Edexcel C2 January 2005 ©ExamSolutions.co.

uk

Edexcel GCE
Core
Mathematics
C2 January 2005

Model Solutions

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Please Note
The solutions provided here are not necessarily the only way to solve the problems.

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No Model Solutions – C2 January 2005

1 Use the binomial expansion

n  n n  n
( a + b ) ≡   a nb0 +   a n−1b1 +   a n−2b2 + ... +   a 0bn
n

0 1  2  n

5 5  5 4  5 3
(3 + 2x )
≡   ( 3) ( 2 x ) +   ( 3) ( 2 x ) +   ( 3) ( 2 x ) + ...
5 0 1 2

0 1  2
≡ 243 + 810 x + 1080 x + ...
2

n n
  can be written as Cr .
r
 
∴ First 3 terms in the expansion are: Note: You should be able to find
243, 810x, 1080 x 2 this button on most calculators.
But if you need to calculate it
manually
n n!
 =
 r  ( n − r )!r !

It can be useful to draw a

2 a) sketch of the problem so as to
y
see what is happening

B (13, 11)

x
A (5, -1)

Let M be the mid-point of AB The midpoint of two points ( x1 , y1 ) and

 5 + 13 −1 + 11  ( x2 , y2 ) is given by finding the mean of

∴ M = , 
 2 2  the x and y values. i.e.
= ( 9, 5 ) x +x y + y2 
midpoint =  1 2 , 1 
 2 2 

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b) Method
• Calculate the diameter of the circle and from this calculate the radius.
• Knowing the centre and radius of the circle, state the equation of the
circle.

The radius of the circle = AM

B (13, 11)

Circle C

M (9, 5)

x
A (5, -1)

Now work out the radius of

the circle AM

( 9 − 5) + ( 5 − −1)
2 2
Now AM =
The distance between two points
= 42 + 62 ( x1 , y1 ) and ( x2 , y2 ) is based on
= 16 + 36 using Pythagoras’ Theorem
= 52 ( x1 − x2 ) + ( y1 − y2 )
2 2
Distance =

The equation of a circle

∴ The equation of the circle C is: with centre ( x1 , y1 ) and
radius r is given by:
( x − 9 ) + ( y − 5)
2 2
= 52
( x − x1 ) + ( y − y1 )
2 2
= r2

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3 a) 3x = 5 Take logs to base e on both sides.

Note: You could take logs to base 10. Try
∴ ln 3x = ln 5
it, and see that you get the same answer.
∴ x ln 3 = ln 5
ln 5 Use the power rule for logs i.e.
∴ x=
ln 3 log x n ≡ n log x to simplify ln 3x
∴ x = 1.4649...
∴ x = 1.46 ( 3 s.f.) Divide both sides by ln 3

Use the subtraction rule

for logs i.e.
b) log 2 ( 2 x + 1) − log 2 x = 2
log c a − log c b ≡ log c ( ba )
∴ log 2
( 2 x + 1) =2
x

∴
( 2 x + 1) = 22 If log c a = b anti logging gives a = c b
x 2x +1
( 2 x + 1) In this case, a = , c = 2 and b = 2
∴ =4 x
x
∴ 2x +1 = 4x
∴ 1 = 2x
∴ x= 1
2

4 We need to convert the equation

a) If 5cos 2 x = 3 (1 + sin x ) into the one trig function i.e. sin x
Then ( )
5 1 − sin 2 x = 3 (1 + sin x )
cos 2 x was replaced with
∴ 5 − 5sin 2 x = 3 + 3sin x
( )
1 − sin 2 x . This comes
∴ 0 = 5sin 2 x + 3sin x − 2
from rearranging the
∴ 5sin 2 x + 3sin x − 2 = 0 identity sin 2 x + cos 2 x ≡ 1

Rearrange to form the

required quadratic in sin x

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b) If 5cos 2 x = 3 (1 + sin x )
Then from part (a)
5sin 2 x + 3sin x − 2 = 0
∴ ( 5sin x − 2 )( sin x + 1) = 0
∴ 5sin x − 2 = 0 [1] or sin x + 1 = 0 [ 2]

Consider [1]
When 5sin x − 2 = 0
Then sin x = 2
5
Since 0.4 is positive, sin x is positive.
sin x = 0.4 sin x is positive in the 1st and 2nd quadrants.

2nd quadrant
90°
sin + all+
180 °
0°
tan + cos +

270°
3rd quadrant 4th quadrant

To make it clear what angles you need to find,

x draw a quadrant diagram. In the quadrants where
x sin x is positive (i.e. the 1st and 2nd quadrants),
draw a line equally inclined to the horizontal axis.
Now mark in the two possible angles of x , i.e. x
and x , starting from 0° turning anticlockwise.

∴ x = sin −1 0.4 This is the value of x

°
∴ x = 23.57...
This is the value of x .
Also x = 156.42...° From the symmetry of the diagram.
x = 180° − x
= 180° − 23.57...°

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Note: When using the calculator

Consider [ 2]
−90° will be displayed.
When sin x + 1 = 0
Then sin x = −1
∴ x = sin −1 ( −1)
°
0°
∴ x = 270
270° −90°

−90° is the same as a positive

turn of 270°

Summing up
∴ x = 23.6° (1 d.p.) , 156.4° (1 d.p.) , 270°

5 a) Method
• Use the remainder theorem to set up two equations in a and b.
• Solve simultaneously for a and b.

Use the remainder theorem:

Since f ( x ) = x3 − 2 x 2 + ax + b
If f ( x ) is divided by ( x − α )
then the remainder is f (α ) .
f ( 2) = 1
Compare ( x − 2 ) to ( x − α ) ,
∴ ( 2) − 2 ( 2) + a ( 2) + b = 1
3 2

so α = 2 and the remainder is

∴ 8 − 8 + 2a + b = 1 f ( 2) = 1 .
∴ 2a + b = 1 [1]

Also Use the remainder theorem again

f ( −1) = 28
∴ ( −1) − 2 ( −1) + a ( −1) + b = 28
3 2

∴ −1 − 2 − a + b = 28
∴ −3 − a + b = 28
∴ −a + b = 31
∴ b = 31 + a [ 2]

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Substitute [ 2] into [1] to give:

2a + 31 + a = 1
∴ 3a = 1 − 31
∴ 3a = −30
∴ a = −10

Substitute a = 10 into [ 2] to give:

b = 31 − 10
∴ b = 21

∴ a = −10, b = 21

b) Method
• Use the factor theorem to show that ( x − 3) is a factor of f ( x )

Update f ( x ) with the values of

a and b just found in part (a)

f ( x ) = x3 − 2 x 2 − 10 x + 21 The factor theorem

f ( 3) = ( 3) − 2 ( 3) − 10 ( 3) + 21 states that if ( x − α )
3 2
So
= 27 − 18 − 30 + 21 is a factor of f ( x )
=0 then f (α ) = 0 .
So if x − 3 is a factor,
∴ x − 3 is a factor of f ( x ) by the factor theorem. we would expect
f ( 3) to equal 0.

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6 a) Given
2nd term = 7.2 The nth term of a geometric
progression is given by:
∴ ar = 7.2 [1] nth term = ar n −1
Where a is the first term, r
and 4th term = 5.832 the common ratio
∴ ar 3 = 5.832 [ 2]

∴ [ 2] ÷ [1] gives:
2
ar3 5.832
=
ar 7.2
∴ r 2 = 0.81
∴ r = ± 0.81
∴ r = ±0.9

But we are told that r is positive

∴ r = 0.9

b) Substitute r = 0.9 into [1] to give:

a ( 0.9 ) = 7.2
7.2
∴ a=
0.9
∴ a =8

c) S50 =
(
8 1 − 0.950 ) The sum of the first n terms of
1 − 0.9 a geometric progression is
= 79.5876...
(
a r n −1 )
= 79.588 ( 3 d.p.) given by, Sn =
r −1
in this case a = 8 , r = 0.9 and
n = 50

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The sum to infinity of a

d) 8
S∞ = geometric progression is
1 − 0.9
a
= 80 given by S∞ = , in
1− r
this case a = 8 and r = 0.9
∴ S∞ − S50 = 80 − 79.5876...
= 0.4123... Difference in sums

= 0.412 ( 3 d.p.)

7 0.7c
a) Length of arc BD = × 2×π × 8
( 2π )
c

= 5.6 cm

r Arc length s = Part of the circumference of the circle

θ s θ 1
= × 2π r
1 2π
r
Arc length = θ r
In this case θ = 0.7 rads and r = 8 cm

b) Consider triangle ABC

Cosine Rule
B
By cosine rule a
c
BC = 8 + 11 − 2 × 8 × 11× cos 0.7
2 2 2 c
C
= 64 + 121 − 134.612... A b
= 50.3877...
∴ BC = 50.3877... a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A
∴ BC = 7.0984... cm

Also DC = AC − AD
= 11 − 8
= 3 cm

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∴ Perimeter of R = BD + BC + DC
= 5.6 + 7.0984... + 3
= 15.6984...
= 15.7 cm ( 3 s.f.)

c) Method
• Find the area of the triangle ABC.
• Find the area of the sector ABD.
• Hence find the area of R.

Area of the triangle ABC = 12 × 8 × 11× sin 0.7c

= 28.3455... cm 2
Area of a triangle given two sides, a and b and an
included angle θ is given by

a Area = 12 ab sin θ
θ
b
In this case a = 8, b = 11, θ =0.7 rads.

Note: Make sure the calculator is in radians mode

0.7 c
Area of the sector ABD = × π × 82
( 2π )
c

= 22.4 cm 2

Area of a sector = part of the area of the circle

r Area θ 1
Area = × π r2
θ 2π 1
r θ
Area = r2
2

In this case θ =0.7 rads and r = 8 cm.

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∴ Area R = 28.3455... − 22.4 Area R = Area of triangle ABC –

= 5.9455... Area of sector ABD
= 5.95 cm 2 ( 3 s.f.)

8 a) Method
• Solve the equations simultaneously to find points of intersection.

y = 3 x + 20 [1] To find the points of intersection of

the curves, solve simultaneously.
y = x 2 + 6 x + 10 [ 2]

At the points of intersection A and B :

3x + 20 = x 2 + 6 x + 10 Equate the y values in [1] and [2].
∴ x 2 + 3x − 10 = 0
∴ ( x + 5 )( x − 2 ) = 0
∴ x+5 = 0 or x−2=0
∴ x = −5 or x=2

Substitute x = −5 into [1]

To give y = 3 ( −5 ) + 20
∴ y=5

Substitute x = 2 into [1]

To give y = 3 ( 2 ) + 20
∴ y = 26

∴ A ( −5, 5 ) and B ( 2, 26 )

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b) Method

• Area S = The Area of the trapezium X – Area under the curve Y

y y y
B B B

A A A
S 26 26 26
5 5 X
Y x
5 Y
2 -5 2
x -5 2
x
-5

Area X = Area of a trapezium

Area =
(a + b) h
a b 2
Area under a graph:
h y y = f ( x)

Area S = Area X − Area Y

( 5 + 26 )( 7 ) 2
= − ∫ (x )
+ 6 x + 10 dx
2
x
2 −5
x1 x2
2
 x3 6 x 2  x2
= 217
− + + 10 x 
2
3 2  −5
Area = ∫ y dx
x1
2
 x3 
= 217
2 −  + 3 x 2 + 10 x 
3  −5
  ( 2 )3   ( −5 )3  
+ 3 ( 2 ) + 10 ( 2 )  −  + 3 ( −5 ) + 10 ( −5 )  
2 2
= 217
2 − 
3   3
   
= 217
2 − ( 83 + 12 + 20 ) − ( −125
3 + 75 − 50 ) 

= 217
2 − 154
3

= 343
6 sq. units

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9 a) Method
• Find the perimeter of the stage in terms of x and y and equate to 80
and from this express y in terms of x.
• You should now be able to find the area in terms of x.

2 x metres

y metres

π × 2x Perimeter of the semicircle

Perimeter of the stage = 2 x + 2 y +
2
= 2x + 2 y + π x

Since the perimeter = 80 metres

2 x + 2 y + π x = 80
∴ 2 y = 80 − 2 x − π x
80 − 2 x − π x
∴ y=
2
Area of semicircle
πx 2
Area of the stage, A = 2 xy +
2 Substitute for y
1
 80 − 2 x − π x  π x 2
= 2 x +
Area of rectangle 21 2
 
π x2
= 80 x − 2 x 2 − π x 2 +
2
πx 2
= 80 x − 2 x 2 −
2
 π
= 80 x −  2 +  x 2
 2

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b) Method
• Use calculus (differentiation) to establish the rate of change of area A
with the length x.
• Set the rate of change equal to zero and solve for x.

Differential of 80x
Differential of x 2

dA  π
= 80 −  2 +  ( 2 x )
dx  2
dA The rate of change (gradient)
At a stationary point =0
dx at any stationary point is zero.

 π
∴ 80 −  2 +  ( 2 x ) = 0
 2
∴ 80 − 4 x − π x = 0 [1]
∴ 80 = 4 x + π x
∴ 80 = x ( 4 + π )
80
∴ x=
4+π

c) Method
• Differentiate again to find the nature of the stationary points.

dA
From [1] , since = 80 − 4 x − π x
dx
d2A d2A
then = −4 − π If is negative then A is a maximum
dx 2 dx 2

80
Since − 4 − π < 0, Then A is a maximum at x =
4+π

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d)  π
Since the area of the stage = 80 x −  2 +  x 2
 2
80
Then when x =
4 +π
= 11.201... m Substitute for x

 π
Area of the stage = 80 (11.201...) −  2 +  (11.201...)
2

 2
= 448.07...
= 448 m 2 ( to the nearest m )
2

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