The sum S n of an A.P. is given by:
S n = n2  2a + ( n − 1) d 

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 6
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

6 a) y = − f ( x) y = − f ( x ) represents a reflection
of the original graph in the x axis.
y
Note the points on the x axis do
not move

P (3, 2)

x
0 2 4

b) y = f (2x)
y = f ( 2 x ) represents a stretch of
y the original graph of scale factor
1
2
, parallel to the x axis with the
y axis as the invariant line.

x
0 1 2 x

P (1 12 , − 2 )

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 7
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

7 a) Method
• Differentiate y with respect to x.
dy
• Substitute the value of x = 1 into the equation for .
dx
• Show that this comes to 3.

This needs to be written in a

5− x form suitable for differentiating.
y = 4x +2

x
1
5 x Divide each term of 5 − x by x
∴ y = 4x + −
2
and cancel.
x x1
∴ y = 4 x 2 + 5 x −1 − 1
To differentiate each of the
terms, multiply each term by its
1
5
x ≡ 5 × 1x ≡ 5 x −1 Since n
≡ x−n power of x and then subtract 1
x from its power.
dy dy
∴ = 8 x − 5 x −2 i.e. If y = ax n then = anx n −1
dx dx
dy 5 Note: The differential of a
∴ = 8x − 2 constant k is 0.
dx x

1 5 1
5 x −2 ≡ 5 × 2
≡ 2 Since x − n ≡ n
x x x

When x = 1, From the question we know that

the x-coordinate of P is 1.
dy 5
= 8 ×1 − 2 dy
dx 1 Substitute x = 1 into to show
dx
= 8−5 it equals 3.
=3

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 8
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

b) Method
• Find the y-coordinate of P.
• Now knowing the gradient and a point on the line, you should be able
to find the equation of the tangent.

When x = 1,
Substitute x = 1 into the equation for
5 −1 y, so as to get the y-coordinate of P.
y = 4 ×1 +
2

1
= 4+4
=8

∴ P (1, 8 )

∴ Equation of the tangent at P is:

y − 8 = 3 ( x − 1)
The equation of a line with gradient m,
∴ y − 8 = 3x − 3 passing through a point ( x1 , y1 ) is
∴ y = 3x + 5 [1] given by: y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
In this case m = 3 , ( x1 , y1 ) = (1, 8 )

c) Method
• Substitute y = 0, x= k into the equation of the tangent found in (b).

Sub y = 0, x = k into [1] Any line will cross the x axis when y = 0 .

0 = 3k + 5
∴ 3k = −5
∴ k = − 53

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 9
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

8 a) Method
Consider the vector displacement from A to D, this should be the same as
from D to C. Hence you should be able to write down the coordinates of C.

A (1, 7 ) B ( 20, 7 )
7
5
7
D ( 8, 2 )
5
x

C ( p, q )

JJJG  7  Using vectors A to D is 7 to

Since AD =   the right and 5 down
 −5 

p must be 7 units to the right

Then p = 8+7
of D’s x = 8
= 15

q must be 5 units down from

and q = 2 + −5 D’s y = 2
= −3

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 10
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

b) Method
• Find the gradient of AD.
• Find the perpendicular gradient which is the gradient of l.
• Now knowing the gradient and the coordinates of the point D on the line
l you should be able to work out its equation.

Difference in y
2−7 Gradient =
The gradient of AD = Difference in x
8 −1 y −y
= − 75 = 1 2
x1 − x2
In this case ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 8, 2 )
And ( x2 , y2 ) = (1, 7 )

∴ The gradient of line l = 7

5
The perpendicular gradient to
a line with gradient m is − m1
A quick rule is to invert the
fraction and change the sign.

∴ The equation of the line l is: The equation of a line with gradient
y−2= 7
5( x − 8) m, passing through a point ( x1 , y1 ) is
∴ 5 y − 10 = 7 ( x − 8 ) given by: y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
∴ 5 y − 10 = 7 x − 56 In this case m = 75 , ( x1 , y1 ) = ( 8, 2 )
∴ 5 y = 7 x − 46
∴ 7 x − 5 y − 46 = 0 [1] Finish in the form ax + by + c = 0 as
requested, where a, b and c are integers.

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 11
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

c) Method
• Since the equation of AB is y = 7, substitute y = 7 into the equation of l
to find the x-coordinate of E.

Substitute y = 7 into [1] At the point where the line l

intersects AB, y will equal 7.

So 7 x − 5 × 7 − 46 = 0 The question asked for the exact

∴ 7 x − 81 = 0 coordinate so do not create a
∴ x = 817 decimal answer which will be
approximate.

∴ The x coordinate of E is 81
7

9 a) Method
• Find the gradient of the tangent at P.
• Hence establish the perpendicular gradient of the normal.
• Knowing the gradient of the normal and a point on the line, you should
be able to find the equation of the normal.

When x = 1 Substitute x = 1 into the

dy equation to give the gradient
= ( 3 ×1 − 1)
2

dx of the tangent.
= 22
=4
The perpendicular gradient to
a line with gradient m is − m1
∴ The gradient of the normal = − 1
4
A quick rule is to invert the
fraction and change the sign.

∴ The equation of the normal to C at P is

y − 4 = − 14 ( x − 1) The equation of a line with gradient
∴ 4 y − 16 = − ( x − 1) m, passing through a point ( x1 , y1 ) is
∴ 4 y − 16 = − x + 1 given by: y − y1 = m ( x − x1 )
∴ x + 4 y = 17 In this case m = − 14 , ( x1 , y1 ) = (1, 4 )

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 12
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

b) Method
Integrate to find the equation of the curve. Don’t forget to work out the
constant of integration.

dy
Integrate to find y, the equation of the curve.
dx
y = ∫ ( 3 x − 1) dx
2

Expand ( 3 x − 1) and simplify. i.e.

2

( 3x − 1) ≡ ( 3x − 1)( 3x − 1)
2
( )
= ∫ 9 x 2 − 6 x + 1 dx
≡ 9 x 2 − 3x − 3x + 1
≡ 9 x2 − 6 x + 1
9 x3 6 x 2
= − + x+c To integrate each of the terms,
3 2 add 1 to each terms power of x
= 3 x3 − 3x 2 + x + c [1] and then divide by the new power.
ax n +1
∫ ax dx =
n
In general:
n +1
Note: Do not forget the constant Note: The integral of a constant k
of integration. is kx in this case k = 1

Substitute x = 1 and y = 4 into [1] to give: Since the point P (1, 4)

lies on the curve it must
4 = 3 ×13 − 3 × 12 + 1 + c satisfy the equation for y.
∴ 4 = 3 − 3 +1+ c We use this to establish
∴ 4 = 1+ c the constant c.
∴ c=3

Substitute c = 3 back into [1] to give:

y = 3x3 − 3x 2 + x + 3

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 13
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

c) If the tangent is parallel to the line y = 1 − 2 x then the gradients

must be the same, Comparing y = 1 − 2 x to y = mx + c where m
is the gradient gives a gradient of −2

dy dy
= ( 3 x − 1)
2
= −2
dx dx
( 3x − 1)
2
∴ = −2
∴ 3 x − 1 = −2 Square root both sides

Since −2 does not exist, there cannot be a value for x.

So there is no point on C at which the tangent is parallel to y = 1 − 2 x

10 a) Method
Use the method of completing the square to express g ( x ) in the required
form.

To complete the square: carry out the

following steps:
1) Look at the x term, i.e. −6x and
f ( x ) ≡ x 2 − 6 x + 18 halve the −6 to give −3.
(Note: This is often referred to as
≡ ( x − 3) − 9 + 18
2
halving the coefficient of x.)
2) Now write down ( x − 3)
2

3) Now ( x − 3) when expanded gives

2

x 2 − 6 x + 9 which is nearly
identical to x 2 − 6 x + 18
4) The 9 is not required so subtract it
5) And add in the required 18

≡ ( x − 3) + 9
2

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 14
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

b) Method
• Consider the transformation of the graph of g ( x ) = x 2 .

Transformations of the function g ( x ) = x 2

1) Think of the graph of 2) Replacing x with x - 3 3) Adding 9 to a function

g ( x ) = x2 causes the graph of the causes the graph of the
function to move 3 units function to move up 9
to the right. units.
g ( x − 3) + 9 = ( x − 3) + 9
2
g ( x − 3) = ( x − 3)
2

y y y

g ( x ) = x2

x x
x 3
3

y
y = f ( x)

P
( 0, 18)
Make sure the graph
stops at the y axis
since f ( x ) is only Q ( 3, 9 )
valid for x ≥ 0
x
0

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 15
Edexcel C1 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.uk

c) Method
Equate the equation of the line with the equation of the curve to find the x
coordinate.

A sketch of the graphs may help to

visualise this problem.

y
y = ( x − 3) + 9
2

y = 41
R

x
0

At R ( x − 3) + 9 = 41
2
Equate the equation of the curve to
y = 41 to find the x-coordinate at R.
( x − 3) = 41 − 9
2
∴
( x − 3) = 32
2
∴
Square root both sides,
∴ x − 3 = ± 32 do not forget the ± sign
∴ x − 3 = ± 16 × 2
∴ x − 3 = ± 16 × 2
∴ x − 3 = ±4 2
∴ x = 3± 4 2

Since x ≥ 0, reject x = 3 − 4 2 as this is negative,

Therefore, x = 3 + 4 2

A Level Maths Model Solutions www.ExamSolutions.co.uk

Page 16