MATHEMATICS 12 INTERMEDIATE

PART II

7/18/2020
Chapter 3.
INTEGRATION

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 Contents
Integration: ...................................................................................................... 1
Exercise 3.1 ...................................................................................................... 2
Exercise 3.2 ...................................................................................................... 5
Exercise 3.2 ...................................................................................................... 9
Exercise 3.4 .................................................................................................... 12
Exercise 3.5 .................................................................................................... 19
Exercise 3.6 .................................................................................................... 32
Exercise 3.7 .................................................................................................... 38
Exercise 3.8 .................................................................................................... 41
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com

Integration: The technique or method to 𝑠. 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑡 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 ∅ 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑥

find such a function whose derivative is given − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝐴𝑙𝑠𝑜
involves the inverse process of differentiation, Draw ⊥ 𝑃𝑀 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄𝑁 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑥 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 ⊥
called anti derivative or integration. PR 𝑜𝑛 𝑄𝑁 𝑜𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔. |𝑃𝑅| = 𝑑𝑥
Differential of variable: |𝑄𝑅| = |𝑄𝑇| + |𝑇𝑅|
Let 𝑓 be a differentiable function defined as ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = |𝑄𝑇| + |𝑇𝑅| → (𝑖)
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) |𝑇𝑅| |𝑇𝑅|
𝐼𝑛 △ 𝑇𝑃𝑅, 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑𝑥 = =
⇒ 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑦 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 |𝑃𝑅| 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) ⇒ |𝑇𝑅| = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 𝑓(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥) So(𝑖) ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅𝑑𝑥 + |𝑄𝑇|
𝑁𝑜𝑤 lim = lim 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 𝛿𝑥→0 𝛿𝑥 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 = ( ) 𝑑𝑥 + |𝑄𝑇| ∵ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛∅
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
⇒ = 𝑓′(𝑥) 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑑𝑦 + |𝑄𝑇| ∵ |𝑄𝑇| 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑦 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙
𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 So 𝑏𝑦 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 |𝑄𝑇|
∵ 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑑. 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝛿𝑥 ⇒ 𝛿𝑦 ≈ 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑦 Example:
𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑏𝑦𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 ∈. 𝑖. 𝑒 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)+
𝛿𝑥 Find𝜹𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒚 of the function defined as
∈ 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒙𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟐 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟏
⇒ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑒 Solution:
𝑦 𝑤𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑎𝑠 𝑑𝑦.
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑑𝑦 =?
𝑠𝑜 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝛿𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛿𝑦 = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
 𝑦 = 𝑥2
Note: 1.The differential of 𝒙 is denoted by 𝒅𝒙 𝑑𝑦
 = 2𝑥 ⇒ 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑑𝑥
and defined as 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜹𝒙 𝑑𝑥
𝒅 Take 𝑥 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 = 0.01
𝒊. 𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒚 = 𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = (𝒙)𝜹𝒙 𝑑𝑦 = 2(2)(0.01) = 0.04
𝒅𝒙
⇒ 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟏. 𝜹𝒙 ⇒ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝜹𝒙 ∵ 𝒚 = 𝒙 Now we find 𝛿𝑦, 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2
′ (𝒙)𝒊𝒔
2. 𝒇 𝒖𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒄𝒐𝒆𝒇𝒇𝒊𝒄𝒆𝒊𝒆𝒏𝒕.  𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑦 , 𝑦 = (𝑥)2 =
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑖𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑑𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥 (2)2 = 4
= (2 + 0.01)2 − 4 ∵ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝛿𝑥 = 0.01
𝛿𝑦 = 4.041 − 4 = 0.0401
Example:
𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝒚
Use differentials find 𝒅𝒙 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒄
Solution:
𝒚
− 𝒍𝒏𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒄
𝒙
𝒚
 𝒅 (𝒙 − 𝒍𝒏𝒙) = 𝒅(𝒍𝒏𝒄)
𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝛿𝑦  𝒅 (𝒙) − 𝒅(𝒍𝒏𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙𝒅𝒚−𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝟏
 − 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) ∅ 𝒙𝟐 𝒙
R 𝒙𝒅𝒚−𝒚𝒅𝒙 𝟏
𝑦 𝛿𝑥  = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟐
∅  𝒙𝒅𝒚 − 𝒚𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝒅𝒙
𝑥
𝑥 M N  𝒙𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝒅𝒙
0 𝒙+𝒚
 𝒅𝒚 = 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑢𝑠 𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑤 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝒅𝒚 𝒙+𝒚
 =
𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥, 𝑦
+ 𝛿𝑦)𝑏𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜
𝑛𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦)

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1
Exercise 3.1 d𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝜹𝒚 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒅𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒄𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒔: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥
𝟐 1
𝒊) 𝒚 = 𝒙 − 𝟏 d𝑦 = 2 (0.41)
√4
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟑 𝒕𝒐 𝟑. 𝟎𝟐
d𝑦 = 0.1025
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 − 1 𝐴𝑠 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 3 𝑡𝑜 3.02, 𝑠𝑜 Now.
2
𝑦 =𝑥 −1 𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑥 2 − 1) 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − 𝑦
d𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 0 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 𝛿𝑦 = √𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥 − √𝑥
d𝑦 = 2(3)(0.02) 𝑥 =4,
d𝑦 = 0.12 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 4.41 − 4 = 0.41
Now 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 𝛿𝑦 = √4 + 0.41 − √4
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 − 𝑦 𝛿𝑦 = 0.1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝑸. 𝟐: 𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 − (𝑥 2 − 1) 𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 1 − 𝑥 2 + 1 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔.
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 − 𝑥 2 𝒊) 𝒙𝒚 + 𝒙 = 𝟒
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑥=3
𝑑(𝑥𝑦 + 𝑥) = 𝑑(4)
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 3.02 − 3 = 0.02
𝑑(𝑥𝑦) + 𝑑(𝑥) = 0
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝛿𝑦 = (3 + 0.02)2 − (3)2
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + (𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝛿𝑦 = 0.1204
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑥
𝒊𝒊) 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 dy 𝑦+1
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟐 𝒕𝒐 𝟏. 𝟖 dx
=− 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑
dx 𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: =−
dy 𝑦+1
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 𝟐 𝟐
𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟏𝟔
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 2
𝑑(𝑥 + 2𝑦 ) = 𝑑(16)
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 𝑑(𝑥 2 ) + 2𝑑(𝑦 2 ) = 0
d𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2.2𝑦 2−1 . 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 0
d𝑦 = 2(2)(−0.2) + 2(−0.2) 4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = −2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
d𝑦 = −1.2 dy 2𝑥 𝑥
dx
= − 4𝑦 = − 2𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑
Now
dx 2𝑦
𝑦 + 𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2(𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥) dy
=− 𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 𝑦 𝟒 𝟐
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 + 𝒚 = 𝒙𝒚 𝟐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑦 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥) 𝑑(𝑥 4 + 𝑦 2 ) = 𝑑(𝑥𝑦 2 )
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥
𝑑(𝑥 4 ) + 𝑑(𝑦 2 ) = (𝑥)′ (𝑦 2 ) + (𝑦 2 )′𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (𝑥 + 𝛿𝑥)2 + 2𝛿𝑥 − 𝑥 2
4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥. 𝑦 2 + (2𝑦 𝑑𝑦)𝑥
𝑥 =2,
4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 1.8 − 2 = −0.2
2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥 − 4𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿𝑥
(2𝑦 − 2𝑥𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑦 2 − 4𝑥 3 )𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑦 = (2 − 0.2)2 + 2(−0.2) − (2)2 Dy 𝑦 2 −4𝑥 3
𝛿𝑦 = −1.16 = 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙
dx 2𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒚 = √𝒙 dx 2𝑦 −2𝑥𝑦
= 𝑦2 −4𝑥3
dy
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟒 𝒕𝒐 𝟒. 𝟎𝟏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝒊𝒗) 𝒙𝒚 − 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 = 𝒄
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙𝑠 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦 = √𝑥 𝑑(𝑥𝑦 − ln 𝑥) = 𝑑(𝑐)
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑑(𝑥𝑦) − 𝑑(ln 𝑥) = 0
𝑦 = √𝑥 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(√𝑥)

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1 𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 30° ,
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 29° − 30° = −1° = −0.01745
1
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑦 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = cos 30° = 0.866
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = − (
𝑥𝑦−1
) 𝑑𝑥 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = cos 𝑥
𝑥 𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(cos 𝑥)
dy 1−𝑥𝑦
dx
= 𝑥2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑦 = − sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
dx 𝑥 2
= 1−𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − sin 30° (−0.01745)
dy 𝑑𝑦 = − (0.5) (−0.01745)
𝑸. 𝟑: 𝑼𝒔𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍𝒔 𝒕𝒐 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝑑𝑦 = 0.0087
𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇: 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 cos 29° ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝟒
𝒊) √𝟏𝟕 = 0.866 + 0.0087
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 0.8747
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 4√𝑥 = 𝑥 4 𝒊𝒗) 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟔𝟏°
𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 16 , 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 17 − 16 = 1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
1 1 𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 60° ,
𝑦 = (16)4 = (24 )4 = 2 𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 61° − 60° = 1° = 0.01745
1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = 𝑥4 𝑦 = sin 60° = 0.866
1
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = sin 𝑥
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑 (𝑥 ) 4

1
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑(sin 𝑥)
1
𝑑𝑦 = 4 𝑥 4 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 3 𝑑𝑦 = cos 60° (0.01745)
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 −4 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (0.5) (0.01745)
4
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 16 , 𝑑𝑥 = 1 𝑑𝑦 = 0.0087
3 3
1 1 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 sin 61° ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = (16)−4 (1) = (24 )−4
4 4
1 1 1 1 = 0.866 + 0.0087
𝑑𝑦 = (2)−3 = . = = 0.8747
4 4 8 32
𝑑𝑦 = 0.03125 𝑸. 𝟒: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
4
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 √17 ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒗𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒎𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒖𝒃𝒆 𝒊𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒍𝒆𝒏𝒈𝒉𝒕
= 2 + 0.03125 𝒐𝒇 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒆𝒅𝒈𝒆 𝒄𝒉𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒆𝒔 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟓 𝒕𝒐 𝟓. 𝟎𝟐.
= 2.03125 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝟏 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝑥 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝒊𝒊) (𝟑𝟏)𝟓 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑒 = 𝐿 . 𝑊 . 𝐻
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑉 = 𝑥. 𝑥. 𝑥
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑥 5 𝑉 = 𝑥3
𝑊𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑥 = 32 , 𝑑(𝑉) = (𝑥 3 )
𝛿𝑥 = 𝑑𝑥 = 31 − 32 = −1 𝑑𝑉 = 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
1 1
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 5 𝑡𝑜 5.02, 𝑠𝑜
𝑦 = (32)5 = (25 )5 = 2
1 𝑥 = 5 , 𝑑𝑥 = 5.02 − 5 = 0.02
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑦 = 𝑥5 𝑑𝑉 = 3(5)2 (0.02) = 1.5 𝑐𝑢𝑏𝑖𝑐 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑠
1
𝑑(𝑦) = 𝑑 (𝑥 5 ) 𝑸. 𝟓: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒑𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆
1
𝒊𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒐𝒇 𝒂 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒄 𝒊𝒇 𝒊𝒕𝒔
1
𝑑𝑦 = 5 𝑥 5 −1 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒊𝒂𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒏𝒄𝒓𝒆𝒂𝒔𝒆𝒅 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝟒𝟒 𝒄𝒎 𝒕𝒐 𝟒𝟒. 𝟒 𝒄𝒎.
1 4 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
−
𝑑𝑦 = 5 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝑥 𝑐𝑚
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 32 , 𝑑𝑥 = −1 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐 = 𝜋𝑟 2
𝑑𝑦 =
1
(32)−
4
1 −
5 (−1) = − (25 ) 5
4
𝐴 = 𝜋𝑥 2
5
1 1 1 1
5 𝑑(𝐴) = 𝑑(𝜋𝑥 2 )
−4
(2) = . =
𝑑𝑦 = 5 5 16 80 𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋. 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = −0.0125 𝐴𝑠 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 44 𝑡𝑜 44.4,
1
𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑠 (31)5 ≈ 𝑦 + 𝑑𝑦 𝑠𝑜 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 22 𝑡𝑜 22.4, 𝑠𝑜
= 2 − 0.0125 𝑥 = 22 , 𝑑𝑥 = 22.2 − 22 = 0.2
𝑑𝐴 = 𝜋(2)(22)(0.2)
= 1.9875
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝟗° 𝑑𝐴 = 27.646 𝑐𝑚2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑦 = cos 𝑥

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Integration as anti-derivative 𝒙𝟓+𝟏 𝒙𝟔
= +𝒄= +𝒄
𝟓+𝟏 𝟔
(inverse of derivative)
1
𝑰𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏: 𝒗. 𝒗. 𝒗. 𝒊𝒎𝒑𝒐𝒓𝒕𝒂𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏(∗∗∗) 2. ∫ √𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
3
− +1
1 3 𝑥 2
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥−2 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖 − 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
2
( ) 3
𝑥 3 −2 + 1
Consider 𝐹(𝑥)𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑓 1
−
𝑥 2 2
𝐹 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑥) 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝐹 ′(𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐=− +𝑐
1 √𝑥
𝑑 −2
=∫ 𝐹(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝐹(𝑥) + 𝑐 3. ∫ (2𝑥+3)4 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑 1 (2𝑥 + 3)−4+1
∵ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑎𝑐ℎ 𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟. ∫(2𝑥 + 3)−4 𝑑𝑥 = . +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 2 −4 + 1
*The symbol 1
=− +𝑐
∫ … 𝑑𝑥 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑡𝑤𝑜 6(2𝑥 + 3)3
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡 "𝑥" 4. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 =
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥
*The anti- derivative of a function is also called 𝑎
+𝑐
integrated is called integrand of the integral. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥
*The function which is to be integrated is called = +𝑐
2
integrand of the integral. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑥
5. ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑥𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑎
+𝑐
Some standard formulae for Anti- 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑥
=− +𝑐
derivatives 3
6. ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑛+1
= −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑛
∫ 1𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 + 𝑐 , ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐(𝑛 ≠ −1) 7. ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐5𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛5𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑛+1
𝑠𝑒𝑐5𝑥
= +𝑐 ∵ ∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑎𝑥𝑑𝑥
5
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑐 , ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑎𝑥
= +𝑐
𝑎
∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 𝑐, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑠𝑒5𝑥
= +𝑐
5
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑐, ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 8. ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = +𝑐
𝑎
= −𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥+𝑏
+𝑐
1 𝑎
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐 , ∫ 𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = . 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑙𝑛𝑎 9. ∫ 3𝜆𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎
+𝑐
1 3𝜆𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑐, 𝑥 ≠ 0 , ∫ 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝜆𝑙𝑛3
𝑥
1
= 𝑙𝑛𝑠𝑒𝑐|𝑥| + 𝑐 = −𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥| + 𝑐 10. ∫ 𝑎𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑥𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐 1
∫(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏)−1 𝑑𝑥 = ln(𝑎𝑥 + 𝑏) + 𝑐
𝑎
∫ 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥| + 𝑐

∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑥 − 𝑐𝑜𝑡𝑠| + 𝑐 1. ∫ 𝑎𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥

Here c is constant of integration. These formulae 2. ∫[𝑓1 (𝑥) ± 𝑓2 (𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓1 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 +
can be verified by showing that the derivatives of ∫ 𝑓2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
right hand side of each w.r.t “x” is equal to the Prove that
corresponding integral [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = + 𝒄, (𝒏 ≠ −𝟏
Examples: 𝒏+𝟏
𝑥 (𝑛+1)
Proof:
1. ∫ 𝑥 5 𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥 = 𝒏+𝟏
+𝑐

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𝑑 1
We know that 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑥)) = ∫ 𝑥 1+2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑
= (𝑛 + 1)𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3
𝑑 +1
𝑥2 𝑥 1+1
 (𝑓 𝑛 (𝑛 + 1) = (𝑛 + 1)𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 3 + +𝑐
𝑑𝑥 +1 1+1
2
Taking integration 5
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑑 = 5 + +𝑐
∫ 𝑓 (𝑛+1) (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = (𝑛 + 1) ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥). 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 2
2
𝑑𝑥 2 5 1
 𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑥) = (𝑛 + 1) ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 5 𝑥 + 2 𝑥2 + 𝑐
2

𝑓 𝑛+1 (𝑥) 𝟏
 ∫ 𝑓 𝑛 (𝑥) 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 𝑏𝑦 𝑑𝑒𝑓. 𝒊𝒗) ∫(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝑛+1
𝐻𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1
𝒇′(𝒙) = ∫(2𝑥 + 3)2 𝑑𝑥
Prove that ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄
× 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒
Proof: 1 1
= 2
∫(2𝑥 + 3)2 . 2 𝑑𝑥
We know that 1
+1
𝑑 1 1 (2𝑥+3)2
=2 1 +𝑐
[𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥)] = . 𝑓′(𝑥) +1
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) 2
3
Taking integration both sides 1 (2𝑥+3)2
=2 3 +𝑐
𝑑 1 2
∫ [𝑙𝑛𝑓(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫ . 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1 2 3
𝑑𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = . (2𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝑐
2 3
𝒇′ (𝒙) 1 3
 𝒍𝒏𝒇(𝒙) = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = (2𝑥 + 3)2 + 𝑐
3
𝒇′ (𝒙) 𝒗) ∫(√𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
 ∫ 𝒇(𝒙) 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒍𝒏𝒇(𝒙) +
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒄 𝒃𝒚 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = ∫(√𝑥 + 1)2 𝑑𝑥
(∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝑭(𝒙) + 𝒄) = ∫((√𝑥)2 + 2√𝑥. 1 + (1)2 ) 𝑑𝑥
Hence proved. = ∫[𝑥 + 2√𝑥 + 1]
1
= ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
Exercise 3.2 𝑥 1+1 𝑥2
1
+1
𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔: = + 2. 1 + x+𝑐
1+1 +1
2
𝒊) ∫(𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 3
𝑥2 𝑥2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = + 2. 3 + x+𝑐
2
= ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 2
3
1 2
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 2. 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 3
𝑥 2+1 𝑥 1+1 1 2 4 3
= 3. − 2. +𝑥+ 𝑐 = 𝑥 + 3 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2+1 1+1 2
𝑥 3 𝑥 2
𝟏 𝟐
= 3. 3 − 2. 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝒗𝒊) ∫(√𝒙 − ) 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙
3 2
= 𝑥 −𝑥 +𝑥+𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝟏 1 2
𝒊𝒊) ∫(√𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫(√𝑥 − ) 𝑑𝑥
√𝒙 √𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 2 1 2 1
1 = ∫ [(√𝑥) + ( 𝑥) − 2√𝑥. 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 √ √
√𝑥 1
1
−
1 = ∫ [𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1
1
+1
1
− +1 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥 2
= 1 + 1 +𝑐 𝑥 1+1
2
+1 − +1
2 = 1+1
+ ln 𝑥 − 2 x + 𝑐
3 1
1 2
=
𝑥2
+
𝑥2
+𝑐 = 2
𝑥 + ln 𝑥 − 2 x + 𝑐
3 1
2 2 𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝑭𝑶𝑹 𝑸. (𝒗𝒊)
2 3 1
= 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 AGAR FUNCTION OVER M HO AUR FUNCTION KI
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙(√𝒙 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 POWER 1 HO TU AP US PAR POWER RULE NI LAGA
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: SAKTAY.
= ∫ 𝑥(√𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 FOR EXAMPLE:
1 𝑥 −1+1 𝑥0 1
= ∫ 𝑥√𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 −1 𝑑𝑥 = −1+1
= 0
=0=∞
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Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
1 1
IS M ANSWER ∞ A GIA SO NOT SOLVED? 𝜃2
+1 − +1
𝜃 2
THEN AGAR FUNCTION KA DERIVATIVE UPER MAJOOD = 1 + 1 − 2𝜃 + 𝑐
+1 − +1
2 2
H T US K 𝑙𝑛 K SATH LIKH DE. 𝜃2
3
𝜃2
1

𝒗𝒊𝒊)
𝟑𝒙+𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = + − 2𝜃 + 𝑐
∫ 𝒙 3 1
√ 2 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 2 3 1
= 3 𝜃 + 2𝜃 2 − 2𝜃 + 𝑐
2
3𝑥+2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝟐
√𝑥 (𝟏 − √𝒙)
=
3𝑥 2
∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√ √ √𝒙
3√𝑥√𝑥 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑥 = √𝑥. √𝑥
√ √ 2
2 (1−√𝑥)
= ∫ [3√𝑥 + 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√ √𝑥
1 1 (√𝑥)2 +(1)2 −2√𝑥
−
= ∫ [3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 2 ] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1 1 𝑥+1−2√𝑥
= 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑥
2
−
2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥
1 1
+1 − +1 𝑥 1 2√𝑥
=3
𝑥2
+2
𝑥 2
+𝑐 = ∫ [ 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
1 1 √ √ √
+1 − +1
2 2 1
3 1 = ∫ [√𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 𝑥2 √
=3 +2 +𝑐 1 1
3 1
= ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 1
2 3 1
𝑥2
+1 − +1
𝑥 2
= 3 3 𝑥 + 2 .2𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 = 1 + 1 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
+1 − +1
3 1 2 2
= 2𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2
𝑥2
3
𝑥2
1

= + − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
√𝒚(𝒚 + 𝟏) 3 1
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 2 2
𝒚 2 3 1
= 3 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑐
2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒆𝟐𝒙 +𝒆𝒙
√𝑦(𝑦+1) 𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝒆𝒙
𝑦
√𝑦(𝑦+1) 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 +𝑒 𝑥
√ √ 𝑑𝑥
𝑦+1 ∫ 𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
√ =
𝑦 1
∫ [ 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ [ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥]
√ √ =∫ [𝑒 𝑥
+ 1] 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑥
= ∫ [√𝑦𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑥] = ∫ 𝑒 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
√ 𝑒𝑥
1
−
1
= + 𝑥+𝑐
= ∫ [𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑦2 2 𝑑𝑥] 1
𝑥
1 1 = 𝑒 +𝑥+𝑐
+1 − +1
𝑦2 𝑦 2
= 1 + 1 +𝑐 𝑵𝑶𝑻𝑬: 𝑫𝑬𝑹𝑰𝑽𝑨𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵 𝑀
+1 − +1
2
3 1
2 EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION KA JAB DERIVATIVE LATY H
𝑦2 𝑦2 T FUNCTION AS IT AUR POWER KA DERIVATIVE
= 3 + 1 +𝑐
2 2 MULTIPLY KARTY H. LAKIN INTEGRATION M DIVIDE
2 3 1
KARE GAI.
= 3 𝑦 + 2𝑦 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2

𝟐 𝐐. 𝟐: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆:
(√𝜽 − 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝜽 𝐢) ∫
√𝒙+𝒂+√𝒙+𝒃
√𝜽 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑𝑥
(√𝜃−1)
2 ∫𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏
√
∫ 𝑑𝜃 1 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏
√𝜃
= ∫ 𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏 𝑑𝑥
(√𝜃)2 +(1)2 −2√𝜃 √ √
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥+𝑏
√𝜃
𝜃+1−2√𝜃
= ∫ ( 𝑥+𝑎)2 −(√𝑥+𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥+𝑎−𝑥−𝑏 𝑑𝑥
√
=∫ 𝑑𝜃 1
√𝜃 = 𝑎−𝑏 ∫(√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑥 + 𝑏 )𝑑𝑥
𝜃 1 2√𝜃
= ∫[ + − ] 𝑑𝜃 1 1 1
√𝜃 √𝜃 √𝜃 = {∫(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 𝑑𝑥}
1 𝑎−𝑏
= ∫ [√𝜃 + − 2] 𝑑𝜃 [𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
1
√𝜃
1
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 . 𝒇′ (𝒙) = +𝒄
− 𝒏+𝟏
= ∫ 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 + ∫ 𝜃
2 2 𝑑𝜃 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝜃

6|Page
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
1 1 (𝟏+𝒆𝒙 )𝟑
+1 +1
= 𝑎−𝑏 {
1 (𝑥+𝑎)2
+
(𝑥+𝑏)2
}+𝑐 𝒗) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
1 1 𝒆𝒙
+1 +1
2
3
2
3
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 (𝑥+𝑎)2 (𝑥+𝑏)2 (1+𝑒 𝑥 )3
= 𝑎−𝑏 { 3 + 3 }+𝑐 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑥
2 2
1 2 3 2 3 ∵ (𝑎 + 𝑏) = 𝑎3 + 𝑏 3 + 3𝑎𝑏(𝑎 + 𝑏)
3
= { (𝑥 + 𝑎) + (𝑥 + 𝑏) } + 𝑐2 2
13 +(𝑒 𝑥 )3 +3(1)(𝑒 𝑥 )(1+𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑎−𝑏 3 3
2 3 3 =∫ 𝑒𝑥
𝑑𝑥
= {(𝑥 + 𝑎) + (𝑥 + 𝑏) } + 𝑐 2 2
1+𝑒 3𝑥 +3𝑒 𝑥 (1+𝑒 𝑥 )
3(𝑎−𝑏)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝟏−𝒙𝟐 𝑒𝑥
𝐢𝐢) ∫ 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 1 𝑒 3𝑥 3𝑒 (1+𝑒 𝑥 )
𝑥
= ∫ [𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒𝑥
+ 𝑒𝑥
] 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1−𝑥 2 =∫ [𝑒 −𝑥
+ 𝑒 + 3 + 3𝑒 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥
∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2−1−𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒𝑥
= ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = + + 3𝑥 + 3 +𝑐
−1 2 1
2−(1+𝑥 2 ) 1 2𝑥
= ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑒 + 𝑒 + 3𝑥 + 3𝑒 𝑥
−𝑥
+𝑐
2
2 1+𝑥 2 𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒂 + 𝒃)𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 2 ∫ sin(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−1
= 2 tan 𝑥−𝑥+𝑐 −cos(𝑎+𝑏)𝑥
𝒅𝒙
= 𝑎+𝑏
+ 𝑐
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙+𝒂+ 𝒙 1
√ √ = − 𝑎+𝑏 cos(𝑎 + 𝑏)𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥 DERIVATION M FUNCTION KA DERIVATIVE LENA HOTA
∫ H AUR SATH ANGLE KE DERIVATIVE KO MULTIPLY
√𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥
1 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥 KARTY H. BUT INTEGRATION M ANGLE KE DERIVATIVE
= ∫ 𝑥+𝑎+√𝑥+𝑏 𝑥+𝑎− 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√ √ √
√𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥 √𝑥+𝑎−√𝑥
K DIVIDE KARE GAI.
= ∫ ( 𝑥+𝑎)2 −( 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥+𝑎−𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√ √ 𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ √𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
= ∫(√𝑥 + 𝑎 − √𝑥 + )𝑑𝑥
𝑎
1 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1
= {∫(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫(𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥} ∫ √1 − cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 . 𝒇′ (𝒙) = +𝒄 𝑨𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝒏+𝟏

1 (𝑥+𝑎)2
1
+1
(𝑥)2
1
+1 𝑺𝒐 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 = 𝟐𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙
= 𝑎
{ 1 + 1 }+𝑐 = ∫ √2sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
+1 +1
2 2

1 (𝑥+𝑎)2
3
(𝑥)2
3
= ∫ √2 √sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= { 3 + }+𝑐
𝑎
2
3
2
= √2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
3 3
1 2
= { (𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥)2 } + 𝑐
2 = √2(− cos 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎 3 3
2 3 3 = −√2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
= {(𝑥 + 𝑎)2 + (𝑥)2 } + 𝑐 1
3𝑎
𝟑 𝑣𝑖𝑖𝑖) ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒊𝒗) ∫(𝒂 − 𝟐𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑥
𝑆𝑂𝐿𝑈𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1
3 ∫ ln 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
∫(𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 𝑨𝒔 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝒍𝒏 𝒙
× 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝟏
3 𝑨𝒏𝒅 𝒇′ (𝒙) = 𝒙 , 𝒔𝒐
1
= ∫(𝑎 − 2𝑥) . (−2) 𝑑𝑥
2
[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏+𝟏
−2
3 𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 = 𝒏+𝟏
+1
1 (𝑎−2𝑥)2
=− +𝑐 (ln 𝑥)𝟏+𝟏
2 3
+1 = 𝟏+𝟏
+ 𝒄
2
5 (ln 𝑥) 𝟐

=−
1 (𝑎−2𝑥)2
+𝑐 = 𝟐
+𝒄
5
2 𝟐
2
5
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 2
= − 2 . 5 (𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 + 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 5 ∫ sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= − 5 (𝑎 − 2𝑥)2 + 𝑐 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝑨𝒔 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 =
FUNCTION AS IT AUR POWER KE DERIVATIVE S DIVIDE KARNA H. 𝟐
𝑒𝑥 1−cos 2𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + 𝑐 = 𝑒𝑥 + 𝑐 =∫ 2
𝑑𝑥
1

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Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
1 1
= ∫(1 − cos 2𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2 cos 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 2
1 sin 2𝑥 As 2cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 = sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) − sin(𝛼 − 𝛽)
= [𝑥 − ]+𝑐 1
2 2 = 2 ∫[sin(3𝑥 + 2𝑥) − sin(3𝑥 − 2𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
1 1
= 𝑥− sin 2𝑥 + 𝑐 1
2 4 = 2 ∫[sin(5𝑥) − sin(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 1
= 2 {∫ sin 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 − cos 5𝑥
= 2{ 5 − 1 } + 𝑐
−cos 𝑥
1
∫ 1+cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 cos 5𝑥
𝒙 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
= − 2 { 5 − cos 𝑥} + 𝑐
𝑨𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝟐 = 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙−𝟏
𝒙 𝒙𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝒐 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝟐𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐
1
𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
=∫ 𝒙 𝑑𝑥 Cos 2𝑥−1
= ∫ 1+cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 cos2
𝟐
1 𝑥 1−cos 2𝑥
= 2 ∫ sec 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 1+cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
1 tan2 𝑥 ∵ 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = ⟹ 𝟐 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
= 2 1
+ 𝑐 = tan 2 + 𝑐 𝟐
𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
2 ∵ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = ⟹ 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
sin2 𝑥 , cos 2 𝑥 , tan2 𝑥 , cot 2 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑘 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝟐
2 sin2 𝑥
𝑒𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑡 𝑛𝑖 𝑘𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑦 𝑗𝑎𝑏 𝑏 𝑦𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑗𝑎𝑦 𝑡 𝑎𝑝 𝑦𝑒 = − ∫ 2 cos2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 𝑢𝑠𝑒 𝑘𝑎𝑟𝑒.
1−cos 2𝑥
= − ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 1 + tan2 𝑥 = sec2 𝑥
sin2 𝑥 = 2 = − ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1+cos 2𝑥
cos2 𝑥 = = − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
2
tan2 𝑥 = sec 2 𝑥 − 1 𝒙𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
cot 2 𝑥 = csc 2 𝑥 − 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
FUNCTIONS K DERIVATIVES K JO ANSWER H UN KI ∫ Tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
INTEGRTION HOTI H IS K ILAWA FUNCTIONS KI = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 1 + tan2 𝜃 = sec 2 𝜃
INTEGRATION NI H HOTI. E.G. = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 = tan 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐

sin2 𝑥 , cos 2 𝑥 , tan2 𝑥 , cot 2 𝑥 𝐼𝑁 𝐾𝐼 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑁𝐼 𝐻𝑂𝑇𝐼.

(sin 𝑥)′ = cos 𝑥
Integration by method of
(cos 𝑥)′ = − sin 𝑥 substitution
(tan 𝑥)′ = sec2 𝑥 Sometimes it is possible to convert an integral
(cot 𝑥)′ = − csc2 𝑥 into standard form by a suitable change of a
(sec 𝑥)′ = sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 variable. This is called substitution method.
(cosec 𝑥)′ = − csc 𝑥 cot 𝑥
FUNCTIONS K DERIVATIVES K JO ANSWER H UN KI 𝑖. 𝑒 𝐸𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑒 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑏𝑦 𝑚𝑒𝑡ℎ𝑜𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
INTEGRTION HOTI H IS K ILAWA FUNCTIONS KI
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = ∅(𝑡) ⇒ 𝑑𝑥 = ∅′′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
INTEGRATION NI H HOTI. E.G.
sin2 𝑥 , cos 2 𝑥 , tan2 𝑥 , cot 2 𝑥 𝐼𝑁 𝐾𝐼 𝐼𝑁𝑇𝐸𝐺𝑅𝐴𝑇𝐼𝑂𝑁 𝑁𝐼 𝐻𝑂𝑇𝐼.
So ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑓(∅(𝑡))∅′ (𝑡)𝑑𝑡
𝒂𝒙+𝒃 Some useful substitutions:
𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒂𝒙𝟐+𝟐𝒃𝒙+𝒄 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1. √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒑𝒖𝒕𝒙 = 𝒂𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
𝑎𝑥+𝑏 (∵ 𝟏 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝜽 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝜽)
∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥
× & ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑢𝑝𝑒𝑟 2. √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
1 2(𝑎𝑥+𝑏)
= 2 ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥 (∵ sec 2 𝜃 − 1 = tan2 𝜃
1 2𝑎𝑥+2𝑏 3. √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
= 2 ∫ 𝑎𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐 𝑑𝑥
′
(∵ sec 2 𝜃 = 1 + tan2 𝜃
𝒇 (𝒙)
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫
[𝒇(𝒙)]
= 𝒍𝒏[𝒇(𝒙)] 4. √𝑥 + 𝑎(0𝑟)√𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑝𝑢𝑡 √𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑡
1
= 2 𝒍𝒏(𝑎𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) + 𝒄 𝑜𝑟(√𝑥 − 𝑎) = 𝑡
𝒙𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 5. √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃
6. √2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑐𝜃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫ cos 3𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
× & ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎

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= 𝑙𝑛(𝑒 𝑥 + 3) + 𝑐
Exercise 3.2 𝒙+𝒃
Evaluate the following integrals: 𝑸. 𝟔: ∫ 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒃𝒙+𝒄)𝟐
−𝟐𝒙
𝑸. 𝟏: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√𝟒−𝒙𝟐
𝑥+𝑏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
−2𝑥 (𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐)2
∫ 𝑑𝑥 −
1
2
√4−𝑥
1
∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐) 2 . (𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
−
= ∫(4 − 𝑥 2 ) (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 2 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 4 − 𝑥 2 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 2𝑏 = 2(𝑥 + 𝑏)
𝑓′(𝑥) = −2𝑥 × 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ÷ 𝑏𝑦 2
1
1
1
− +1
(4−𝑥 2 ) 2 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐)−2 . 2(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑑𝑥
2
= 1 − +1
1
− +1 1 (𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐) 2
2
1 = 1 +𝑐
2 − +1
(4−𝑥 2 )2 2
= 1 +𝑐 1
1 (𝑥 2 +2𝑏𝑥+𝑐)2
2
=2 1 +𝑐
= 2 √4 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ∵ 𝑡 = 4 − 𝑥 2 2
𝒅𝒙
𝑸. 𝟐: ∫ 𝒙𝟐+𝟒𝒙+𝟏𝟑 = √𝑥 2 + 2𝑏𝑥 + 𝑐 + 𝑐
𝐬𝐞𝐜𝟐 𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑸. 𝟕: ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑥 2 +4𝑥+4−4+13 sec2 𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑥 √tan 𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥+2)2 +9 1
= ∫(tan 𝑥)−2 sec 2 𝑥
1
= ∫ (𝑥+2)2 +(3)2 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝑥
∵∫
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏
𝟏 𝒙 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sec 2 𝑥
𝒂𝟐 +𝒙𝟐 𝒂 𝒂 1
1 𝑥+2 (tan 𝑥)−2+1
= 3 tan−1 ( 3 ) + 𝑐 = 1 +𝑐
− +1
2
𝒙𝟐 1
𝑸. 𝟑: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 (tan 𝑥)2
𝟒+𝒙𝟐 = 1 +𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 2
(+) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (−) 4 = 2√tan 𝑥 + 𝑐
=∫
4+𝑥 2 −4
𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟖: (𝒂) 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕
4+𝑥 2 𝒅𝒙
4+𝑥 2 4 ∫ = 𝒍𝒏 (𝒙 + √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 ) + 𝒄
= ∫ (4+𝑥2 − 4+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 √𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐

4 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐿. 𝐻. 𝑆 = ∫
1 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
= ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − 4 ∫ 22 +𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
1 𝑥 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
= 𝑥 − 4. 2 tan−1 (2) + 𝑐 =∫
√(𝑎 sec 𝜃)2 −𝑎2
=∫
√𝑎2 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−𝑎2
𝑑𝜃
𝑥 𝑎 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
= 𝑥 − 2 tan−1 (2) + 𝑐 =∫ 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 𝑑𝜃
√𝑎2 (𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃−1) √𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃
𝟏 sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃
𝑸. 𝟒: ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 =∫ tan 𝜃
𝑑𝜃 = ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃| + 𝑐1
1 1 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑘 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛:
∫ ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
𝐴𝑠 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝑎 sec 𝜃 ⟹ 𝑎 = sec 𝜃
1
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜 𝐴𝑛𝑑 1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃
𝑓′ (𝑥)
𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] tan 𝜃 = √𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃 − 1
= 𝑙𝑛[ln 𝑥] + 𝑐 𝑥 2
𝒆𝒙 tan 𝜃 = √(𝑎) − 1
𝑸. 𝟓: ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒙
𝒆 +𝟑
𝑥 2 −𝑎 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: tan 𝜃 = √ 𝑎2
𝑒𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 +3 𝑑𝑥 ̇
√𝑥 −𝑎 2
2
tan 𝜃 =
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑎
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
̇
𝑓 ′(𝑥) 𝑥 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑎 + 𝑎
| + 𝑐1

9|Page
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
̇ 1 −
1
𝑥+√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2 = sin−1 𝑥 + ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛 | 𝑎
| + 𝑐1 −2
1
− +1
𝑨 1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2
𝑼𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝐥𝐧 𝑩 = 𝒍𝒏𝑨 − 𝒍𝒏𝑩 = sin−1 𝑥 − 2 . 1 +𝑐
− +1
2
= 𝑙𝑛| 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | − 𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐1 1
−1 1 (1−𝑥 2 )2
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 = −𝑙𝑛𝑎 + 𝑐1 = sin 𝑥− 2
. 1 +𝑐
2
= 𝑙𝑛| 𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝒅𝒙
= sin−1 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
𝑸. 𝟗: ∫ 𝟑 𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: ∫ 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
(𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )𝟐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥 sin 𝜃 1
∫ 3
∫ 1+cos2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫ 1+cos2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
(1+𝑥 2 )2 𝑃𝑢𝑡 cos 𝜃 = 𝑡 ⟹ − sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = 𝑑𝑡
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = tan 𝜃 1
∫ 1+𝑡 2 . −𝑑𝑡 = − tan−1 𝑡 + 𝑐
⟹ 𝑑(𝑥) = sec 2 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
sec2 𝜃 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑡 = cos 𝜃
=∫ 3 𝑑𝜃 = − tan−1 ( cos 𝜃) + 𝑐
(1+tan2 𝜃)2 𝒂𝒙
sec2 𝜃 𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: ∫ 𝟐 𝟒 𝒅𝒙
=∫ 3 𝑑𝜃 √𝒂 −𝒙
(sec2 𝜃)2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
sec2 𝜃 𝑎𝑥 𝑥
= ∫ sec3 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥4 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑎 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑎 2 −(𝑥 2 )2
1 1
= ∫ sec 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 2 = 𝑡 ⟹ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 ⟹ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡
2
= ∫ cos 𝜃 =
𝑎 1 𝑡
𝑑𝑡 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑎
sin 𝜃
∫
2 √𝑎 2 −𝑡 2 2
= +𝑐 1 𝑥
1
sin 𝜃
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎
√𝑎 −𝑥
= . cos 𝜃 +𝑐 𝑎 2
cos 𝜃 −1 𝑥
= 2 sin 𝑎 + 𝑐 ∵ 𝑥2 = 𝑡
= tan 𝜃 . cos 𝜃 + 𝑐
𝒅𝒙
=
tan 𝜃
+𝑐 𝑸. 𝟏𝟒: ∫
sec 𝜃 √𝟕−𝟔𝒙−𝒙𝟐

=
tan 𝜃
+𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√sec2 𝜃 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝜃 ∫ √7−6𝑥−𝑥 2
= +𝑐
√1+tan2 𝜃 𝐵𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒
𝑃𝑢𝑡 tan 𝜃 = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 =∫
= 2
+𝑐 √7−𝑥 2 −6𝑥−9+9
√1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟏 =∫
𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: ∫ (𝟏+𝒙𝟐 )𝑻𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 √7−(𝑥 2 +6𝑥+9)+9
𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: =∫
√16−(𝑥+3)2
1
∫ (1+𝑥 2 )𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 + 𝑐
−𝑥 𝑎
𝑥

𝑥+3
∫
1
.
1
𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 (1+𝑥 2 ) 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝑥 −1 𝑸. 𝟏𝟓: ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙𝒍𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (1+𝑥2 )
1 cos 𝑥
𝑓 ′(𝑥) ∫ 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥| + 𝑐 cos 𝑥
𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜
𝟏+𝒙
𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: ∫ √𝟏−𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝑓 ′(𝑥)
∫ [𝑓(𝑥)] = 𝑙𝑛[𝑓(𝑥)] + 𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 𝑙𝑛[𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥] + 𝑐
𝐵𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙𝑖𝑧𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑸. 𝟏𝟔: ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝒍𝒏 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
= ∫ √1−𝑥 × √1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
cos 𝑥
1+𝑥 1+𝑥
∫ 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥 . 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥
= ∫ √1−𝑥 × 1+𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥
cos 𝑥
(1+𝑥)2 𝐴𝑛𝑑 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = sin 𝑥 , 𝑠𝑜
= ∫ √ 1−𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 [𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥]1+1
1+𝑥 = +𝑐
1+1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 1
√1−𝑥 2 = [𝑙𝑛 sin 𝑥]2 + 𝑐
1 𝑥 2
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2 √1−𝑥 2
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Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑵𝒐𝒘 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒕𝒆
𝑸. 𝟏𝟕: ∫
𝟒+𝟐𝒙+𝒙𝟐 1 1 3 1
(𝑥+3)2+1 (𝑥+3)−2+1 (𝑥+3)2 (𝑥+3)2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 + 1 +𝑐 = 3 + 1 +𝑐
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +1 − +1
2 2 2 2
∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥2 2 3
1 2𝑥 = (𝑥 + 3)2 + 2 √𝑥 + 3 + 𝑐
= 2 ∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 3
√𝟐
1 2𝑥+2−2
= 2 ∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟐𝟏: ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1 2𝑥+2 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 2 {∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 4+2𝑥+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥} 1
∫1 𝑑𝑥
1 2 ( cos 𝑥+sin 𝑥)
= 2 {ln(4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) − ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥+12 +4−12 𝑑𝑥} √2
1
1 1 2 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
= 2 ln(4 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) − 2 ∫ (𝑥+1)2 +( 3)2 𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑥 .
1
+sin x .
1
√ √2 √2
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙 1
𝒖𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒈 ∫ 𝒂𝟐+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒂 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒂 + 𝒄 =∫ 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 45°+sin 𝑥 sin 45°
1 1 (𝑥+1) 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 cos(𝛼 − 𝛽) = cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽 + sin 𝛼 sin 𝛽
= 2 ln(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) − 3 tan−1 3 + 𝑐 1
𝒙
√ √ = ∫ cos(𝑥−45°) 𝑑𝑥
𝑸. 𝟏𝟖: ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟒+𝟐𝒙 +𝟓 = ∫ sec(𝑥 − 45°) 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑥
= ∫ (𝑥 2 )2 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑙𝑛|sec(𝑥 − 45°) + tan(𝑥 − 45°)| + 𝑐
+2𝑥 +5
2 𝒅𝒙
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 = 𝑡 𝑸. 𝟐𝟐: ∫ 𝟏 √𝟑
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙+ 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 𝟐 𝟐
1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑑𝑡 1
2
1 =∫ 1 √3
𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 . +cos 𝑥 .
= ∫ 𝑡 2 +2𝑡+5 𝑑𝑡2 2
1
2

1 1 = ∫ sin 𝑥 . cos 60°+cos 𝑥 . sin 60° 𝑑𝑥

= 2 ∫ 𝑡 2 +2𝑡+1+5−1 𝑑𝑡
1 1
𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin(𝛼 + 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 + cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
= ∫ 𝑑𝑡 1
2 (𝑡+1)2 +22 =∫ sin(𝑥+60°)
𝑑𝑥
1 1 𝑡+1
= 2
.2 tan−1 2 + 𝑐 = ∫ cosec(𝑥 + 60°) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑢𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝑐
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 =𝑡
1 𝑥 2 +1 = 𝑙𝑛|cosec(𝑥 − 60°) + cot(𝑥 − 60°)| + 𝑐
= 4
tan−1 2 + 𝑐
𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: ∫ [𝐜𝐨𝐬 (√𝒙 − ) × (
𝒙 𝟏
− 𝟏)] 𝒅𝒙 Integration by parts.
𝟐 √𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: We know that for two functions 𝑓 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔
𝑥 1 𝑑
∫ [cos (√𝑥 − 2) × ( − 1)] 𝑑𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) + 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′(𝑥)
√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑑
𝑃𝑢𝑡 √𝑥 − = 𝑡 2  𝑓(𝑥)𝑔’(𝑥) = ((𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) = 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)
𝑑𝑥
𝑥
⟹ 𝑑 (√𝑥 − 2) = 𝑑(𝑡) Taking integrations w.r.t x𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡
1 1 𝑑
− 2 = 𝑑𝑡 ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ [ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
2√𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1 1
( − 1) = 𝑑𝑡 𝑑
2 √𝑥 = ∫( (𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)) − ∫ 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1 𝑑𝑥
( 𝑥 − 1) = 2𝑑𝑡
√
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔(𝑥) − ∫ 𝑔(𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ∫[cos 𝑡 × 2 𝑑𝑡]
= 2 ∫[cos 𝑡 𝑑𝑡] Or∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥) ∫ 𝑔′ (𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 −
=2
sin 𝑡
+𝑐 ∫(𝑔′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥)𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
1
In other words.
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡
𝑥
= 2 sin (√𝑥 − 2) + 𝑐
𝒙+𝟐 ∫(1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 )(2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑑𝑥
𝑸. 𝟐𝟎: ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝒙+𝟑
[𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒐𝒏 𝒑𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝟗] = (1𝑠𝑡 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡). ∫(2𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡. ) 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑
∫
𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫
𝑥+2+1−1
𝑑𝑥 = ∫
𝑥+3
𝑑𝑥 − − ∫(𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡. ) (𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)𝑑𝑥
√𝑥+3 √𝑥+3 √𝑥+3 𝑑𝑥
1 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √𝑥 + 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫(𝑥 + This is called “integrations by parts”
√𝑥+3 √𝑥+3
1 1
−
3) . 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑥 + 3)
2 2 .1 𝑑𝑥

11 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
Some basic rules for Integration by Exercise 3.4
parts. 𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
nd
*some the function as 2 function whose integration 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
is known or possible. ∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
*if integration of both given functions are known but 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = sin 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
one of the given function is polynomial functions then
= 𝑥 . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥)′ . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
whose polynomial function as first function.
= 𝑥 . (− cos 𝑥) − ∫[1. (− cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
*if integration of both given function are known but
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 − ∫[− cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
no one is polynomial function. Then we may choose
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + ∫[cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
any function as 1st.
= −𝑥 cos 𝑥 + sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
*if we are given only one function whose integration
= sin 𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
is unknown or cannot be easily find. 𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
𝑖. 𝑒, sin−1 𝑥, cos −1 𝑥, √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∫ ln 𝑥 . 1 𝑑𝑥
Then we take 1 as 2nd function. 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
“Review above Rules” = ln 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
= ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1st function 2nd function
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑛 𝑥𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
sin−1 𝑥 𝑥𝑛 ∫ 𝑥 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 sin−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥
tan−1 𝑥 𝑥𝑛 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑥 𝑛 tan−1 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
𝑒 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑒 = ln 𝑥 . − ∫ [𝑥 . ] 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥𝑑𝑥 2 2
𝑥2 1
𝑥𝑛 𝑘𝑛𝑥 = ln 𝑥 .2 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ 𝑙𝑛𝑥𝑥 𝑛 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 1 𝑥2
−1 tan−1 𝑥 1 = 2
ln 𝑥 − 2
. 2 +𝑐
∫ tan 𝑥𝑑𝑥 2
𝑥 1
= ( ln 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐
√𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 1 2 2
∫ √𝑎2 + 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝟐
𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
You may remember the word “ILATE” ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
I=inverse function 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 2
L=logarithmic function 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
A=algebraic function
𝑥3 1 𝑥3
T=trigonometric functions = ln 𝑥 . 3
− ∫ [𝑥 . 3
] 𝑑𝑥
E=exponential functions. 𝑥3 1
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
3 3
*Remember useful formulas* 𝑥3 1 𝑥3
1 𝑥
= 3
ln 𝑥 − 3 . 3 + 𝑐
1. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin1 ( ) + 𝑐 𝑥 3 1
√𝑎 −𝑥 𝑎
1 = ( ln 𝑥 − ) + 𝑐
3 3
2. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 𝟑
√𝑥 −𝑎 𝒗) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
3. ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 = ln |𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 + 𝑐| 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√𝑥 +𝑎
Prove that ∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒇′ (𝒙))𝒅𝒙 + 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙) + 𝒄 ∫ 𝑥 2 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Prove:∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝒇(𝒙)𝒆𝒙 − ∫ 𝒆𝒙 𝒇′ (𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 3
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) = ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓 ′ (𝑥))𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑥4 1 𝑥4
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫[ . ] 𝑑𝑥
Hence proved. 4 𝑥 4
𝑥4 1
= ln 𝑥 .4 − 4 ∫ 𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥

12 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
=
𝑥4
ln 𝑥 − .
1 𝑥4
+𝑐 𝑓 ′ (𝑥)
4 4 4 ∵ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ln|𝑓(𝑥)| + 𝑐
𝑥 4 1
𝑓(𝑥)
= 4
( ln 𝑥 − 4 ) + 𝑐
𝟒
𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝒙) ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫ 𝑥 4 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 4 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= ln 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 1 𝑥5
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫ [𝑥 . ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 1 𝑥2
5 5 = tan−1 𝑥 . − ∫[ . ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 1 2 1+𝑥 2 2
= ln 𝑥 . − ∫ 𝑥 4 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 1 𝑥 2 1
5 5 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥5 1 𝑥5 1+ 𝑥 2 √𝑥 2
= ln 𝑥 − 5 . 5 + 𝑐 𝑥2 1 1+𝑥 2 −1
5 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ ( 1+𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 ±𝑥 2 ± 1
𝑥5 1
= ( ln 𝑥 − 5 ) + 𝑐 𝑥2 1 1+𝑥 2 1 1 −1
5 = 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
−𝟏
𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝑥2 1 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − 2 tan−1 𝑥
∫ 1 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 1 1
= 2 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 2 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1 1 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = (2 tan−1 𝑥) (𝑥 2 + 1) − 2 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝟑 −𝟏
= tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
=
1
tan−1 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [1+𝑥 2 . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑥 3 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − 2 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 3
1
= 𝑥 tan−1 𝑥 − ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2
𝟐 = tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥3 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= tan−1 𝑥 .
𝑥4 1
− ∫ [1+𝑥 2 .
𝑥4
] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2 − 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 4 4
∫ 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥n 𝑥4 1 𝑥4 1 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 4
= 4 tan−1 𝑥 − 4 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 ±𝑥 4 ± 𝑥 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = sin 𝑥 4
𝑥 1 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 4 tan−1 𝑥 − 4 ∫ (𝑥 2 − 1 + 1+𝑥2 ) 𝑑𝑥 −𝑥 2
= 𝑥2 . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥2 )′ . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥4 1 1 1 1
∓𝑥 2 ∓ 1
−1 2
= tan 𝑥 − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 1
= 𝑥 2 . (− cos 𝑥) − ∫[2𝑥 . (− cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 4 4 4 4 1+𝑥 2
𝑥4 1 𝑥3 1 1
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2 ∫[𝑥 . cos 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = tan−1 𝑥 − 4 3 + 4 𝑥 − 4 tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
4
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1 4 −1 𝑥3
= [𝑥 tan 𝑥 − + 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥] + 𝑐
= −𝑥2 cos 𝑥 + 2{𝑥 . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 4 3
1 𝑥3
∫[(𝑥)′ . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} = [(𝑥 4 − 1) tan−1 𝑥 − 3 + 𝑥] + 𝑐
4
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2{𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − ∫[1 . sin 𝑥 ]} 1 𝑥3
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − 2 ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 4 [𝑥 4 tan−1 𝑥 − + 𝑥 − tan−1 𝑥] + 𝑐
3
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 . sin 𝑥 − 2(− cos 𝑥) + 𝑐 𝒙𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= −𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 + 2𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 2 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝒙𝟐 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ 𝑥 3 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥n
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 3 , 𝑉 = cos 𝑥
∫ 𝑥 2 . tan−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = tan−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 2
= 𝑥3 . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥3 )′ . ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 . (sin 𝑥) − ∫[3𝑥 2 . (sin 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(tan−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑥2 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥3 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 − 3 ∫[𝑥 2 sin 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= tan−1 𝑥 . − ∫[
1
. ] 𝑑𝑥 𝑥
3 1+𝑥 2 3 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥3 𝑥3 1 + 𝑥 2 √𝑥 3
= tan−1 𝑥
1
− 3 ∫ 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 , = 𝑥3 sin 𝑥 − 3{𝑥2 . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
3 ±𝑥 3 ± 1
𝑥3 1 𝑥 ∫[(𝑥2 )′ . ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
= 3 tan−1 𝑥 − 3 ∫ (𝑥 − 1+𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 −1 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 − 3{𝑥 2 . (− cos 𝑥) − ∫[2𝑥 (− cos 𝑥) ]}
𝑥3 1 1 2𝑥 = 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6 ∫ 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 3 tan−1 𝑥 − 3 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 3.2 ∫ 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑥3 1 𝑥2 1
= 3 tan−1 𝑥 − 3 2 + 6 ln|1 + 𝑥 2 | + 𝑐 ∫[(𝑥)′ ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫[1. sin 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
13 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥} 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6{𝑥 sin 𝑥 − (− cos 𝑥)} + 𝑐 𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 2𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 + 3𝑥2 cos 𝑥 − 6𝑥 sin 𝑥 − 6 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫[cos 2𝑥 . 2 . 𝑒 𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥
= (𝑥 3 − 6𝑥) sin 𝑥 + (3𝑥 2 − 6) cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2 ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2{cos 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫[(cos 2𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 }
∫ 1 . sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 2{cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − ∫(− sin 2𝑥) 𝑒 𝑥 dx }
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 2 ∫ 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 dx
−1
= sin 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(sin−1 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 −
= sin−1 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑠𝑘𝑖𝑝 4 ∫ sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 dx
√1−𝑥 2 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
1
= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 − −2 ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 𝑥 − 4 𝐼
1
− +1 5𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑥 (sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥)
−1 1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2
= 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 1 +𝑐 𝐼=
𝑒𝑥
(sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥)
2 − +1
2 5
1
1 (1−𝑥 2 )2 𝒙𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 1 +𝑐
2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 𝑥 sin−1 𝑥 + √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 1
∫ 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑥. 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝒙𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 1
2
∫ 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = sin 2𝑥
∫ 𝑥 . sin−1 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin−1 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑥 1
= [𝑥 . ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(𝑥)′ . ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥]
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 2
−1 −1 1 cos 2𝑥 1 cos 2𝑥
= sin 𝑥 . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(sin 𝑥) . ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
′ = 2 𝑥 . (− 2
) − 2 ∫ [1 (− 2 )] 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑥2 1 𝑥2 1 1
= sin−1 𝑥 . − ∫[ . ] 𝑑𝑥 − 4 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + 4 ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 √1−𝑥 2 2
1 1 sin 2𝑥 1
𝑥2 1 𝑥2 = − 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + + 𝑐 = [−𝑥 cos 2𝑥 +
= sin−1 𝑥 −2∫ 𝑑𝑥 4 4 2 4
2 √1−𝑥 2 sin 2𝑥 1 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
𝑥2 1 −𝑥 2 ] + 𝑐 = 4 [−𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + ]+𝑐
= sin−1 𝑥+2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 2 2
2 √1−𝑥 2 1 1
𝑥2 1 2
1−𝑥 −1 = [−𝑥 cos 2𝑥 + sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥] + 𝑐 = [sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 −
= sin−1 𝑥+2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 4 4
2 √1−𝑥 2 𝑥 cos 2𝑥] + 𝑐
𝑥2 1 1−𝑥 2 1 1
= sin−1 𝑥+ ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐
2 2 √1−𝑥 2 2 √1−𝑥 2 𝒙𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑥2 1 1 1
= sin−1 𝑥+ 2 ∫ √1 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2 √1−𝑥 2
𝑎 2 𝑥 𝑥 1+cos 2𝑥 𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝒙
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 sin−1 𝑎 + 2 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 ∫ 𝑥 cos 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 . 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑨𝒔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 =
𝟐
1 1
𝑥2 1 1 𝑥 = ∫𝑥 . (1 + cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥 cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 {2 sin−1 𝑥 + 2 √1 − 𝑥 2 } − 2 2
1 1 1 𝑥2 1
1 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = + ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 2 2 2 2 2
2
𝑥2 1 𝑥 1 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = cos 2𝑥
= 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 4 sin−1 𝑥 + 4 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 𝑥2 1
= + 2 [𝑥 . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑥′ . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥2 1 1 𝑥 4
= sin−1 𝑥 + (4 − 2) sin−1 𝑥 + 4 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑥2 1 sin 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥
2 = 4 + 2 [𝑥 . 2 − ∫ [1. 2 ] 𝑑𝑥]
𝑥2 1 𝑥
= sin−1 𝑥 − 4 sin−1 𝑥 + 4 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐 𝑥2 1 sin 2𝑥 1
2
𝒙
= 4 + 2 𝑥 . 2 − 4 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝒗) ∫ 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑥2 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = + −
4 4 4 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 2 1
= 4 (𝑥 + x sin 2𝑥 + 2 cos 2𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑏𝑦 2
1
𝐼 = 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒙𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
𝐼= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 2𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑥

14 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
1−cos 2𝑥 1
∫ 𝑥 sin2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥 . 2
𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑠 sin2 𝑥 = 1
= − 2 {sin−1 𝑥 ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 −
1−cos 2𝑥 1
−
2 ∫ [(sin−1 𝑥)′ . ∫(1 − 𝑥 2 ) 2 (−2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
1 1
= 2 ∫ 𝑥 . (1 − cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ (𝑥 − 𝑥 cos 2𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1
− +1
1 (1−𝑥 2 ) 2
1 1 1 𝑥2 = − 2 {sin−1 𝑥 1 −
= 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 2 − − +1
2
1 1 1
∫ 𝑥 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
− +1
(1−𝑥 2 ) 2 1 (1−𝑥 2 )2
2 ∫ [√1−𝑥 2 . 1 ] 𝑑𝑥} = − 2 {sin−1 𝑥 1 −
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 𝑥 , 𝑉 = cos 2𝑥 − +1
2 2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1
1 (1−𝑥 2 )2
𝑥2 1 ∫ [√1−𝑥 2 . ] 𝑑𝑥}
= 4
− 2 [𝑥 . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑥′ . ∫ cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥] 1
2
𝑥2 1 sin 2𝑥 sin 2𝑥 1
=
4
− [𝑥 .
2 2
− ∫ [1.
2
] 𝑑𝑥] = − {2 sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 − ∫[2] 𝑑𝑥} =
2
𝑥 2 1 sin 2𝑥 1 1
= − 2 𝑥 . 2 + 4 ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 {2 sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 − 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥} =
4
𝑥2 x sin 2𝑥 1 − cos 2𝑥 − sin−1 𝑥 √1 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
= 4
− 4 + 4( 2 ) + 𝑐
1 1 = 𝑥 − √1 − 𝑥 2 sin−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
= (𝑥 2 − x sin 2𝑥 − cos 2𝑥) + 𝑐
4 2 𝐐. 𝟐: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔:
( 𝟐
𝒙𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝒊) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫( ln 𝑥)2 . 1 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ( ln 𝑥)2 , 𝑉 = 1 ∫ tan4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 . tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ( ln 𝑥)2 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(( ln 𝑥)2 )′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 ( sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 = ∫ tan2 𝑥 sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫( sec 2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ( ln 𝑥)2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [2(ln 𝑥) 𝑥 . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
tan3 𝑥
2
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥) − 2 ∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3
− ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
tan3 𝑥
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[∫ (ln 𝑥) .1 𝑑𝑥] = − tan 𝑥 + 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟒 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[ln 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥] ∫ sec 4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2 [ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [𝑥 . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥] = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 . sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 (1 + tan2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ sec 2 𝑥 tan2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2[𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥] + 𝑐 tan3 𝑥
= 𝑥( ln 𝑥)2 − 2𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 𝑐 = tan 𝑥 + 3
+𝑐
= 𝑥 ln 𝑥 (ln 𝑥 − 2 ) + 2𝑥 + 𝑐 = tan 𝑥 +
1
tan3 𝑥 + 𝑐
3
𝒙𝒙) ∫ 𝐥𝐧(𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙) 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝐭𝐚𝐧𝟑 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
∫ ln(tan 𝑥) sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln(tan 𝑥) , 𝑉 = sec 2 𝑥 ∫ tan3 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∫ tan2 𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= ln(tan 𝑥) . ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − = ∫(sec 2 𝑥 − 1) tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫[[ln(tan 𝑥) ]′ . ∫ sec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sec 2 𝑥 sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec2 𝑥 1
= ln(tan 𝑥) . tan 𝑥 − ∫ [ . tan 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = sec 3 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 + 𝑐
tan 𝑥 3
2
= tan 𝑥 . ln(tan 𝑥) − ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒗) ∫ 𝐱 𝟑 𝒆𝟓𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= tan 𝑥 . ln(tan 𝑥) − tan 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒙 . 𝐬𝐢𝐧−𝟏 𝒙 ∫ x 3 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝒙𝒊) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
√𝟏 − 𝒙𝟐 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = x 3 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑥 . sin−1 𝑥 1
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ sin−1
𝑥 [(1 − 𝑥 2 )−2
(−2𝑥)] = x 3 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(x 3 )′ . ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
√1−𝑥 2 −2
𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥
−1 2 −
1
= x3 − ∫ 3𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 𝑥 , 𝑉 = (1 − 𝑥 ) 2 (−2𝑥) 5 5
5𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 3 𝑒 3
= x 5 − 5 {∫ 𝑥 2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
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𝑒 5𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥 3 9
= x3 − 5 {x 2 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(x 2 )′ . ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 𝐼 + 𝑐1
5 2 4 4
𝑒 5𝑥 3 2 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 9 𝑒 2𝑥 3 2𝑥
= x3 − {x − ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 + 4 𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 2
+ 4 sin 3𝑥 𝑒 + 𝑐1
5 5 5 5 13 3𝑒 2𝑥
𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 + 𝑐1
4 4 2
= x3 5
− 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 25 ∫ 𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑒 2𝑥 3 4
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝐼 = 13 2 (cos 3𝑥 + 2 sin 3𝑥) + 13 𝑐1
𝑒 5𝑥 2 3
= x3
3 6
− 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 25 {𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 = 13 𝑒 2𝑥 (cos 3𝑥 + 2 sin 3𝑥) +
5
4
∫[(x)′ . ∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 =𝑐
13 1
𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 3 2
= x3 − 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 25 {𝑥 5 − ∫ 1 . 5 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 = 𝑒 2𝑥 (sin 3𝑥 + cos 3𝑥 ) + 𝑐
5 13 3
𝑒 5𝑥 𝟑
= x3
3
− x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 +
6
𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 −
6
∫ 𝑒 5𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝐜𝐨𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
5 25 125 125
𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 6 𝑒 5𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= x 3 5 − 25 x 2 𝑒 5𝑥 + 125 𝑥 𝑒 5𝑥 − 125 5 + 𝑐 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 5𝑥 3 6 6
= 5 (x 3 − 5 x 2 + 25 𝑥 − 125) + 𝑐 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = cosec 𝑥 , 𝑉 = cosec 2 𝑥
−𝒙
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝒆 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = cosec 𝑥 ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫[(cosec 𝑥)′ . ∫ cosec 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ sin 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = cosec 𝑥 (− cot 𝑥) − ∫[(− cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥)(− cot 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 2𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ cosec 𝑥 cot 2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ cosec 𝑥 (cosec2 𝑥 − 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 2𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − ∫ cosec3 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 − I + ∫ cosec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = sin 2𝑥 − ∫ [(cos 2𝑥 . 2) ] 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1
−𝑥 −𝑥 2𝐼 = −cosec 𝑥 cot 𝑥 + ln|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥| + 𝑐1
𝐼 = −𝑒 sin 2𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑒 cos 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
𝐼 = − [ cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − ln|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥|] + 𝑐1
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 2 2
1
𝐼= −𝑒 −𝑥sin 2𝑥 + 2{cos 2𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐼 = − [ cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥 − ln|cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥|] + 𝑐
2
∫[(cos 2𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑻𝑰𝑻 𝑩𝑰𝑻:
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 2 {cos 2𝑥 −
−1 Jab pure quadratic equation h aur us ka derivative b
𝑒 −𝑥
∫ [(− sin 2𝑥. 2) −1
] 𝑑𝑥} majood na h t substituition s solve karty h aur
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − substitution m trigonometry functions hi let karty
4 ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 lakin j c s start hu w let nai karny nai t book answer
𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 4𝐼 + 𝑐1 ni aye ga ut jin pure quadratic equation walay
5𝐼 = −𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 − 2 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 + 𝑐1 1
questions ki power 2 h t un k ap by parts integration
2 1 𝑐
𝐼 = − 5 cos 2𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 5 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 2𝑥 + 51 k method s b kar saktay h.
2 1 −𝑥
𝐼= − 5 𝑒 −𝑥 (cos 2𝑥 + 2
𝑒 sin 2𝑥) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 =
𝑐1
5 𝑸. 𝟑: 𝑺𝒉𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒃𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝟐𝒙
𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑𝒙 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 𝒆𝒂𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧(𝒃𝒙 − 𝐭𝐚𝐧−𝟏 ( )
√ 𝒂𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐 𝒂
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +𝒄
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = cos 3𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(cos 3𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = sin 𝑏𝑥 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 2
− ∫ [(− sin 3𝑥 . 3) 2
] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(sin 𝑏𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑒 2𝑥 3 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + ∫[sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 ] 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑎
– ∫ [cos 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑏.
𝑎
] 𝑑𝑥
22
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏
𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – ∫ cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑎
𝑒2𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥
2
+ 32 {sin 3𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
∫[(sin 3𝑥)′ ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥} 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥
𝑏
– {cos 𝑏𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 −
𝑎 𝑎
𝑒 2𝑥 3 𝑒 2𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 + {sin 3𝑥 2 − ∫[(cos 𝑏𝑥)′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥}
2 2
2𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑒 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – {cos 𝑏𝑥 − ∫ [−sin 𝑏𝑥 . 𝑏. ] 𝑑𝑥}
∫ [cos 3𝑥 . 3 . 2 ] 𝑑𝑥} 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑏2
𝑒 2𝑥 3 9 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − ∫ sin 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼 = cos 3𝑥 2 + sin 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 − 4 ∫ cos 3𝑥 𝑒 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2
4 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏 𝑏2
𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 − 𝐼 + 𝑐1
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2

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Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
𝑏2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑏
𝐼+ 𝐼 = sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 . 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2

(
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
) 𝐼 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin 𝑏𝑥
1
–
𝑏
cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐1 𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑎2 1
𝑎
𝑏 𝑎2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin 𝑏𝑥 – cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐 ′
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 1 𝐼 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎
𝐼= 𝑒 sin 𝑏𝑥 – 𝑏 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 2𝑥
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝑎2 𝐼 = √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑐 (𝐴) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑐 =𝑐 2√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 1 𝑥2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 (1) , 𝑏 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃 (2) 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑆𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑑𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2) 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 +𝑎2
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 (1) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2)
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 −𝑎 2
𝑟 sin 𝜃 𝑏 𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑎2
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2 cos 2 𝜃 + 𝑟 2 sin2 𝜃 = 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑎 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2 √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑏 1
𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 = 𝑟 2 (cos 2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) tan 𝜃 = 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − ∫ √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑎2 ∫ √𝑥 2 −𝑎2 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
2 2 2 −1 𝑏
𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑟 ⟹ 𝑟 = √ 𝑎2 + 𝑏 2 𝜃 = tan ( ) 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔
1
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
𝑎 ∫ √𝑥 2 −𝑎2
𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑛 (𝐴)
1 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝐼 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐1
𝐼 = 2 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑟 cos 𝜃 sin 𝑏𝑥 – 𝑟 sin 𝜃 cos 𝑏𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑎 +𝑏
𝑟 𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐1
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (cos 𝜃 sin 𝑏𝑥 – sin 𝜃 cos 𝑏𝑥) +
𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝑐 (𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛) 2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑎2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐1
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑐1
𝐼=
√ 𝑎2 +𝑏 2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin
𝑏𝑥 cos 𝜃 – cos 𝑏𝑥 sin 𝜃) + 𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 2
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 2
𝑎2 +𝑏 2 2
𝑥 𝑎
𝑐 (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑟) 𝐼= √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐
1 2 2
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (sin(𝑏𝑥 − 𝜃))𝑐 𝑐1
√ 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 2
=𝑐
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 sin(𝛼 − 𝛽) = sin 𝛼 cos 𝛽 – cos 𝛼 sin 𝛽
1 𝑏 𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ √𝟒 − 𝟓𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝐼= 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sin(𝑏𝑥 − tan−1 ( ) + 𝑐
√ 𝑎2 +𝑏 2 𝑎
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
−1 𝑏
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝜃 = tan ( ) ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑. 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √4 − 5𝑥 2 . 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑎
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √4 − 5𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑸. 𝟒: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔: 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
′
𝐼 = √4 − 5𝑥 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√4 − 5𝑥 2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝒊) ∫ √𝒂𝟐 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 I = √4 − 5𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [
−10𝑥
. 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
2√4−5𝑥 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: −5𝑥 2
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 . 1 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−5𝑥 2
4−5𝑥 2 −4
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = 1 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−5𝑥 2
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 4−5𝑥 2 4
′ 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
√4−5𝑥 2 √4−5𝑥 2
𝐼= √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√𝑎2 − 𝑥2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1
−2𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ √4 − 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
I = √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 4
√5( −𝑥 2 )
2√𝑎2 −𝑥 2 5
−𝑥 2
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − ∫ √4 − 5𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 +
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 4 1
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 −𝑎2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝐼=𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥2 −∫ 𝑑𝑥 √5 2
√( 2 ) −𝑥 2
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √5
𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 𝑎2 1 𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐
√𝑎 2 −𝑥 2 √𝑎 2 −𝑥 2
1
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑎2 ∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 4 𝑥
√𝑎 −𝑥 𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 − 5𝑥 2 − 𝐼 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 𝑐1
1 𝑥 √5
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐 √5
√5𝑥 4
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 − 𝐼 + 𝑎2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐1
𝑥 2𝐼 = 𝑥 √4 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 𝑐1
− 5𝑥 2
√5
𝑥 𝑥 2 √5𝑥 𝑐
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 sin−1 + 𝑐1 𝐼 = 2 √4 − 5𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 21
𝑎 √5
𝑥
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 sin−1 𝑎 + 𝑐1 𝑥 2 √5𝑥 𝑐
𝐼 = 2 √4 − 5𝑥 2 + sin−1 ( 2 ) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 21 =
√5
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑐1
𝐼= 2
√𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 2
sin−1 𝑎 + 2
𝑐
𝑥 𝑎2 𝑥 𝑐1
𝐼= √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + sin−1 𝑎 +𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 = 𝒊𝒗) ∫ √𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙
2 2 2
𝑐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝒊𝒊) ∫ √𝒙𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 . 1 𝑑𝑥
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √3 − 4𝑥 2 , 𝑉 = 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
17 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2
= x2 𝑎
− 𝑎 {∫ 𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥}
′
𝐼 = √3 − 4𝑥 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√3 − 4𝑥 2 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑔𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑠
I = √3 − 4𝑥 2 . 𝑥 − ∫ [
−8𝑥
. 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
2√3−4𝑥 2 = x2 − {x − ∫ 1. 𝑑𝑥}
−4𝑥 2
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = x2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥 2
− 𝑎2 x 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
√3−4𝑥 2
𝑎
3−4𝑥 2 −3 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 2 𝑒 2 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
√3−4𝑥 2 = x 𝑎 − 𝑎2 x 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑎
+𝑐
3−4𝑥 2 3 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛
√3−4𝑥 2 √3−4𝑥 2 𝑎
1 𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 3
𝑑𝑥 = (x 2 −
2𝑥 2
+ 𝑎2 ) + 𝑐
√4( −𝑥 2 ) 𝑎 𝑎
4
3 1 𝐐. 𝟓: 𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍𝒔:
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − ∫ √3 − 4𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝟏
2 𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝐥𝐧 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
√(√3) −𝑥 2
2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑎2 −𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = sin−1 +𝑐 = ∫ 𝑒 1 . 𝑥 (1 . ln 𝑥 + ) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑎 𝑥
3
𝐼 = 𝑥 √3 − 4𝑥 2 − 𝐼 + 2 sin−1 ( √3 ) + 𝑐1
𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑒𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
2 = 𝑒 1.𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √3
3 2𝑥
+ 2 sin−1 ( 3) + 𝑐1
− 4𝑥 2 = 𝑒 𝑥 ln 𝑥 + 𝑐
√
𝑥 3 2𝑥 𝑐
𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝐼 = 2 √3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4 sin−1 ( 3) + 21 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
√
𝑥 3 2𝑥
𝐼 = 2 √3 − 4𝑥 2 + 4 sin−1 ( 3) + 𝑐 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒
𝑐1
= = ∫ 𝑒 1 . 𝑥 (1. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√ 2
∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝒗) ∫ √𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑒 1.𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 𝑒 𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝟏
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝐼 = ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4 . 1 𝑑𝑥 𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆𝒂𝒙 (𝒂 𝐬𝐞𝐜 −𝟏 𝒙 + ) 𝒅𝒙
𝒙√𝒙𝟐 −𝟏
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = √𝑥 2 + 4 , 𝑉 = 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 (𝑎 sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑥√𝑥 2 −1) 𝑑𝑥
1
′
𝐼 = √𝑥 2 + 4 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ [(√𝑥 2 + 4 ) . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
2𝑥
𝐼 = √𝑥 2 + 4 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 sec −1 𝑥 + 𝑐
2√𝑥 2 +4 𝟑 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝑥2 𝒊𝒗) ∫ 𝒆𝟑𝒙 ( ) 𝒅𝒙
𝐼=𝑥 √𝑥 2 +4−∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙
√𝑥 2 +4
𝑥 2 +4−4
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3 sin 𝑥 cos 𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 ( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +4 4
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3 cos 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥.sin 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4 √ √𝑥 2 +4
1
𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 − ∫ √𝑥 2 + 4 𝑑𝑥 + 4 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 3𝑥 (3 cosec 𝑥 − cot 𝑥 cosec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
√𝑥 2 +4
1 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ √𝑥 2 +𝑎2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 + 𝑎2 | +
2 𝑐
= 𝑒 3𝑥 cosec 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝐼 = 𝑥√𝑥 2 + 4 − 𝐼 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐1 𝒗) ∫ 𝒆𝟐𝒙 (− 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 + 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
𝐼 + 𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2𝐼 = 𝑥 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 4𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐1 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 − sin 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑥 4
𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | +
𝑐1 = ∫ 𝑒 2𝑥 (2 cos 𝑥 + (− sin 𝑥))𝑑𝑥
2 ∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑥
𝐼 = 2 √𝑥 2 + 4 + 2 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + √𝑥 2 + 22 | + 𝑐 = 𝑒 2𝑥 cos 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑐1 𝒙 𝒆𝒙
𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 2
=𝑐 𝒗𝒊) ∫ (𝟏+𝒙)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒂𝒙
𝒗𝒊) ∫ 𝐱 𝒆 𝒅𝒙 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1+𝑥−1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [ (1+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
∫ x 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 1
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = x 2 , 𝑉 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(1+𝑥)2 − (1+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 1 1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [1+𝑥 − (1+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
= x 2 ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(x 2 )′ . ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1
= x2
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
− ∫ 2𝑥
𝑒 𝑎𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑥. +𝑐
1+𝑥
𝑎 𝑎 −𝒙 (𝐜𝐨𝐬
𝒗𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝒆 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)𝒅𝒙
18 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: Integration involving Partial
= ∫ 𝑒 −𝑥 (− sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 −1 . 𝑥 (−1. sin 𝑥 + cos 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 Fraction
∵ ∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐
= 𝑒 −1.𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝐼𝑓 𝑃(𝑥), 𝑄(𝑥)𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑤𝑜 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑄(𝑥)
≠0
= 𝑒 −𝑥 sin 𝑥 + 𝑐
−𝟏 𝒙 In rational fraction
𝒆𝒎 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝑃(𝑥)
𝒗𝒊𝒊𝒊) ∫ 𝟏+𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑛𝑑
𝑄(𝑥)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: Quadratic (irreducible) factors then the rational function is
−1 1
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑚 tan 𝑥 1+𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 written as as a sum of simpler rational functions, each of
which can be integrated by methods already known.
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = tan−1 𝑥
1 Here we discuss examples of the three cases of partial
𝑑𝑦 = 1+𝑥2 𝑑𝑥 fraction and then apply integrated.
−1 𝑥
𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝑒 𝑚 tan Case1.
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑚𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = +𝑐 = +𝑐
𝑚 𝑚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑛 − 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠. 𝑒. 𝑔;
−1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = tan 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵
𝟐𝒙 = +
𝒊𝒙) ∫ 𝒅𝒙 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏) 𝑥 + 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
−𝑥+6 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: Or = + + 𝑒. 𝑡𝑐
(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)(𝑥−4) 𝑥−2 𝑥−3 𝑥−4
2𝑥 1+sin 𝑥 2𝑥(1+sin 𝑥)
∫ 1−sin 𝑥 × 1+sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1−sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = Case2.
2𝑥(1−sin 𝑥) 1 sin 𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 (cos2 𝑥 + cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
cos2 𝑥 𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
2
= ∫ 2𝑥(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 2𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 = + +
(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑏)2 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 + 𝑏 (𝑥 + 𝑏)2
∫ 2𝑥 tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + 𝑒. 𝑡. 𝑐
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = 2𝑥 , 𝑉 = sec 2 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑈 = 2𝑥 , (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 1)2 𝑥 + 1
𝑉 = tan 𝑥 sec 𝑥 Case3.
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈 ′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑄(𝑥)𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛 𝑛𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑𝑢𝑐𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐
= [2𝑥 tan 𝑥 − ∫ 2(1) tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] + [2𝑥 sec 𝑥 − 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠.
𝑃(𝑥) 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
∫ 2(1) sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥] = +
(𝑥 + 𝑏)(𝑥 2 + 𝑐) 𝑥 + 𝑏 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
= 2𝑥 . tan 𝑥 − 2 ln|sec 𝑥| + 2𝑥 . sec 𝑥 − 2 𝑙𝑛|sec 𝑥 + 1 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
tan 𝑥| + 𝑐 2
= + 2
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥
𝒆𝒙 (𝟏+𝒙)
𝒙) ∫ (𝟐+𝒙)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2−1+𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [ (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥 Exercise 3.5
(2+𝑥)−1 Evaluate the following integrals.
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 [ (2+𝑥)2
] 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥+1
2+𝑥 1 Q1. ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [(2+𝑥)2 − (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥+1
1 1
Solution: ∫ 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6 𝑑𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 [2+𝑥 − (2+𝑥)2 ] 𝑑𝑥
Now
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 3𝑥+1 𝐴 𝐵
1 = 𝑥−3 + 𝑥+2
= 𝑒 𝑥 . 2+𝑥 + 𝑐 𝑥 2 −𝑥−6
𝟏−𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝒙𝒊) ∫ ( 𝟏−𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 ) 𝒆𝒙 𝒅𝒙
 3𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝑥 𝑥
1−2 sin cos
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 ( 2
𝑥
2
) 𝑑𝑥 3(3) + 1 = 𝐴(3 + 2) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ 5𝐴 = 10 ⇒ 𝐴
2 sin2
2
2 sin cos
𝑥 𝑥 =2
1
= ∫ 𝑒𝑥 ( 𝑥 − 2
𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑥
2
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
2 sin2 2 sin2
2 2
1 𝑥 𝑥 3(−2) + 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−2 − 3) ⇒ −5𝐵
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (2 cosec 2 2 − cot 2) 𝑑𝑥
= −6 + 1
𝑥 1 𝑥
= ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 (− cot 2 + 2 cosec 2 2) 𝑑𝑥 ⇒−5𝐵 = −5 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
∫ 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 [𝑎 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑓′(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑥 𝑓(𝑥) + 𝑐 3𝑥 + 1 2 1
𝑠𝑜 2 = +
𝑥
= 𝑒 𝑥 (− cot ) + 𝑐 = −𝑒 𝑥 cot + 𝑐
𝑥 𝑥 −𝑥−6 𝑥−3 𝑥+2
2 2 3𝑥 + 1 1 1
⇒∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ +∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥−6 𝑥−3 𝑥+2
= 2 ln|𝑥 − 3| + ln|𝑥 + 2| + 𝑐
19 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
5𝑥+8
Q2. ∫ (𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥+8 = 𝑥 − 2 ln|𝑥 − 3| + 3 ln|𝑥 + 5| + 𝑐
Solution: ∫ (𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) 𝑑𝑥 (𝒂−𝒃)𝒙
Q4.∫ (𝒙−𝒂)(𝒙−𝒃) 𝒅𝒙, (𝒂 > 𝒃)
Now. (𝒂−𝒃)𝒙
5𝑥 + 8 𝐴 𝐵 Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝒂)(𝒙−𝒃) 𝒅𝒙
= +
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) 𝑥 + 3 2𝑥 − 1 Now
 5𝑥 + 8 = 𝐴(2𝑥 − 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 3) → (𝑖) (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 𝐴 𝐵
1 = +
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏
2 ⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 𝑏) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑎) → (𝑖)
1 1
 5 (2) + 8 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 + 3) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
5+16 1+6 ⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑎 = 𝐴(𝑎 − 𝑏) + 𝐵(𝑎 − 𝑎)
 = 𝐵( ) ⇒ 7𝐵 = 21 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3
2 2 (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑏 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(𝑎 − 𝑏) ⇒ 𝐴 = 𝑎
Put 𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 𝑏 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑏 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
 5(−3) + 8 = 𝐴(2(−3) − 1) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑏 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(𝑏 − 𝑎)
 −15 + 8 = −7𝐴 ⇒ −7 = −7𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 (𝑎 − 𝑏). 𝑏 = −𝐵(𝑎 − 𝑏)
5𝑥+8 1 3
So = + 𝑏 = −𝐵
(𝑥+3)(2𝑥−1) 𝑥+3 2𝑥−1
5𝑥 + 8 𝐵 = −𝑏
∫ 𝑑𝑥 Thus
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1)
1 1 (𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥 𝑎 −𝑏
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = +
𝑥+3 2𝑥 − 1 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏) 𝑥 − 𝑎 𝑥 − 𝑏
(𝑎 − 𝑏)𝑥
∫ 𝑑𝑥
3 2 (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 − 𝑏)
= ln|𝑥 + 3| + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑎 𝑏
2 2𝑥 − 1
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
5𝑥 + 8 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑏
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 + 3)(2𝑥 − 1) = 𝑎𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑎| − 𝑏𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 𝑏| + 𝑐
3 3−𝑥
Q5. ∫ 1−𝑥−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
= ln|𝑥 + 3| + ln|2𝑥 − 1| + 𝑐
2 3−𝑥 ∵ 1 − 𝑥 − 6𝑥 2
Solution: ∫ 1−𝑥−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −6𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
Now -3𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) + 1(2𝑥 + 1)
3−𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 (2𝑥 + 1)(1 − 3𝑥)
= 2𝑥+1 + 1−3𝑥
1−𝑥−6𝑥 2
𝒙𝟐 +𝟑𝒙−𝟑𝟒
Q3. ∫ 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙−𝟏𝟓 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 3 − 𝑥 = 𝐴(1 − 3𝑥) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 1) → (𝑖)
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−34
1
Solution: ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 𝑑𝑥 𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
2
𝑥−19 1 1
So ∫ (1 + 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15) 𝑑𝑥 1 ⇒3 − (− 2) = 𝐴 (1 − 3 (− 2) + 𝐵(0))
2
𝑥−19
= ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15√𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 34 1 3
⇒3 + 2 = 𝐴 (1 + 2) ⇒ 2 = 𝐴 (2)
7 5
2
𝑥−19 𝐴 𝐵
±𝑥 ± 2𝑥 ∓ 15
7
𝑁𝑜𝑤 = 𝑥−3 + 𝑥+5 → (𝑖) 𝑥 − 19 ⇒𝐴 = 2
𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15
⇒𝑥 − 19 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 5) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖𝑖)∵ 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 15 𝑃𝑢𝑡 1 − 3𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 1 = 3𝑥 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
3
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) = 𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 15 1 1
⇒ 3 − 19 = 𝐴(3 + 5) + 𝐵(0) 𝑥(𝑥 + 5) − 3(𝑥 + 5) ⇒ 3 − = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 ( ) + 1)
3 3
⇒ −16 = 8𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −2 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 5) 9−1 2+3 8
𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 5 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −5 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) = 𝐵( ) ⇒ 8 = 5𝐵 ⇒
3 3 5
⇒ −5 − 19 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−5 − 3) ⇒ −24 So
= −8𝐵 3−𝑥 7/5 8/5
⇒𝐵=3 2
= +
1 − 𝑥 − 6𝑥 2𝑥 + 1 1 − 3𝑥
𝑥 − 19 2 3 3−𝑥 7 1 8 1
: ∫ 1−𝑥−6𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = 5 ∫ 2𝑥+1 𝑑𝑥 + 5 ∫ 1−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(𝑖) ⇒ 2 =− +
𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 15 𝑥−3 𝑥+5
7 2 8 −3
Thus, = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 2 +3𝑥−34 −2 3 10 2𝑥 + 1 15 1 − 3𝑥
. ∫ 𝑥 2 +2𝑥−15 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 1𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥−3 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑥+5 𝑑𝑥

20 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
7 8 4
= ln|2𝑥 + 1| − ln|1 − 3𝑥| + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 (− ) − 1) ⇒ 1
10 5 3
𝟐𝒙
Q.6∫ 𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 −8 − 3
= 𝐵( )
𝟐𝒙 3
Solution: ∫ 𝒙𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒅𝒙 3
⇒ 3 = −11𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −
Now 11
𝟐
2𝑥 𝐴 𝐵 𝟏 −𝟑/𝟏𝟏
2 2
= + ∵ 𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 So, 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 = 𝟏𝟏
+
𝑥 −𝑎 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎 2𝑥−1 3𝑥+4
= (𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐 𝟏 𝟑
⇒∫ 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟏𝟏 ∫ 𝟐𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟏𝟏 ∫ 𝟑𝒙+𝟒 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 2𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 𝑎) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 𝑎) → (𝑖) 1 1
Put 𝑥 − 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) = ln|2𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|3𝑥 + 4| + 𝑐
11 11
⇒2𝑎 = 𝐴(𝑎 + 𝑎) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ 2𝑎 = 2𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 1 2𝑥 − 1
Put 𝑥 + 𝑎 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −𝑎 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) = ln | |+𝑐
11 3𝑥 + 4
⇒ 2(−𝑎) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−𝑎 − 𝑎) ⇒ −2𝑎 = −2𝑎𝐵 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝒙−𝟕
Q.8∫ 𝒅𝒙
⇒𝐵=1 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟑𝒙−𝟐
2𝑥 1 1 𝑥
So 𝑥 2−𝑎2 = 𝑥−𝑎 + 𝑥+𝑎
𝟐𝒙 1 1 2𝑥2 − 3𝑥 − 2√2𝑥3 − 3𝑥2 − 𝑥 − 7
∫ 𝟐 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ±2𝑥 3 ± 3𝑥 2 ∓ 2𝑥
𝒙 −𝒂 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥+𝑎
= ln|𝑥 − 𝑎| + ln|𝑥 + 𝑎| + 𝑐 𝑥−7
= ln|(𝑥 − 𝑎)(𝑥 + 𝑎)| + 𝑐 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 𝑥−7
= ln|𝑥 2 − 𝑎2 | + 𝑐 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 + 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2
Q.7∫ 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙 𝑥−7
= ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝟏
Solution: ∫ 𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙−𝟒 𝒅𝒙 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 2
𝑁𝑂𝑤
Now ∵ 6𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 − 6 𝑥−7 𝐴 𝐵 ∵ 2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2
1 𝐴 𝐵
2
= 6𝑥 − 3𝑥 + 8𝑥 − 4 (𝑥−2)(2𝑥+1)
= 𝑥−2 + 2𝑥+1 = 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2
= 2𝑥−1 + 3𝑥+4 3𝑥(2𝑥 − 1) + 4(2𝑥 − 1)
(2𝑥−1)(3𝑥+4) 𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2) → (𝑖)3𝑥(𝑥 − 2) + 1(𝑥 − 2))
(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 4)
⇒ 1 = 𝐴(3𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(2𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖) ⇒𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) (𝑥 − 2)(3𝑥 + 1)
1
Put2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) ⇒2 − 7 = 𝐴(2(2) + 1) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ −5 = 5𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − 55 =
1 3+8 −1
⇒1 = 𝐴 (3 (2) + 4) + 𝐵(0) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 ( )
2 𝐴 = −1
3
⇒3 = −11𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = − 11 1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
4 2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 1
⇒− 2 − 7 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (− 2 − 2) ⇒
1 −1−14
=
3 2
4 −8−3 −1−4
⇒1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵 (2 (− 3) − 1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐵 ( 3 ) 𝐵( 2 )
3 ⇒−15 = −5𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3
⇒ 3 = −11𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −
11 So
So 𝑥−7 −1 3
1 𝐴 𝐵 = +
2𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 − 2 𝑥 − 2 2𝑥 + 1
= + 2𝑥2 −3𝑥2 −𝑥−7
(2𝑥 − 1)(3𝑥 + 4) 2𝑥 − 1 3𝑥 + 4 Thus∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑥 = ∫
1
𝑑𝑥 +
2𝑥2 −3𝑥−2 𝑥−2
1 = 𝐴(3𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(2𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖) 1
1 3∫ 𝑑𝑥
2𝑥+!
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
2 𝑥2 3 2
1 3 = − ln|𝑥 − 2| + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 1 = 𝐴 (3 ( ) + 4) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 ( + 4) 2 2 2𝑥 + 1
2 2 𝑥2 3
3+8 11 2 = − ln|𝑥 − 2| + ln|2𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
⇒ 1 = 𝐴( ) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴( ) ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 2
2 2 11 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟏𝟐𝒙+𝟏𝟏
4 Q.9∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟐)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
Put 3𝑥 + 4 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 3 put in (i)
3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+11
Solution: ∫ (𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 𝑑𝑥
Now

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3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+11 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝒙−𝟏
= 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−3 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3) 𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑)
3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 11 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
+ 𝐶(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2) → (𝑖) = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 − ∫
𝟑 𝒙 𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝟓 𝟏
⇒3(1)2 − 12(1) + 11 = 𝐴(1 − 2)(1 − 3) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0) + ∫
𝟔 𝒙−𝟑
= 3 − 12 + 11 = 𝐴(−1)(−2) 1 1 5
⇒ 2 = 2𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 = − ln|𝑥| + ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐
3 2 6
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟔
Q.11∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)(𝟐𝒙+𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
⇒3(2)2 − 12(2) + 11 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(2 − 1)(2 − 3) + 𝐶(0)
⇒ 12 − 24 + 11 = −𝐵 𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟔
Solution: ∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)(𝟐𝒙+𝟑) 𝒅𝒙
⇒ −1 = −𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) Now
⇒3(3)2 − 12(3) + 11 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(3 − 1)(3 − 2) 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔
=
⇒ 3(9) − 36 + 11 = 𝐶(2)(1) (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3)
⇒ 27 − 36 + 11 = 2𝐶 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 3
⇒ 2 = 2𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
So 5𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3)
3𝑥 2 −12𝑥+11 1 1 1
+ 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥
= 𝑥−1 + 𝑥−2 + 𝑥−3 − 1)
(𝑥−1)(𝑥−2)(𝑥−3)
3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 + 11 Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 − 3) 5(−1)2 + 9(−1) + 6
1 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−1 − 1)(2(−1) + 3)
=∫ 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 𝐶(0)
𝑥−1 𝑥−2
1 ⇒ 5 − 9 + 6 = 𝐵(−2)(1)
+∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−3 ⇒ 2 = −2𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + ln|𝑥 − 2| + ln|𝑥 − 3| + 𝑐 Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
𝟐𝒙−𝟏
Q10.∫ 𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 5(1)2 + 9(1) + 6
𝟐𝒙−𝟏 = 𝐴(1 + 1)(2(1) + 3) + 𝐵(0)
Solution: ∫ 𝒙(𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙−𝟑) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝐶(0)
Now ⇒ 5 + 9 + 6 = 𝐴(2)(5) ⇒ 20 = 𝐴10 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2`
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 3
Put 2𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
= + +
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝒙 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 − 𝟑 3 2 3
𝟐𝒙 − 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 − 3) + 𝐵(𝑥)(𝑥 − 3) ⇒ 5 (− ) + 9 (− ) + 6
2 2
+ 𝐶(𝑥)(𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0)
𝑃𝑢𝑡𝑥 = 0 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 3 3
+ 𝐶 (− + 1) (− − 1)
2(0) − 1 = 𝐴(0 − 1)(0 − 3) + 𝐵(0)(𝐶(0) 2 2
1 9 27 −3 + 2 −3 − 2
⇒ −1 = 𝐴(−1)(−3) ⇒ −1 = 3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − 5 ( ) + (− ) + 6 = 𝐶 ( )( )
3 4 2 2 2
Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 45 27 1 5
− + 6 = 𝐶 (− ) (− )
⇒2(1) − 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(1)(1 − 3) + 𝐶(0) 4 2 2 2
1 45 − 54 + 24 5
⇒ 1 = 𝐵(−2) ⇒ 𝐵 = − =𝐶
2 4 4
Put 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) ⇒ 15 = 5𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 3
⇒ 2(3) − 1 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(3)(3 − 1) 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔 𝟓𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟔
=
5 (𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏)(𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)(2𝑥 + 3)
⇒ 5 = 6𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 −1 3
6 = 𝑥 − 1 + 𝑥 + 1 + 2𝑥 + 3
So
𝟓𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟔 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑 𝟐
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 −𝟏 −𝟏 𝟓 :∫
(𝒙𝟐 −𝟏)(𝟐𝒙+𝟑)
𝒅𝒙 = 𝟐 ∫
𝒙−𝟏
𝒅𝒙 − 𝟏 ∫
𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + ∫
𝟐 𝟐𝒙+𝟑
𝒅𝒙
= + +
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟑𝒙 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟑) 3
𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟓 = 2 ln|𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| + |2𝑥 + 3| + 𝑐
=− − + 2
𝒙(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟑𝒙 𝟐(𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟔(𝒙 − 𝟑) 𝟒+𝟕𝒙
Q12.∫ (𝟏+𝒙)𝟐 (𝟐+𝟑𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
Solution:
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𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 Put𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝟏 + 𝒙)𝟐 (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) ⇒ 2(1)2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(1 + 1) + 𝐶(0)
Now ⇒ 2 = 2𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪 Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
= + +
(𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) 𝟏 + 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 ⇒ 2(−1)2 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(𝑜) + 𝐶(−1 − 1)2
⇒ 4 + 7𝑥 = 𝐴(1 + 𝑥)(2𝑥 + 3) + 𝐵(2𝑥 + 3) 1
2 = 4𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 =
+ 𝐶(1 + 𝑥)2 → (𝑖) 2
Put 1 + 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) From (i)
⇒ 4 + 7(−1) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−2 + 3) + 𝐶(0) 2𝑥 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1 − 2𝑥)
⇒ −3 = 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −3 ⇒2𝑥 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶 − 2𝐶𝑥
2 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝑃𝑢𝑡 2 + 3𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = − 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 1 1
3 ⇒2 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 2 = 𝐴 + 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 − 2
2 2 2 3
4 + 7 (− ) = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶 (1 − ) ⇒𝐴=
3 3 2
2
14 3−2 So,
4− = 𝐶( )
3 3 2𝑥 2
12 − 14 1 (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)
=𝐶( )
3 9 3/2 1 1/2
2 1 2 9 = + +
⇒ − = 𝐶 ⇒ − × = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −6 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1)
3 9 3 1 𝟐𝒙𝟐
From (i) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟏)
4 + 7𝑥 = 𝐴(2 + 3𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 ) + 2𝐵 + 3𝐵𝑥 𝟑
= ∫
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒙 − 𝟏)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝒙−𝟏
+ 𝐶(1 + 2𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝟏 𝟏
+ ∫ 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 4 + 7𝑥 = 2𝐴 + 5𝐴𝑥 + 3𝑥 2 𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 𝟐 𝒙+𝟏
+ 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝑐𝑥 2 3 (𝑥 − 1)−1 1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + + ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
Equating coefficient of 𝑥 2 2 −1 2
0 = 3𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 3𝐴 = −𝐶 ⇒ 3𝐴 = −(−6) 3 1 1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| − + ln|𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
6 2 𝑥−1 2
⇒ 3𝐴 = 6 ⇒ 𝐴 = = 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 𝟏
Q.14 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
3
So, 𝟏
𝟒 + 𝟕𝒙 𝟐 𝟑 𝟔 Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= + − Now
(𝟏 + 𝒙) (𝟐 + 𝟑𝒙) 𝟏 + 𝒙 (𝟏 + 𝒙)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟏 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪
= + +
∫
4 + 7𝑥
𝑑𝑥 (𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙 − 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐
(1 + 𝑥)2 (2 + 3𝑥)
1 ⇒1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐶(𝑥 − 1) →
= 2∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫(1 + 𝑥 2 )−2 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑥 (𝑖)
6 3
+ ∫
3 2 + 3𝑥
𝑑𝑥 Put 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
3(1 + 𝑥)−1 1
= 2 ln|1 + 𝑥| + − 2 ln|2 + 3𝑥| + 𝑐 1 = 𝐴(1 + 1)2 ⇒ 1 = 4𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 =
−1 4
3 Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
ln|1 + 𝑥|2 − − ln|2 + 3𝑥|2 + 𝑐 1 = 𝐶(−1 − 1)
1+𝑥
𝟐𝒙𝟐 1
Q.13 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 1 = −2𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −
2
Solution: From (i)
Now ⇒ 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 1) + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶
2𝑥 2 ⇒ 1 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶
(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) 𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 2 , 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 1 1
=
+ + 0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =−
(𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 + 1) 4 4
2
⇒2𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1) + 1 1/4 −1/4 −1/2
= + +
𝐶(𝑥 − 1)2 (𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1)2 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2

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𝟏 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏)𝟐 = + +
1 1 1 1 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2)
= ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫(𝑥 + 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 𝐷
4 𝑥−1 4 𝑥+1 2
+
1 1 1 (𝑥 + 1)−1 (𝑥 − 2)2
= ln|𝑥 − 1| − ln|𝑥 + 1| − +𝐶 ⇒ 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25
4 4 2 −1
1 1 1 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 − 2)2
= { ln|𝑥 − 1| − ln|𝑥 + 1|} + +𝐶 + 𝐶(𝑥 + 1)2 (𝑥 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 + 1)2
4 4 2(𝑥 + 1)
𝒙+𝟒 → (𝑖)
Q.15 ∫ 𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒅𝒙 Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
𝒙+𝟒
Solution: ∫ 𝒙𝟑 −𝟑𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ (−1)3 − 6(−1)2 + 25
= 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(−1 − 2)2 + 𝐶(0)
Now
+ 𝐷(0)
∵ 𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 = 𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 −1 − 6 + 25 = 9𝐵
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 1(𝑥 2 − 1) 9𝐵 = 18 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2
= 𝑥 2 (𝑥 + 1) − 4(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) Put 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
= (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
⇒ (2)3 − 6(2)2 + 25 = 𝐷(2 + 1)2
⇒ 𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 + 4 = (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2)2
3
⇒ 8 − 24 + 25 = 9𝐷
Now
9 = 9𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = 1
𝒙+𝟒 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= + + From (i)
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙 + 𝟒 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2
𝟐

⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 − 2)2 + 𝐵(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 − 2) 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)

+ 𝐶(𝑥 + 1) → (𝑖) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4)
Put 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) +𝐶(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥)(𝑥 − 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥)
⇒ −1 + 4 = 𝐴(−1 − 2)2 + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(0) = 𝐴(𝑥 3 − 4𝑥62 + 4𝑥 + 𝑥62 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 4𝐵𝑥
1 + 4𝐵
⇒ 3 = 9𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = +𝐶(𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2 + 2𝑥 2 − 4𝑥) + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 + 2𝐷𝑥
3 2
3
Put 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 4𝐵𝑥 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3
⇒ 2 + 4 = 𝐴(0) + 𝐵(0) + 𝐶(2 + 1) − 3𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 + 2𝐷𝑥
⇒ 6 = 3𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2
From (i) 𝐹𝑂𝑟 𝑥 3
𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 4𝑥 + 4) + 𝐵(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 𝑥 − 2) 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖)
+ 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 For 𝑥 2 − 6 = −3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷
⇒ 𝑥 + 4 = 𝐴𝑥 2 − 4𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 − 2𝐵 −6 = −3𝐴 + 2 + 1
+ 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 −6 − 3 = −3𝐴 ⇒ −9 = −3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 = 3 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)
1 1 1 = 3 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1 − 3 = −2 ⇒ 𝐶 = −2
⇒0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵 =− 𝑥 3 − 6𝑥 2 + 25 3 2 2
3 3 = + −
𝒙+𝟒 1/3 −1/3 2 (𝑥 + 1) (𝑥 − 2)
2 2 𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 + 1) 2 (𝑥 − 2)
= + + 1
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 − 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 +
𝒙+𝟒 (𝑥 − 2)2
∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝟓
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟑𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
𝟏 𝟏 ∫ (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
= ∫ 𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝟏
𝟑 𝒙+𝟏 = 𝟑∫ 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫(𝒙 + 𝟏)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝒙+𝟏 𝒙−𝟐
− ∫ + 𝟐 ∫(𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 + 𝟏) −𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟐)−𝟏
𝟑 𝒙−𝟐 = 𝟑𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐 − 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟐| + +𝑪
−𝟏 −𝟏
1 1 (𝑥 − 2)−1 𝟐 𝟏
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 2| + 2 +𝑐 = 𝟑𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟏| −
𝒙+𝟏
− 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟐| −
𝒙−𝟐
+𝑪
3 3 −1 𝟑 𝟐
𝒙 +𝟐𝟐𝒙 +𝟏𝟒𝒙−𝟏𝟕
1 1 2 Q.17∫ (𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙+𝟐)𝟑 𝒅𝒙
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 2| − +𝑐
3 3 𝑥−2 Solution:
1 2
= {ln|𝑥 + 1| − ln|𝑥 − 2|} − +𝑐
3 𝑥−2
𝒙𝟑 −𝟔𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝟓
Q16. ∫ (𝒙+𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙−𝟐)𝟐 𝒅𝒙
Solution:

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𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 17 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)3 3 3
𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = − + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 =
= + + 2 2
𝑥 − 3 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 3
𝐷 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 1 = 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = + 𝐶
+ 2
(𝑥 + 2)3 3 1 1
⇒𝑥 + 22𝑥 + 14𝑥 − 17 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)3 + 𝐵(𝑥 −
3 2 ⇒𝐶 = 1− = − ⇒ 𝐶 =−
2 2 2
3)(𝑥 + 2)2 + 𝐶(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2) + 𝐷(𝑥 − 3) → (𝑖) So
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 − 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 3 1
⇒ (3) + 22(3)2 + 14(3) − 17 = 𝐴(3 + 2)3
3 𝑥−2 −3/2 2 𝑥 − 2
= +
⇒ 27 + 198 + 42 − 17 =125A (𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 1
⇒ 250 = 125𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 2 = 0 → 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 𝒙−𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟏 𝟑𝒙 − 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙 = − ∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
⇒ (−2)3 + 22(−2)2 + 14(−2) − 17 = 𝐷(−2 − 3) (𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒙+𝟏 𝟐 𝒙 +𝟏
−8 + 88 − 28 − 17 = −5𝐷 ⇒ 35 = −5𝐷 3
= − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 1|
𝐷 = −7 2
From (i) 1 3𝑥 1 1
+ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 17 2 𝑥 +1 2 𝑥 +1
= 𝐴[𝑥 3 + 6𝑥 2 + 12𝑥 + 8] + 𝐵(2 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 4) 3 3 1 1
= − ln|𝑥 + 1| + . ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥
+𝐶(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3𝑥 − 6) + 𝐷𝑥 − 3𝐷 2 2 2 2
= 𝐴𝑥 + 6𝐴𝑥 2 + 12𝐴𝑥 + 8𝐴
3 3 3 1
= − ln|𝑥 + !| + ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐
+ 𝐵(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 − 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 2 4 2
𝒙
− 12) + 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝐶𝑥 − 6𝑐 + 𝐷𝑥 − 3𝐷 Q.19 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 3 𝒙
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 1 = 2 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1 Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 22 = 6𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 22 = 6(2) − 1 + 𝐶 Now
⇒ 𝐶 = 22 − 12 + 1 = 11 ⇒ 𝐶 = 11 𝑥 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
So = +
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 2 + 1
𝑥 3 + 22𝑥 2 + 14𝑥 − 17
⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 1) → (𝑖)
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 + 2)3
Put𝑥 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖)
2 1 11
= + + ⇒ 1 = 𝐴((1)1 + 1)
𝑥−3 𝑥+2 (𝑥 + 2)2
7 1
− ⇒𝐴=
(𝑥 + 2)3 2
From (i)
𝒙𝟑 + 𝟐𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏𝟒𝒙 − 𝟏𝟕 ⇒ 𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 𝐶
∫ 𝒅𝒙
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟑 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝟐∫ −∫ 𝒅𝒙 + ∫(𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟐 𝒅𝒙 − 𝟕 ∫(𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟑 𝒅𝒙 1
𝒙−𝟑 𝒙+𝟑 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; ⇒0=𝐴+𝐵 ⇒0= +𝐵 ⇒𝐵
(𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟐)−𝟐 2
= 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟑| − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| + 𝟏𝟏 −𝟕 1
−𝟏 −𝟐 =−
+𝒄 2
𝟏𝟏 𝟕 𝟏 1
= 𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 − 𝟑| − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − +
𝒙 + 𝟐 𝟐 (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐
+𝒄 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 1 = −𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 1 = − (− ) + 𝐶
𝒙−𝟐
2
Q.18∫ (𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 1 1 1
+𝟏)
⇒1 = +𝐶 ⇒ 1− = 𝐶 ⇒𝐶 =
Solution: 2 2 2
𝑥−2 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 So,
= + 2 1 1
(𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 + 1
2
𝑥 1/2 −2𝑥 + 2
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 1) → (𝑖) = + 2
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥 − 1 𝑥 +1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −1 𝑖𝑛(𝑖) 𝑥
⇒ −1 − 2 = 𝐴((−1)2 + 1) ∫ 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 2 + 1)
3 1 1 1 𝑥−1
−3 = 2𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 2 𝑥−1 2 𝑥 +!
From (i) 1 1 2𝑥 − 2
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
⇒ 𝑥 − 2 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐶 2 4 𝑥 +1

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1 1 2𝑥 1 1 1 + 4𝑥
𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 4 𝑥 +1 2 𝑥 +1 (𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4)
1 1 1 1 𝑥
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 − 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 4 2 𝑥−3 𝑥 +4
𝟗𝒙−𝟕 1
Q.20 ∫ (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 +∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
+𝟏) 𝑥 +4
𝟗𝒙−𝟕
Solution: ∫ (𝒙+𝟑)(𝒙𝟐+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 1 2𝑥 1
= ln|𝑥 − 3| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4
Now 1 1 𝑥
9𝑥 − 7 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶 = ln|𝑥 − 3| − |𝑥 2 + 4| + tan−1 + 𝑐
2
= + 2 2 2 2
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 + 1) 𝑥 + 3 𝑥 + 1 Q.22
⇒ 9𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 + 1) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 3) → (𝑖) 𝟏𝟐
Put𝑥 + 3 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −3 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑+𝟖
⇒ 9(−3) − 7 = 𝐴((−3)2 + 1) Solution:
34 12
−27 − 7 = 10𝐴 ⇒ −34 = 10𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = − ∫ 𝑥 3 +8 𝑑𝑥 ∵ 𝑎3 − 𝑏 3 = (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 )
10
17 Now
⇒𝐴=− 12 𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
5 = + 2
From (i) 𝑥3
+ 8 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
9𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 3𝐶 ⇒ 12 = 𝐴(𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 + 2) → (𝑖)
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 Put 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖)
17 17 ⇒12= 𝐴(4 + 4 + 4) ⇒ 12 = 12𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 , ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = − + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = From (i)
5 5
17 51 12= 𝐴𝑥 2 − 2𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 + 2𝐶
𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 3𝐵 + 𝐶 = 9 ⇒ 3 ( ) + 𝐶 = 9 ⇒ +𝐶 =9
5 5 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 we have
51 45 − 51 6
𝐶 =9− = ⇒𝐶=− 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = 1 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
5 5 5 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 0 = −2(1) + 2(−1) + 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = −2 − 2 + 𝐶
So
17 6 ⇒𝐶 = 4
9𝑥 − 7 −17/5 5 𝑥 − 5 So
= + 2 12 1 −𝑥 + 4
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑥+3 𝑥 +1
9𝑥−7 3
= + 2
∫ (𝑥+3)(𝑥2 +1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 8 𝑥 + 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
12 1 𝑥−4
17 1 ∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
=− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 +8 𝑥+2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
5 𝑥+3 1 1 2𝑥 − 8
17 𝑥 6 1 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
+ ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+2 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
5 𝑥 +1 5 𝑥 +1 1 2𝑥 − 2 − 6
17 17 6 = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 + 2| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
=− ln|𝑥 + 3| + ln|𝑥 2 + 1| − tan−1 𝑥 + 𝑐 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
5 10 5 1 2𝑥 − 2
𝟏+𝟒𝒙
Q21. ∫ (𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑙𝑛 |𝑥 + 2| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
+𝟒) 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
𝟏+𝟒𝒙
Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟑)(𝒙𝟐 𝒅𝒙 6 1
+𝟒) + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
Now 2 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 4
𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 𝑨 𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪 1
= + 𝟐 = ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4|
(𝒙 − 𝟑)(𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒙 + 𝟒
𝟐 2
⇒ 𝟏 + 𝟒𝒙 = 𝑨(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + (𝑩𝒙 + 𝑪)(𝒙 − 𝟑) → (𝒊) 1
+3∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑷𝒖𝒕 𝒙 − 𝟑 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟑 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊) 𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 1 + 3
𝟏 + 𝟒(𝟑) = 𝑨((𝟑)𝟐 + 𝟒) + 𝑩(𝟑) + 𝑪(𝟎) 1
= ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4|
⇒ 13 = 𝐴(9 + 4) ⇒ 13 = 13𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1 2
From (i) 1
+ 3∫ 𝑑𝑥
1 + 4𝑥 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 4𝑎 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 3𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 3𝐶 (𝑥 − 1)2 + √3
Equating Coefficients of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 1 3 𝑥−1
⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 = ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4| + tan−1 ( )+𝑐
2 √3 √3
0 = 1 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1 1 𝑥−1
⇒ 4 = −3𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 4 − 3 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1 = ln|𝑥 + 2| − ln|𝑥 2 − 2𝑥 + 4| + √3 tan−1 ( )+𝑐
2 √3
So
1 + 4𝑥 1 (−)𝑥 + 1
= + 2 𝟗𝒙𝟐 +𝟔
(𝑥 − 3)(𝑥 2 + 4) 𝑥 − 3 𝑥 +4 Q23. ∫ 𝒙𝟑−𝟖 𝒅𝒙
Solution:

26 | P a g e
 Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
𝟗𝒙𝟐 + 𝟔 ⇒ 2 − 2 = −𝐴 + 2𝐴 + 𝐷 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐷
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟖 ⇒ 𝐷 = −𝐴 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
Now 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 5 = 4𝐴 + 𝐶 − 2𝐷 𝑝𝑢𝑡𝐶 = −𝐴 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐷
= −𝐴
9𝑥 2 + 6 9𝑥 2 + 6 ⇒ 5 = 4𝐴 − 𝐴 − 2(−𝐴)
=
𝑥3 − 8 (𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) 5 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐴 ⇒ 5 = 5𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1
𝐴 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶
= + 2 So (ii)⇒𝐶 = −1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐷 = −1
𝑥 − 2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4
⇒ 9𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 2𝑥 + 4) + (𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶)(𝑥 − 2)
Thus
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐 (−𝟏)𝒙 ± 𝟏
→ (𝑖) = + +
(𝒙 − 𝟏) (𝒙 + 𝟒) 𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒
Put = 𝑥 − 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = 2 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖) 𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟑 𝟏
9(2) + 6 = 𝐴[(2)2 + 2(𝑥) + 4] + 𝐵(2) + 𝐶(0)  ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 +𝟒) 𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒙−𝟏 𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫(𝒙 − 𝟏)−𝟐 −
⇒24 = 12𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 𝒙+𝟏
∫ 𝒙𝟐 +𝟒 𝒅𝒙
From (i) 1 𝑥 1
9𝑥 + 6 = 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 2𝐵𝑥 + 𝐶𝑥 − 2𝐶 =∫ 𝑑𝑥 + 2 ∫(𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−1 𝑥 +4 𝑥 +4
Equating coefficient of 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 2(𝑥 − 1)−1 1 2𝑥 1
= ln|𝑥 − 1| + − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
For 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 ⇒ 0 = 2 + 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −2 −1 2 𝑥 +4 (𝑥)2 + (2)2
𝐹𝑂𝑟 𝑥; 9 = 2𝐴 − 2𝐵 + 𝐶 ⇒ 9 = 2(2) − 2(−2) + 𝐶 2
= ln|𝑥 − 1| −
⇒9 =4+4+𝐶 ⇒9−8 = 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1 𝑥−1
So 1 1 𝑥
− ln|𝑥 2 + 4| − tan−1 + 𝑐
9𝑥 2 + 6 2 −2𝑥 + 1 2 2 2
= + Q25.
(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4) 𝑥 − 2 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4
9𝑥 2 + 6 1 2𝑥 − 1 𝟐𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 − 𝟕
∫ 3 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝑥 −8 𝑥−2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 (𝒙 + 𝟐)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)
1 2𝑥 + 2 − 2 − 1 Solution:
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥−2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7
1 2𝑥 + 2 1
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + 3 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
𝑥−2 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 4 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
1 = + + 2
= 2 ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥2 + 2𝑥 + 4| + 3 ∫ 2
𝑑𝑥 𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2)2 𝑥 +𝑥+1
(𝑥 + 1)2 + (√3)
3 𝑥+1
2 ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4| + tan−1 ( )+𝐶 ⇒ 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
√3 √3
𝑥+1 + 𝐵(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
2 ln|𝑥 − 2| − ln|𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 4| + √3 tan−1 ( )+𝑐
√3 + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 + 2)2
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟑
Q.24 ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −2
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)
𝟐𝒙𝟐 +𝟓𝒙+𝟑
⇒2(−2) — 2(−2)−7 = 𝐵((−2)2 + (−2) + 1)
2
Solution: ∫ (𝒙−𝟏)𝟐 𝒅𝒙 ⇒ 8 + 2 − 7 = 𝐵(4 − 2 + 1)
(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)

Now ⇒ 3 = 3𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 1
𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 𝑨 𝑩 𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫 From (i)
= + +
(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) 𝒙 − 𝟏 (𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2𝑥 2 + 2) + 𝐵𝑥 2
⇒𝟐𝒙𝟐 + 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟑 = 𝑨(𝒙 − 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + 𝑩(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒) + + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶(𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥
(𝑪𝒙 + 𝑫)(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝟐 → (𝒊) + 4)
Put 𝒙 − 𝟏 = 𝟎 ⇒ 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒊𝒏 (𝒊)
= 𝐴𝑥 3 + 3𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝐶𝑥 2
⇒𝟐(𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟓(𝟏) + 𝟑 = 𝑩(𝟏 + 𝟒)
+ 4𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 4𝐷𝑥 + 4𝐷
2 + 5 + 3 = 5𝐵 ⇒ 10 = 5𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = 2
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥
From (i) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 2 + 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 𝐷
2𝑥 2 + 5𝑥 + 3 = 𝐴(𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 − 4) + 𝐵𝑥 2 Put 𝐵 = 1, 𝐶 = −𝐴 → (𝑖𝑖)
+ 4𝐵 + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 1 + 2𝑥) For 𝑥 2 ; 2 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 𝐷 ⇒ 2 − 1 = −𝐴 + 𝐷
𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 − 𝐴𝑥 2 − 4𝐴 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 ⇒ 𝐷 = 𝐴 + 1 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
− 2𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 − 2𝐷𝑥 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥; −1 = 3𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶 + 4𝐷
𝐸𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 𝑤𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑡 Put 𝐵 = 1 , 𝐶 = −𝐴 , 𝐷 = 𝐴 + 1
For 𝑥 3 ⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ 𝐶 = −𝐴 → (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ −1 = 3𝐴 + 1 − 4𝐴 + 4𝐴 + 4
For 𝑥 2 ; 2 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 − 2𝐶 + 𝐷 −1 − 1 − 4 = 3𝐴 ⇒ −6 = 3𝐴 ⇒ 𝐴 = −2
Put 𝐵 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 = −𝐴 So (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐶 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
Thus,
2 = −𝐴 + 2 − 2(−𝐴) + 𝐷
27 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
2𝑥 2 − 𝑥 − 7 0 = 4𝐶 + 9𝐶 + 12 + 1 ⇒ 0 = 13𝐶 + 13
(𝑥 + 2)2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1) ⇒ −13𝐶 = 12 ⇒ 𝐶 = −1
−2 1 2𝑥 − 1 𝐴𝑠 𝐴 = −4𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = −4(−1) ⇒ 𝐴 = 4 ∵ 𝐶
= + 2
+ 2
𝑥 + 2 (𝑥 + 2) 𝑥 +𝑥+1 = −1
2𝑥 2 −𝑥−7
∫ (𝑥+2)2 (𝑥2 +𝑥+1) 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝐷 = 3𝐶 + 4 ⇒ 𝐷 = 3(−1) + 4 = −3 + 4
1 ⇒𝐷=1
= −2 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝐵 = 1 − 𝐷 = 1 − 1 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵 = 0
𝑥+2
2𝑥 + 1 − 2 Thus
+ ∫(𝑥 + 2)−2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 3𝑥 + 1
(𝑥 + 2)−1
= −2 ln|𝑥 + 2| + (4𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
−1
2𝑥 + 1 1 4𝑥 + 0 (−1)𝑥 + 1
+∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2 + 2
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 +𝑥+1 4𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1)
3𝑥 + 1
𝟏
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| (4𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
2
𝒙+𝟐
𝟏 1 8𝑥 (−1)(𝑥 − 1)
− 𝟐∫
𝟏 𝟑
= 2
+ 2
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + + 2 4𝑥 + 1 𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝟒 𝟒 3𝑥 + 1 1 8𝑥 1 2𝑥 − 2
𝟏 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 3 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| (4𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 2 4𝑥 + 1 2 𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1
𝒙+𝟐
𝟏 1 1 2𝑥 − 1 − 1
− 𝟐∫ 𝒅𝒙 = 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + +
𝟏 𝟑 2 2 𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝟒 𝟒 1 1 2𝑥 − 1 1 1
𝟏 2
−𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − 𝟐
+ 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| = ln |𝑥 + 1| − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝒙+𝟐 2 2 𝑥 −𝑥+1 2 𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝟏
− 𝟐∫ 𝟐
𝟐
𝟏 √𝟑 1 1
(𝒙 + ) + ( ) = 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1|
𝟐 𝟐 2 2
𝟏
(𝒙 + )
1 1
𝟏 𝟐 𝟐 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 + 3
𝒙+𝟐 √𝟑 √𝟑 4 4
𝟐 𝟐
+𝒄
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝒙+𝟏 1 1
= −𝟐𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝟐| − + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟑 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄 = 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1|
𝒙+𝟐 √𝟑 √𝟑
2 2
𝟑𝒙+𝟏 1 1
Q.26∫ (𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 3
2 1 2
√3
𝟑𝒙+𝟏
Solution: ∫ (𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 (𝑥 − ) + ( )
2 2
3𝑥 + 1 1
1 1 1 1 (𝑥 − )
∵ = 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| + . 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2 +𝑐
(4𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) 2 2 2 √3 √3
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 2 2
= 2 + 2 1 1 1 2𝑥 − 1
4𝑥 + 1 (𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) 𝑙𝑛|4𝑥 2 + 1| − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ( )
2 2 √3 √3
⇒3𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(4𝑥 2 + 1)
+𝒄
3𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 4𝐶𝑥 3
+ 𝐶𝑥 + 4𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷 𝟒𝒙+𝟏
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠. Q27.∫ (𝒙𝟐 +𝟒)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒙+𝟓) 𝒅𝒙
For𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 4𝐶 → (𝑖)
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 4𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
Solution:
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 ; 3 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟏
∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 ; 1 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣) (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒𝒙 + 𝟓)
𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖) 𝐴 = −4𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐵 = 1 − 𝐷 4𝑥 + 1
∵ 2
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) (𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5)
⇒ 0 = −(−4𝐶) + (1 − 𝐷) + 4𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 3 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
= −4𝐶 − (1 − 𝐷) + 𝐶
= 2 + 2
𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5
0 = 4𝐶 + 1 + 4𝐷 3 = −4𝐶 − 1 + 𝐷 + 𝐶 ⇒ 4𝑥 + 1 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2
0 = 4𝐶 + 3𝐷 + 1 → (𝑣) 0 = −3𝐶 + 𝐷 − 4 + 4)
⇒ 𝐷 = 3𝐶 + 4 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 4𝑥 + 1 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝐴𝑥 2 + 5𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵𝑥
⇒0 = 4𝐶 + 3(3𝐶 + 4) + 1 + 5𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 4𝑐𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 4𝐷
0 = 4𝐶 + 3(3𝐶 + 4) + 1
28 | P a g e
 Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
Equating coefficients of 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 0 = 4𝑎2 𝐴 + 𝑎2 𝐶 ⇒ 0 = (4𝐴 + 𝐶)𝑎2
𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚. ⇒ 4𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖)
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖) For constant term 1 = 5𝐵 + 4𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣)
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 4𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖) From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐵 = −𝐷
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 4 = 5𝐴 + 4𝐵 + 4𝐶 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣)𝑠𝑜
For constant term1 = 5𝐵 + 4𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣) (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 4(−𝐶) + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ −4𝐶 + 𝑐 = 0 ⇒ −3𝐶
From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 5𝐵 = 1 − 4𝐷 =0
1 − 4𝐷 ⇒𝐶=0
𝐵= 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
5 (𝑖𝑣)4(−𝐷) + 𝐷 = 6 ⇒ −4𝐷 + 𝑑 ⇒ −3𝐷 = 6
1 − 4𝐷
𝑠𝑜 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 = 4(−𝐶) +
5
+ 𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 4 𝐷 = −2
= 5(−𝐶) + 4 (
−4𝐷
) + 4𝐶 As 𝐴 = −𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 0 ∵ 𝐶 = 0
5
1 − 4𝐷 𝐴𝑠 𝐵 = −𝐷 ⇒ 𝐵 = −(−2) ⇒ 𝐵 = 2 ∵ 𝐷 = −2
⇒ 0 = −4𝐶 + + 𝐷 ⇒ 20
5 So
= −25𝐶 + 4 − 16𝐷 + 20𝐶 6𝑎2 0𝑥 + 2 0𝑥 + (−2)
0 = −20𝐶 + 1 − 4𝐷 + 5𝐷 ⇒ 16𝐷 = 2 + 2
(𝑥 + 𝑎 )(𝑥 + 4𝑎 ) 𝑥 + 𝑎2
2 2 2 2 𝑥 + 4𝑎2
= −5𝐶 + 4 − 20 6𝑎2 1 1
−5𝐶 − 16 ∫ 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − 2 ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 ) 𝑥 + 𝑎2 𝑥 + (2𝑎)2
⇒ 0 = −20𝐶 + 𝐷 + 1 ⇒𝐷= 2 𝑥 1 𝑥
16
=𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 +𝑐
→ (𝑣𝑖) 𝑎 𝑎 𝑎 2𝑎
2 𝑥 1 𝑥
⇒ 𝐷 = 20𝐶 − 1 → (𝑣) = 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 2𝑎 + 𝑐
−5𝐶−16
𝐵𝑦 (𝑣)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 20𝐶 − 1 = 16 𝟐𝒙𝟐 −𝟐
Q29. ∫ (𝒙𝟒 +𝒙𝟐 +𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
⇒ 320𝐶 − 16 = −5𝐶 − 16 ⇒ 320𝐶 + 5𝐶 = 0
⇒ 320𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = 0 Solution:
2𝑥 2 − 2
As 𝑎 = −𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 0 ∫
(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
𝐴𝑠 𝐷 = 20𝐶 − 1 ⇒ 𝐷 = 20(0) − 1 ⇒ 𝐷 = −1
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
1 − 4𝐷 1 − 4(−1) 5 = 2 + 2
𝐴𝑠 𝐵 = ⇒𝐵= = =1 𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1
5 5 3 2𝑥 2 − 2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥
𝐵=1 + 1)
So = 𝐴𝑥 3 − 𝐴𝑥 2 + 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 − 𝐵𝑥 + 𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
4𝑥 + 1 0𝑥 + 1 0𝑥 + (−1) + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷
= 2 + 2 Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚.
(𝑥 + 4)(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑥 + 4 𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 5
2 2
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖)
4𝑥 + 1
∫ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 − 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑥 2 + 4)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 + 5) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 2 = −𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
1 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚; −2 = −𝐴 + 𝐶 − 2
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +4 ⇒ 2 + 2 = −𝐴 + 𝐶 ⇒ −𝐴 + 𝐶 = 4 → (𝑣)
1 Put 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 𝑖𝑛(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 0 = −𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑣𝑖)
−∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4 + 1 𝑁𝑜𝑤 𝑏𝑦 (𝑖) + (𝑣) ⇒ 2𝐶 = 4 ⇒ 𝐶 = 2
1 𝑥 1 𝑎𝑠 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 + 2 = 0 ⇒ 𝐴 = −2
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 Now by (iv)+(𝑣𝑖) ⇒ 2𝐷 = −𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = −1
2 2 (𝑥 − 2)2 + (1)2
𝐴𝑠 𝐵 + 𝐷 = −2 ⇒ 𝐵 − 1 = −2 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
1 𝑥
= tan−1 − tan−1(𝑥 − 2) + 𝑐 So;
2 2 2𝑥 2 − 2
𝟔𝒂𝟐
Q28. ∫ (𝒙𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒙𝟐 +𝟒𝒂𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
−2𝑥 − 1 2𝑥 − 1
6𝑎2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 = 2 + 2
∵ 2 = + 𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝑥 −𝑥+1
(𝑥 + 𝑎2 )(𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 ) 𝑥 2 + 𝑎2 𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 2𝑥 2 − 2
⇒ 6𝑎2 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 4𝑎2 ) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 ∫ 2
(𝑥 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1)
+ 𝑎2 ) 2𝑥 + 1
⇒ 6𝑎2 = 𝐴𝑥 3 + 4𝑎2 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 4𝐵𝑎2 + 𝐶𝑥 3 = −∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥+1
+ 𝐶𝑎2 𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑎2 2𝑥 − 1
+∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 + 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚. 𝑥 −𝑥+1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖) = −𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 1| + 𝑐
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐵 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
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𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1
= 𝑙𝑛 | 2 |+𝒄 𝟏 𝟏
𝑥 +𝑥+1 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟑𝒙−𝟖 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟕
Q 30.∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙𝟔𝟐+𝒙+𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 (𝒙 − ) +
𝟐 𝟒
𝟐
𝟑𝒙−𝟖
− 𝒍𝒏|𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟐|
Solution: ∫ (𝒙𝟐 −𝒙+𝟐)(𝒙𝟔𝟐+𝒙+𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 𝟓 𝟏
− ∫ 𝒅𝒙
3𝑥 − 8 𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 𝟕
(𝒙 + ) +
∵ 𝟐 𝟒
(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) 𝟏 𝟏
𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷 = 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + . ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐 √𝟕
= 2 + 2 (𝒙 − ) + ( )
𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥 +𝑥+2 𝟐 𝟐
3𝑥 − 8 = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2) 𝟓 𝟏
= 𝐴𝑥 3 + 𝐴𝑥 2 + 2𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 𝐵𝑥 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 − 𝐶𝑥 2 − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| − ∫ 𝟐
𝟐 𝟏 𝟐
√𝟕
+ 2𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷𝑥 2 − 𝐷𝑥 + 2𝐷 (𝒙 + ) + ( )
𝟐 𝟐
Equating coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚. 𝟏
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 3 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 → (𝑖) 𝟏 𝟏 𝒙−
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + . 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( 𝟐 ) − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏|
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥 2 ; 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖) 𝟐 √𝟕 √𝟕
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑥; 3 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 2𝐶 − 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝟐 𝟐
𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚; −8 = 2𝐵 + 2𝐷 ⇒ 𝐵 + 𝐷 = −4 𝟓 𝟏 𝒙 + 𝟏/𝟐
→ (𝑖𝑣) − . 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
𝟐 √𝟕 √𝟕
From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚(𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐵 = −4 − 𝐷 𝟐 𝟐
Put 𝑖𝑛 (𝑖𝑖)𝑎𝑛𝑑 (𝑖𝑖𝑖)𝑠𝑜 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟏
𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 − 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) − 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏|
(𝑖𝑖)⇒ 0 = −𝐶 + (−4 − 𝐷) − 𝐶 + 𝐷 √𝟕
𝟓
√𝟕
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
−𝟏
0 = −𝐶 − 4 − 𝐵 − 𝐶 + 𝐷 − 𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )+𝒄
√𝟕 √𝟕
0 = −2𝐶 − 4
𝟑𝒙𝟑 +𝟒𝒙𝟐 +𝟗𝒙+𝟓
⇒ 2𝐶 = −4 ⇒ 𝐶 = −2 𝑎𝑠 𝐴 = −𝐶 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2 Q31. ∫
(𝒙𝟐 +𝒙+𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 +𝟐𝒙+𝟑)
𝒅𝒙
(𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 3 = 2(−𝐶) − 4 − 𝐷 + 2𝐶 − 𝐷 Solution: ∫
3𝑥 3 +4𝑥 2 +9𝑥+5
𝑑𝑥
(𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)(𝑥 2 +2𝑥+3)
3 = −2𝐶 − 4 + 2𝐶 − 2𝐷
7 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵 𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷
⇒ 3 + 4 = −2𝐷 ⇒ 𝐷 = − ∵
(𝑥 2
= +
+ 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
2
7 7 −8+7 ⇒ 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5
As 𝐵 = −4 − 𝐷 = −4 (− 2) = −4 + 2 = 2 =- = (𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) + (𝐶𝑥 + 𝐷)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)
1 𝑎𝑥 3 + 2𝐴𝑥 2 + 3𝐴𝑥 + 𝐵𝑥 2 + 2𝐵𝑥 + 3𝐵 + 𝐶𝑥 3 + 𝐶𝑥 2 + 𝐶𝑥
1/2 ⇒ 𝐵 = − + 𝐷𝑥 2 + 𝐷𝑥 + 𝐷
2
Equation coefficients of 𝑥 3 , 𝑥 2 , 𝑥 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚.
So
𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒙𝟑 ; 𝟑 = 𝑨 + 𝑪 → (𝒊)
3𝑥 − 8 2
For 𝑥 ; 4 = 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖)
(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2) For 𝑥; 9 = 3𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑖𝑖)
2𝑥 − 1/2 −2𝑥 + (−7/2) For constant term; 5 = 3𝐵 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 → (𝑖𝑣)
= 2 +
𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2 From (𝑖) ⇒ 𝐴 = 3 − 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖𝑣) ⇒ 𝐷 = 5 −
3𝐵
3𝑥 − 8 Put in (ii) and (iii)
∫
(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)(𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2)
2𝑥 + 1 − 1 − 1/2 (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 4 = 2(3 − 𝐶) + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
= −∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 2 4 = 6 − 2𝐶 + 𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
2𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 7/2
+∫ 𝑑𝑥 4 − 6 − 5 = −𝐶 − 2𝐵 ⇒ −7 = −(𝐶 + 2𝐵)
𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
1 5 ⇒ 𝐶 + 2𝐵 = 7 → (𝑣)
2𝑥 − 1 + 2𝑥 + 1 +
=∫ 2 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 (𝑖𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 9 = 3(3 − 𝐶) + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 2
2𝑥 − 1 1 1 2𝑥 + 1 ⇒9 = 9 − 3𝐶 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 + 5 − 3𝐵
=∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 −𝑥+2 2 𝑥 −𝑥+2 𝑥 +𝑥+2 ⇒9 − 9 − 5 = −2𝐶 − 𝐵 ⇒ 𝐵 = −2𝐶 + 5 𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛(𝑣)
5/2
−∫ 2
𝑥 +𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥 ⇒ 𝐶 + 2(−2𝐶 + 5) = 7 ⇒ 𝐶 − 4𝐶 + 10 = 7
1
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2| + ∫
𝑑𝑥
− 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2|
⇒ −3𝐶 + 10 + 7 ⇒ −3𝐶 = 7 − 10
2 𝑥2 − 𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 2 ⇒ −3𝐶 = −3 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1
4 4
5 1 As B= 5 − 2𝐶 = 5 − 2(1) = 3 ⇒ 𝐵 = 3
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥2 + 𝑥 + 1 − 1 + 2 𝐴𝑠 𝐷 = 5 − 3𝐵 = 5 − 3(3) = 5 − 9 = −4 ⇒ 𝐷
4 4
1 𝑑𝑥 = −4
= 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 − 𝑥 + 2| + ∫ − 𝑙𝑛|𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 2| 𝐴𝑠 𝐴 = 3 − 𝐶 = 3 − 1 = 2 ⇒ 𝐴 = 2
2 1 2 7
(𝑥 − ) +
2 4 So
5 1
− ∫ 𝑑𝑥 3𝑥 3 + 4𝑥 2 + 9𝑥 + 5 2𝑥 + 3 𝑥−4
2 1 2 7 = +
(𝑥 + ) + (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)(𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3) 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 + 3
2 4
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The Definite integrals:
𝟑𝒙𝟑 + 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟗𝒙 + 𝟓
∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 If ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑥) + 𝑐, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑜𝑓 𝑓(𝑥)
(𝒙 + 𝒙 + 𝟏)(𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑) 𝑏
2𝑥 + 1 + 2 𝟏 2𝑥 − 8 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑜𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
=∫ 2 𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 +𝑥+1 𝟐 𝑥 + 2𝑥 + 3 And read 𝑎 + 𝑐𝑠 definite integral of 𝑓(𝑥) here a
𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 − 𝟏𝟎
=∫ 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + 𝟐 ∫ 𝟐
𝒙 +𝒙+𝟏
𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝟐
𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝒅𝒙 is called lower limit and b is called upper limit.
𝟏 *the interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is called range of
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐 ∫ 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 𝟑 integration.
𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + +
𝟒 𝟒
𝟏 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟐 𝑏
+ ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 We evaluate ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 as;
𝟐 𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
𝟏 Consider ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑥) + 𝑐
−𝟓 ∫ 𝟐 𝒅𝒙 𝑏
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑
⇒∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = |∅(𝑥) + 𝑐|𝑏𝑎
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐 ∫
𝟏
𝒅𝒙 = [∅(𝑏) + 𝑐] − [∅(𝑎) + 𝑐]
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐
√𝟑
(𝒙 + ) + ( ) = ∅(𝑏) + 𝑐 − ∅(𝑎) − 𝑐
𝟐 𝟐 𝑏
𝟏 ⇒∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
+ 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|
𝟐 Note: if the lower limit is a constant and upper
𝟏
−𝟓 ∫ 𝟐
𝒙 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 + 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 limit is a variable, then the integral is a function
𝒙+
𝟏 of the upper limit.
𝟏 𝟐 ) + 𝟏 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑| 𝒙
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝟐.
√𝟑
𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 (
√𝟑 𝟐 ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒕)𝒅𝒕 = |∅(𝒕)|𝒙𝒂=∅(𝒙) − ∅(𝒂)
𝟐 𝟐
𝟏
−𝟓 ∫ 𝟐
𝒅𝒙 The area under the curve
(𝒙 + 𝟏) + (√𝟐)
𝟐
𝑏
𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( ) + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|
𝟐
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝑎
𝟓 𝒙+𝟏
− −𝟏
𝒕𝒂𝒏 ( )+𝒄 Represented the “area of region” bounded
√𝟐 √𝟐
𝟏 𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏 under the curve of function 𝑓(𝑥) the 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏| + 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑|𝟐 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
√𝟑 √𝟑 and between two ordinates 𝑥 = 𝑎, 𝑥 =
𝟓 𝒙+𝟏
− 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄 𝑏 𝑎𝑠 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑓𝑖𝑔𝑢𝑟𝑒.
𝟐 √𝟐
𝟒 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟏
= 𝒍𝒏|𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏|√𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 + 𝟑 + 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )
√𝟑 √𝟑 𝑦
𝟓 𝒙+𝟏 ∅(𝑏)
− 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 ( )+𝒄
𝟐 √𝟐 𝑓(𝑥)
∅(𝑎)

𝑥′ 𝑥
𝑎 𝑏

𝑦′

Fundamental theorem of calculus:

If 𝑓(𝑥)is continuous ∀ 𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∅′ (𝑥) =
𝑓(𝑥)
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
𝑎
Is called fundamental theorem of integral
calculus.
Properties of Definite integral

𝑏 𝑎
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑎 𝑏
= ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎)
= −[∅(𝑎) − ∅(𝑏)]
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𝑎 14 4
= −
= − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑏 14−4 10
𝑏 𝑎 = 3
= 3
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝟏
𝑎 𝑏 𝟏
𝒃 𝒄 𝒃 𝑸. 𝟐: ∫−𝟏 (𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙
(𝒃) ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 + ∫ 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 𝒂 < 𝒄
𝒂 𝒂 𝒄 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
<𝒃 1
1
Proof: = ∫−1 (𝑥 3 . 1 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
𝑐
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑐) − ∅(𝑎) 1
+1
1
𝑥3
𝑎 = |1 + 𝑥|
𝑏 3
+1
−1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑐)
𝑐 4 1
𝑥3
=| 4 + 𝑥|
𝑐 𝑏 3 −1
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 4 1
𝑎 𝑐 3
= | 𝑥 3 + 𝑥|
= ∅(𝑐) − ∅(𝑎) + ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑐) 4 −1

= ∅(𝑏) − ∅(𝑎) 3 4
= ( (1) + 1) − ( (−1)3 + (−1))
3
3 4

4 4
𝑏
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 3
= (4 . 1 + 1) − (4 . 1 − 1)
3
𝑎
𝑏 𝑐 𝑏
⇒∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 + ∫𝑐 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 3+4 3−4
=( )−( )
4 4
𝒂 7 −1 7 1
(𝒄) ∫𝒂 𝒇(𝒙)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 = −
4 4
= +
4 4
Proof: 7+1 8
𝑎 = 4
=4=2
∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = ∅(𝑎) − ∅(𝑎)
𝑎 𝟎 𝟏
𝑸. 𝟑: ∫−𝟐 (𝟐𝒙−𝟏)𝟐
𝒅𝒙
=0
𝑎
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
⇒ ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑎 0
𝑏 𝑏 = ∫−2 (2𝑥 − 1)−2 𝑑𝑥
Also member ∫𝑎 𝑐𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐 ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝑏 𝑏 1 0
and∫𝑎 [𝑓(𝑥) ± 𝑔(𝑥)]𝑑𝑥 = ∫𝑎 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 ± = 2 ∫−2 (2𝑥 − 1)−2 . 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑏
∫𝑎 𝑔(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 1 (2𝑥−1)−2+1
0
=2| −2+1
|
−2

Exercise 3.6 =2|

1 (2𝑥−1)−1
|
0

𝑬𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒊𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒍𝒔: −1 −2

𝟐
𝑸. 𝟏: ∫𝟏 (𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 1 1 0
= − 2 |2𝑥−1|
−2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 1 1
2 = − [( )−( )]
2 2(0)−1 2(−2)−1
∫1 (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
1 1 1
𝑥3
2 = − [( ) − ( )]
2 −1 −5
= |3 + 𝑥|
1 1 1 1 −5+1
= − 2 [−1 + 5] = − 2 [ 5
]
23 13
= (3 + 2) − (3 + 1)
1 −4 2
=− [ ]=
8 1 2 5 5
= (3 + 2) − (3 + 1)
𝟐
𝑸. 𝟒: ∫−𝟔 √𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
8+6 1+3
=( 3
)−( 3 )
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

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2 1
1 8
= ∫−6 (3 − 𝑥)2 𝑑𝑥 = [8 − 3√3] = − √3
3 3
2 1
= (−1) ∫−6 (3 − 𝑥)2 (−1)𝑑𝑥 𝟐 𝒙
𝑸. 𝟕: ∫𝟏 𝒙𝟐 +𝟐
𝒅𝒙
1 2
(3−𝑥)2+1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= −| 1 |
+1
2 −6 1 2 2𝑥
= 2 ∫1 𝑥 2 +2
𝑑𝑥
3 2
(3−𝑥)2 1
= −| 3 | = 2 |ln(𝑥 2 + 2)|12
2 −6
1
2 3 2 = 2 [ln(22 + 2) − ln(12 + 2)]
= − 3 |(3 − 𝑥)2 |
−6 1
2 3 3
= 2 [ln(6) − ln(3)]
= − [((3 − 2) ) − ((3 − (−6)) )]
2 2
3
1 6 1
2 3 3 = 2 [ln (3)] = 2 ln 2
= − 3 [((1)2 ) − ((9) )] 2
1

2 3 = ln 22 = ln √2
= − 3 [1 − ((32 ) )] 2

𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒐𝒇 𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒖𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒍𝒐𝒈

2 52
= − 3 [1 − 27] = 3 𝐥𝐧(𝑨𝑩) = 𝐥𝐧 𝐀 + 𝐥𝐧 𝑩
√𝟓 𝑨
𝑸. 𝟓: ∫𝟏 √(𝟐𝒕 − 𝟏)𝟑 𝒅𝒕 𝐥𝐧 ( ) = 𝐥𝐧 𝐀 − 𝐥𝐧 𝑩
𝑩

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝐥𝐧 𝑨𝑩 = 𝑩 𝐥𝐧 𝑨
3
√5
= ∫1 (2𝑡 − 1)2 𝑑𝑡 𝟑 𝟏 𝟐
𝑸. 𝟖: ∫𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
3
1 √5
= 2 ∫1 (2𝑡 − 1)2 . 2 𝑑𝑡 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3 1 1
3 √5 5 √5 = ∫2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 − 2𝑥. 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 (2𝑡−1)2+1 1 (2𝑡−1)2
=2| 3 | = 2| 5 |
+1 3
2 1 2 1 = ∫2 (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 −2 − 2) 𝑑𝑥
5
1 2 5
3
= . [((2√5 − 1)2 ) − ((2(1) − 1)2 )] 𝑥 2+1 𝑥 −2+1
2 5 = | 2+1 + − 2𝑥|
−2+1 2
5
1 3 3
= [(2√5 − 1) − 1] 2 𝑥3 𝑥 −1 𝑥3 1
5 =|3 + −1
− 2𝑥| = | 3 − 𝑥 − 2𝑥|
2 2

√𝟓 33 1 23 1
𝑸. 𝟔: ∫𝟐 𝒙√𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏 𝒅𝒙 = ( 3 − 3 − 2(3)) − ( 3 − 2 − 2(2))

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 27 1
= ( 3 − 3 − 6) − (3 − 2 − 4)
8 1

1
√5
= ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 1)2 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 27−1−18 16−3−24
=( 3
)−( 6 )
1
1 √5
= 2 ∫2 (𝑥 2 − 1)2 . 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 8 −11 16+11 27 9
= (3 ) − ( 6
) = 6
= 6
=2
1 √5 3 √5
+1 𝟏 𝟏
1 (𝑥 2 −1)2 1 (𝑥 2 −1)2 𝑸. 𝟗: ∫−𝟏 (𝒙 + 𝟐) √𝒙𝟐 + 𝒙 + 𝟏 𝒅𝒙
= 2
| 1 | = 2
| 3 |
+1
2 2
2 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3 3
1 2 2 2 2 2 1 1
2𝑥+1
= . [(((√5) − 1) ) − (((2) − 1) )]
2 3
= ∫−1(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 ( 2
) 𝑑𝑥
1
1 1
1 3 3
1 3
2 )2
3
= 2 ∫−1(𝑥 2 + 𝑥 + 1)2 (2𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
= 3
[((4)2) − (3 )] = 2
3
[((2 )− (3 )]
2

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1 1 3 1
+1 2 5 5
=
1 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
[ ] =
1 (𝑥 2 +𝑥+1)2
[ ] = 3 [2 √2 − 2√2]
1 3
2 +1 2
2 2
−1 −1
2 5 √5 2
1 2 2
= . [((1 + 1 + 1) ) − (((−1) + (−1) + 1) )]
3
2
3
= . − . 2√2
2 3
2 2 3 2 √2 3

1 3 3 5√5 4√2 5√5−4(2)

= 3 [((3)2 ) − ((1 − 1 + 1)2 )] = 3√2 − =
3 3√2
3 3
1 5√5−8
= 3 [((3)2 ) − ((1)2 )] = 3√2
1 1 𝟐
= 3 [3√3 − 1] = √3 − 3 𝐴𝑁𝑆. 𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: ∫𝟏 𝐥𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒙

3 1 3 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
32 = (32 ) = (√3)3 = (√3)2 (√3)1 = 3√3
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝟑 𝒅𝒙
𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: ∫𝟎
𝒙𝟐 +𝟗
∫ ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =∫ ln 𝑥 .1 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑈 = ln 𝑥 , 𝑉 = 1
3 1 1 𝑥 3
= ∫0 32 +𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥 = |3 tan−1 3| 𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 ∫ 𝑈. 𝑉 = 𝑈 . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[𝑈′ . ∫ 𝑉 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
0
= ln 𝑥 . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥 − ∫[(ln 𝑥)′ . ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
1 3 0
= 3
[(tan−1 3) − (tan−1 3)]
1
= ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ [ . 𝑥] 𝑑𝑥
𝑥
1
= [(tan−1 1) − (tan−1 0)]
3 = ln 𝑥 . 𝑥 − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
1 𝜋 𝜋
= [ − 0] = = 𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 𝑐
3 4 12
𝝅 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡𝑠
𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: ∫𝝅𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
2
𝟔 ∫1 ln 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = |𝑥 ln 𝑥 − 𝑥|12
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = (2 ln 2 − 2) − (1 ln 1 − 1)
𝜋
= |sin 𝑡| 3
𝜋
= (2 ln 2 − 2) − (1(0) − 1)
6
= (2 ln 2 − 2)
𝜋 𝜋
= (sin ) − (sin ) 𝟐 𝒙 𝒙
3 6
𝑸. 𝟏𝟒: ∫𝟎 (𝒆𝟐 − 𝒆−𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙
√3 1 √3−1
= 2
−2 = 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝟏
𝟐 𝟏 𝟏 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝟐 𝑥 𝑥 − 𝑥 𝑥 2
𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: ∫𝟏 (𝒙 + ) (𝟏 − 𝟐) 𝒅𝒙 2 − 𝑒2 𝑒 2
𝒙 𝒙 ∫0 (𝑒 2 − 𝑒 ) 𝑑𝑥 = |
2 1 − 1 | = |2𝑒 2 + 2𝑒 −2 |
− 0
2 2 0
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2 2 0 0
1 = 2 [(𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 ) − (𝑒 2 + 𝑒 −2 )]
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 + 𝑥
1 = 2[(𝑒 1 + 𝑒 −1 ) − (𝑒 0 + 𝑒 0 )]
𝑓′(𝑥) = 1 − 𝑥 2
1 1
1 2 3 2
= 2 [𝑒 + 𝑒 − 1 − 1] = 2 [𝑒 + 𝑒 − 2]
1 +1 1
(𝑥+ )2 (𝑥+ )2
| 𝑥
| =| 𝑥
| 𝑒 2 +1−2𝑒 2
1
+1
3 = 2[ 𝑒
] = 𝑒 (𝑒 2 + 12 − 2𝑒)
2 2
1 1
𝝅
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽
2
3
1 2
3
1 2
𝑸. 𝟏𝟓: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐𝜽+𝟏
𝒅𝜽
= [((2 + ) ) − ((1 + ) )]
3 2 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3
3
2 5 2 𝜋 𝜋
= 3 [((2) ) − ((2) )] 2
= ∫04
cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃
𝑑𝑥 = ∫04
cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃
𝑑𝜃
1+cos 2𝜃 2cos2 𝜃

34 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
1
𝜋
cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 1
𝜋
1 1 3𝜋 1 𝜋
= 2 ∫04 [cos2 𝜃 + cos2 𝜃] 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫04 [cos 𝜃 + = [(−2(1) − − sin )
sin 𝜃
2 4 2 2
] 𝑑𝜃 𝜋 1 𝜋
cos 𝜃.cos 𝜃 − (−2√3 − − sin )]
2 2 3
𝜋
1
= 2 ∫04 [sec 𝜃 + sec 𝜃 tan 𝜃] 𝑑𝜃 1 3𝜋 1 𝜋 1 √3
= 2 [(−2 − 4
− 2 . 1) — 2√3 − 2 − 2 2
)
𝜋
1
= 2 |ln|sec 𝜃 + tan 𝜃| + sec 𝜃|04 1 3𝜋 1 𝜋 √3
= 2 [−2 − 4
− 2 + 2√3 + 2 + 4
]
1 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= [(ln |sec + tan | + sec ) − (ln|sec 0 + tan 0| + 1 1 √3 3𝜋 𝜋
2 4 4 4
= 2 [−2 − 2 + 2√3 + 4
− 4
+ 2]
sec 0)]
1 1 √3 3𝜋 𝜋
1 = 2 [−2 − 2 + 2√3 + − + 2]
= 2 [(ln|√2 + 1| + √2) − (ln|1 + 0| + 1)] 4 4

1 −8−2+8√3+√3−3𝜋+2𝜋
1
= 2 [(ln|√2 + 1| + √2) − (0 + 1)] = [ ]
2 4

1 1 −10+9√3−𝜋
= 2 [ln|√2 + 1| + √2 − 1] = 2[ 4
]
𝝅 −10+9√3−𝜋
𝑸. 𝟏𝟔: ∫𝟎𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟑 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 = 8

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝝅
𝜋
2
𝜋
2 𝑸. 𝟏𝟖: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟒 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
= ∫0 cos 𝜃 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 cos 𝜃 (1 − sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
6 6

𝜋 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝜋
sin3 𝜃 6
= ∫0 (cos 𝜃 − sin2 𝜃 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = |sin 𝜃 −
6
3
| 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
1+cos 2𝑡 2
0 ∫04 cos 4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = ∫04 (cos 2 𝑡)2 𝑑𝑡 = ∫04 ( 2
) 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
𝜋 sin3 sin2 0
= (sin − 6
) − (sin 0 − ) 𝜋
1+cos2 2𝑡+2 cos 2𝑡
6 3 3 = ∫04 4
𝑑𝑡
1 3 𝜋
1 ( ) 0 1 1 12−1 1 1+cos 4𝑡
= (2 − 23 ) − (0 − 3) = (2 − 24) − (0) = 24
= = ∫04 (1 +
4 2
+ 2 cos 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
11 1
𝜋
2+1+cos 4𝑡+4 cos 2𝑡 1
𝜋
24 = 4 ∫04 ( 2
) 𝑑𝑡 = 8 ∫04 (3 + cos 4𝑡 +
𝝅 4 cos 2𝑡) 𝑑𝑡
𝑸. 𝟏𝟕: ∫𝟎𝟔 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝟐 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝜋
1 sin 4𝑡 sin 2𝑡 4
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: = 8
[3𝑡 + 4 + 4 2 ]
0
𝜋
𝜋 𝜋
sin 4( ) sin 2( )
∫ cos 2 𝜃 (cosec 2 𝜃 − 1) 𝑑𝜃 =
𝜋
4
=
1 𝜋
[(3. 4 + 4
+4 4
) − (3(0) +
sin 4(0)
+
6 8 4 2 4
𝜋

∫ (cos 2 𝜃 cosec 2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 =

𝜋
4
4
sin 2(0)
)]
6 2
𝜋 𝜋
cos2 𝜃
∫ ( sin2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = ∫𝜋4 (cot 2 𝜃 − cos2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋
4
1 3𝜋 sin 𝜋 𝜋 sin 0 sin 0
6 6 = 8 [( 4 + 4
+ 2 sin ( 2 )) − (0 + 4
+4 2
)]
𝜋
1+cos 2𝜃
= ∫𝜋4 (cosec 2 𝜃 − 1 − ) 𝑑𝜃 1 3𝜋 0 0 0 1 3𝜋
6
2 = 8 [( 4 + 4 + 2.1) − (0 + 4 + 4. 2)] = 8 [( 4 + 0 +
𝜋

= ∫𝜋4 (
2cosec2 𝜃−2−1−cos 2𝜃
) 𝑑𝜃 2) − 0]
2
6

1 3𝜋 1 3𝜋+8 3𝜋+8
1
𝜋
= [( + 2)] = [( )] =
= ∫𝜋4 ( 2cosec 2 𝜃 − 3 − cos 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 8 4 8 4 32
2
6

𝜋
1 sin 2𝜃 4
= 2
[−2 cot 𝜃 − 3𝜃 − 2
]𝜋
6

𝜋 𝜋 𝝅
1
= [(−2 cot − 3 −
𝜋 𝜋 sin 2( 4 )
) — 2 cot − 3 −
𝜋 𝜋 sin 2( 6 )
) 𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: ∫𝟎𝟑 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝜽 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
2 4 4 2 6 6 2

35 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝜋
= [(ln |tan 4 + 1|) − (ln|tan 0 + 1|)]
𝜋 𝜋
∫03 cos 2 𝜃 sin 𝜃 𝑑𝜃 = − ∫03 cos2 𝜃 (− sin 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = = [(ln|1 + 1|) − (ln|0 + 1|)]
𝜋
cos3 𝜃 1 3 𝜋 = ln|2| − ln|1| = ln 2 − 0 = ln 2
−| 3
| = − 3 [(cos3 3 ) − (cos 3 0)] =
0
1 𝜋 𝟓
− 3 [cos3 3 − cos3 0] 𝑸. 𝟐𝟐: ∫−𝟏|𝒙 − 𝟑| 𝒅𝒙

1 1 3 1 1 1 1−8 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= − 3 [(2) − (1)3 ] = − 3 [8 − 1] = − 3 [ 8
] =
5
1 −7
− 3 [ 8 ] = 24
7 ∫−1|𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥
3 5
𝝅
𝟐 𝟐
= ∫−1|𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 |𝑥 − 3| 𝑑𝑥
𝑸. 𝟐𝟎: ∫𝟎 (𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽) 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝜽 𝒅𝜽
𝟒

3 5
= ∫−1 −(𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 (𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
3 5
𝜋
= − ∫−1(𝑥 − 3). 1 𝑑𝑥 + ∫3 (𝑥 − 3). 1 𝑑𝑥
= ∫04 (tan2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
𝜋 (𝑥−3)2 3 (𝑥−3)2 5
= ∫04 (tan2 𝜃 + tan2 𝜃 cos 2 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃 = = −| | +| |
2 −1 2 3
𝜋
2 sin2 𝜃 2
∫0 (tan 𝜃 + cos2𝜃 cos 𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
4 1
= − [((3 − 3)2 ) − ((−1 − 3)2 )] + [((5 − 3)2 ) − ((3 − 3)2 )]
1
2 2

𝜋 𝜋 1 1
= ∫0 (tan2 𝜃 + sin2 𝜃) 𝑑𝑡 = ∫0 [sec 2 𝜃 − 1 +
4 4 = − [0 − 16] + [4 − 0]
2 2
1−cos 2𝜃
2
] 𝑑𝜃 1
= − 2 [0 − 16] + 2 [4 − 0] = 8 + 2 = 10
1

𝜋 𝜋
1 cos 2𝜃 1
= ∫04 [sec 2 𝜃 − 1 + − ] 𝑑𝜃 = ∫04 [sec 2 𝜃 − − 𝟏 𝟐
2 2 2 (𝒙𝟑 +𝟐)
1 𝟏
2
cos 2𝜃 ] 𝑑𝜃 𝑸. 𝟐𝟑: ∫𝟏 𝟐 𝒅𝒙
𝟖 𝒙𝟑
𝜋 1 2
1 1 sin 2𝜃 4 1 (𝑥 3 +2) 2
= [tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 − ] = [tan 𝜃 − 𝜃 − 1 1 1
1 2
2 2 2 0 2 ∫1 2 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫1 (𝑥 3 + 2) . 3 𝑥 −3 𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋 8 𝑥3 8
1 4 1
sin 2𝜃] 1 2+1
4 0 (𝑥 3 +2) 3 1 3
1 1
3
𝜋 1𝜋 1 𝜋 1 3| | = |(𝑥 3 + 2) | = (((1)3 + 2) ) −
2+1 3
= [(tan 4 − − sin 2 ( )) − (tan 0 − 0− 1
24 4 4 2 1 8
1
4
sin 2(0))] 1
8
3
1 3
𝜋 1 𝜋 1 (((8) + 2) )
= [(1 − 8 − 4 sin 2 ) − (0 − 0 − 4 sin(0))]

𝜋 1 𝜋 𝜋 1 1 3
= [(1 − − sin ) − (0)] = [(1 − − (1)) − = ((1 + 2)3 ) − (((2−3 )3 + 2) ) = (3)3 −
8 4 2 8 4
(0)] 1 3 1+4 3 125 216−125 91
(2 + 2) = 27 − ( 2
) = 27 − 8
= 8
= 8
𝝅
𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝜽 𝑥−1
𝑸. 𝟐𝟏: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝜽+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝜽 𝒅𝜽 3 𝑥 2 −2
∫1 𝑑𝑥 𝑥+1
(𝐼𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) √ 𝑥2 − 2
𝑥+1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ±𝑥 2 ±𝑥
3 𝑅 −𝑥−2
= ∫1 (𝑄 + ) 𝑑𝑥 ∓𝑥∓1
𝐷
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑢𝑜 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑𝑜𝑤𝑛 𝑏𝑦 cos 𝜃
−1
3 1
𝜋
sec 𝜃
𝜋 sec 𝜃 = ∫1 (𝑥 − 1 − 1+𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫0 sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃
4 𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 4 cos 𝜃
sin 𝜃+cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃
cos 𝜃 3
𝑥2
𝜋 𝜋
= | 2 − 𝑥 − ln|𝑥 + 1||
sec 𝜃 sec 𝜃 sec2 𝜃 1 −1
= ∫0 4
tan 𝜃+1
𝑑𝜃 = ∫0 4
tan 𝜃+1
𝑑𝜃
32 1
= ( − 3 − ln|3 + 1|) − ( − 1 − ln|1 + 1|)
2 2
𝐻𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑓(𝑥) = tan 𝜃 + 1 ⟹ 𝑓′(𝑥) = sec 2 𝜃
9 1
𝜋 = (2 − 3 − ln 4) − (2 − 1 − ln 2)
= [ln|tan 𝜃 + 1|]0 4

36 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
9 1
= − 3 − ln 4 − + 1 + ln 2 = −[(√2 − 1) − (1 + 0)]
2 2
9 1 = −√2 + 1 + 1 = 2 − √2
= 2 − 2 − 2 − ln 4 + ln 2
𝟏 𝟑𝒙
9−4−1 2
𝑸. 𝟐𝟖: ∫𝟎 𝒅𝒙
= 2
− ln 2 + ln 2 √𝟒−𝟑𝒙

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= 2 − 2 ln 2 + ln 2 = 2 − ln 2
1
3𝑥 1 −3𝑥 1 4−3𝑥−4
𝟑 𝟑𝒙𝟐 −𝟐𝒙+𝟏 ∫0 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑸. 𝟐𝟓: ∫𝟐 (𝒙−𝟏)(𝒙𝟐+𝟏) 𝒅𝒙 √4−3𝑥 √ √
1 4−3𝑥 1 −4 1
− ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = − ∫0 √4 − 3𝑥 𝑑𝑥 +
√ √
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 1
4 ∫0 4−3𝑥 𝑑𝑥
√
3 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1 3 3𝑥 2 −2𝑥+1
∫2 (𝑥−1)(𝑥 2 +1)
𝑑𝑥 = ∫2 𝑥 3 −𝑥 2 +𝑥−1
𝑑𝑥 = |ln|𝑥 3 − 1 1 1
4 1
= − −3 ∫0 (4 − 3𝑥)2 (−3)𝑑𝑥 + −3 ∫0 (4 −
𝑥 + 𝑥 − 1||32
2
1

= (ln|33 2
− 3 + 3 − 1|) − (ln|23 2
− 2 + 2 − 1|)
3𝑥)−2 (−3)𝑑𝑥
1 1 1 1 3 1
= (ln|27 − 9 + 3 − 1|) − (ln|8 − 4 + 2 − 1|) 1 (4−3𝑥)2
+1 − +1
4 (4−3𝑥) 2 1 (4−3𝑥)2
= | 1 | − | 1 | = | 3 | −
20 3 +1 3 − +1 3
2 2 2
= ln 20 − ln 5 = ln 5 = ln 4 0 0 0
1 1
3 1
4 (4−3𝑥)2 1 2 4 2
𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙−𝟏 | 1 | = 3 . 3 |(4 − 3𝑥)2 | − 3 . 1 |(4 −
𝑸. 𝟐𝟔: ∫ 𝟒
𝟎 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙
𝒅𝒙 3
2 0
0
1 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 3𝑥) | 2
0
𝜋
sin 𝑥 1
= ∫0 (cos2 𝑥
4 − cos2 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥 2 3 1
8 1 1
2
= 9 |(4 − 3𝑥)2 | − 3 |(4 − 3𝑥)2 | = 9 [((4 −
𝜋 0 0
sin 𝑥 1 3 3 1
= ∫04 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 8
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 3(1))2 ) − ((4 − 3(0))2 )] − 3 [((4 − 3(1))2 ) −
𝜋 1
= ∫04 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 2 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 ((4 − 3(0))2 )]
𝜋 3 3 1 1
2 8 2
= |sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥|04 = 9 [(1)2 − (4)2 ] − 3 [(1)2 − (4)2 ] = 9 [1 −
3 1 1
8 2
𝜋 𝜋
= (sec − tan ) − (sec 0 − tan 0) (22 )2 ] − [(1)2 − (22 )2 ] = [1 − 23 ] −
4 4 3 9
8
= (√2 − 1) − (1 + 0) [1 − 21 ]
3
2 8 2 8
= √2 − 1 − 1 = √2 − 2 = 9 [1 − 8] − 3 [1 − 2] = 9 [−7] − 3 [−1] =
𝝅 −14 8 −14+24 10
𝑸. 𝟐𝟕: ∫𝟎𝟒 𝒅𝒙
𝟏 +3= =
𝟏+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 9 9 9
𝝅
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑸. 𝟐𝟗: ∫ 𝟐 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
𝒅𝒙
𝝅
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙(𝟐+𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙)
𝜋 𝜋 𝟔
1 1−sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥
= ∫0 4 × 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ 4
0 1−sin2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
1+sin 𝑥 1−sin 𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝜋 𝜋
1−sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥−1 𝜋
=∫ 4
0 cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 = − ∫ 4
0 cos2 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 1 2
= 2 ∫𝜋2 sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋 6
sin 𝑥 1 𝜋
= − ∫04 ( − ) 𝑑𝑥 1 2 (2+sin 𝑥)−sin 𝑥
cos2 𝑥 cos2 𝑥
2
∫𝜋 sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥) . cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 6
sin 𝑥 1
= − ∫0 ( 4 − ) 𝑑𝑥
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 cos2 𝑥 𝜋
1 (2+sin 𝑥) sin 𝑥
𝜋 = 2 ∫𝜋2 [sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥) − sin 𝑥(2+sin 𝑥)
] cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2
= − ∫0 (sec 𝑥 tan 𝑥 − sec 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 6

𝜋 𝜋
𝜋 1 1 1 1 cos 𝑥
= −|sec 𝑥 − tan 𝑥|0 4 = 2 ∫𝜋2 [sin 𝑥 − 2+sin 𝑥
] cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2 ∫𝜋2 [ sin 𝑥 −
6 6
cos 𝑥
𝜋
= − [(sec − tan ) − (sec 0 − tan 0)]
𝜋
2+sin 𝑥
] 𝑑𝑥
4 4

37 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
𝜋
1 𝑨𝒑𝒑𝒍𝒊𝒄𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒐𝒇 𝒅𝒆𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒕𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒂𝒍:
= 2 |𝑙𝑛|sin 𝑥| − 𝑙𝑛|2 + sin 𝑥||𝜋2
6 𝑨𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆:
1 𝜋
= [(𝑙𝑛 |sin | − 𝑙𝑛 |2 + sin |) − (𝑙𝑛 |sin | − 𝑙𝑛 |2 +
𝜋 𝜋 Case1. 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) ≥ 0 ∀𝑥 ∈ [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒
2 2 2 6
𝜋 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
sin |)] 𝑏
6
𝐴 = ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏
1 1 1 𝑎
= [(ln(1) − 𝑙𝑛|2 + 1|) − (𝑙𝑛 − 𝑙𝑛 |2 + |)]
2 2 2
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥
1 1 5 1
= [0 − ln 3 − 𝑙𝑛 + 𝑙𝑛 ] = [− ln 3 − (𝑙𝑛1 − 𝑙𝑛2) + (ln 5 − − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒
2 2 2 2
𝑙𝑛2)] 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏
1 1
Case II 𝑖𝑓 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ 0 ∀𝑥 ∈
= [− ln 3 − 𝑙𝑛1 + 𝑙𝑛2 + ln 5 − 𝑙𝑛2] = [− ln 3 − 0 + [𝑎, 𝑏] 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤
2 2
ln 5] 𝑏

1 1 5 1 5
𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠. 𝑠𝑜 𝐴 = − ∫ 𝑓(𝑥)𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 < 𝑏
= 2 [ln 5 − ln 3] = 2 [ln 3] = 2 ln 3 𝑎
𝐴 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠, 𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝝅
𝑸. 𝟑𝟎: ∫𝟎𝟐 (𝟏+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙)(𝟐+𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙) 𝒅𝒙
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 The curve of function 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥)𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑎 𝑡𝑜 𝑏

𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝜋
Exercise 3.7
sin 𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −
∫02
(1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥)
𝑑𝑥 =
𝜋 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 =
1
∫02 (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥) sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
𝜋
(2+cos 𝑥)−(1+cos 𝑥) 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= ∫02 (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥)
sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 1 >
𝜋
(2+cos 𝑥) (1+cos 𝑥) 0 𝑖𝑛 [1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
= ∫0 [ 2 − ] sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥) (1+cos 𝑥)(2+cos 𝑥)
2 2
𝜋
1 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 2 + 1) 𝑑𝑥
= ∫0 [(1+cos 𝑥)
2 − (2+cos 𝑥)
] sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1 1
3 2
𝑥 8 1
𝜋
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = | + 𝑥| = ( + 2) − ( + 1)
= ∫0 [(1+cos 𝑥)
2 − ] 𝑑𝑥 3 3 3
(2+cos 𝑥) 1
3 3
2 1
−1
𝜋
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥 = ( + 2) − ( + 1)
= −1 ∫02 [(1+cos 𝑥) − (2+cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 3 3
8+6 1+3 14 4
1
𝜋
− sin 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 =( )−( )= −
= −1 ∫02 [(1+cos 𝑥) − (2+cos 𝑥)] 𝑑𝑥 3 3 3 3
14 − 4 10
= = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝜋 3 3
= −[ln|1 + cos 𝑥| − ln|2 + cos 𝑥|]0 2
𝑸. 𝟐: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −
= − [(ln |1 +
𝜋
cos 2 | − ln |2 +
𝜋
cos 2 |) − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟓 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 =
−𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
(ln|1 + cos 0| − ln|2 + cos 0|)]
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
= −[(ln|1 + 0| − ln|2 + 0|) − (ln|1 + 1| − ln|2 +
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 2 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 5 − 𝑥 2 > 0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,2]
1|)]
, 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎
= −[ln(1) − ln(2) − ln(2) + ln(3)]
2 2 2
= −[0 −2 ln(2) + ln 3] = 2 ln(2) − ln(3) 2)
𝑥3
= ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (5 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = |5𝑥 − |
4 −1 −1 3 −1
2
= ln(2) − ln(3) = ln 4 − ln(3) = ln 3
23 (−1)3
𝒂𝒍𝒏𝒃 = 𝒍𝒏𝒃 𝒂 = (5.2 − ) − (5(−1) − )
3 3
∵ ( ∵ 𝒍𝒏𝒂 −𝒂𝒍𝒏𝒃 ) 8
= (10 − ) − (−5 −
−1
)
= 𝒍𝒏 3 3
𝒃

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30 − 8 −15 + 1 4 4
=( )−( ) 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
3 3 0 0
4
22 −14 22 + 14 36 𝑥2 𝑥3
= − = = = 12 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 = |4 − |
3 3 3 3 2 3 0
𝑸. 𝟑: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒍𝒐𝒘 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟑√𝒙 43 03
= (2. 42 − ) − (02 − )
3 3
𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟒 64 96 − 64
= (32 − ) − (0 − 0) =
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 3 3
32
= 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 3√𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 3√𝑥 > 0 3
𝑖𝑛 [1,4], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑸. 𝟔: 𝑫𝒆𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒎𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒑𝒂𝒓𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒍𝒂
𝒚 = 𝒙𝟐 + 𝟐𝒙 − 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔.
4 2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 3 ∫ √𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
1 −1
1 4 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 ≤
4 1 (𝑥)2+1 0 𝑖𝑛 [−3,1], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
= 3∫ (𝑥)2 .1 𝑑𝑥 = 3 | | 1
1
1
2 + 1 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1
3 4 −3
1
(𝑥)2 2 3 4
= 3| | = 3. |(𝑥)2 | = − ∫ (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3) 𝑑𝑥
3 3 1 −3
2 1 𝑥3 𝑥2
1
3 3 3 = −| + 2 − 3𝑥|
3 2
= 2 ((4)2 − (1)2 ) = 2 ((22 )2 − 1) 1
−3
𝑥3 2
= 2(23 − 1) = 2(8 − 1) = 2(7) = −|3 + 𝑥 − 3𝑥|
−3
= 14 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 13 (−3)3
= − [( 3 + 12 − 3.1) − ( 3
+ (−3)2 − 3(−3))]
𝑸. 𝟒: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒇𝒖𝒏𝒄𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎
1 −27
𝝅 𝝅 = − [(3 + 1 − 3) − ( 3
+ 9 + 9)]
𝒙= − 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 1 27
𝟐 𝟐
= − [3 + 1 − 3 + 3 − 9 − 9]
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 27 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 𝑜 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 = 0
= − [ + − 20] 𝑥 2 + 3𝑥 − 𝑥 − 3 = 0
3 3
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ≥ =
1+27−60
−[ 3 ] 𝑥(𝑥 + 3) − 1(𝑥 + 3) = 0
𝜋 𝜋 (𝑥 + 3) − (𝑥 − 1) = 0
0 𝑖𝑛 [− 2 , 2 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 −32 32 𝑥 + 3 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 1 = 0
= − [ 3 ] = 3 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑥 = −3 , 𝑥=0
𝜋 𝜋
2 2
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝜋
− −
2 2
𝜋 𝑸. 𝟕: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 =
𝜋 𝜋
= |sin 𝑥| 2 𝜋
= sin ( ) − sin (− ) 𝒙𝟑 + 𝟏, 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒍𝒊𝒏𝒆 𝒙 = 𝟐
− 2 2
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
=1− (−1) = 1 + 1 = 2 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑥3 + 1 = 0
𝑸. 𝟓: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − (𝑥 +
2
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝟒𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 . 1)(𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1) = 0
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 = 0 𝑥+1=
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 2
𝑥(4 − 𝑥) = 0 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 𝑥 + 1 = 0 (𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑡𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑓)
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 4 − 𝑥 = 0 𝑥 = −1
𝑥=4 𝐴𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑚𝑎𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑟𝑜𝑜𝑡𝑠
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 4𝑥 − 𝑥 2 ≥ 𝑠𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡.
0 𝑖𝑛 [0,4], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 + 1 ≥
0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠

39 | P a g e
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2 2 0 1
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ (𝑥 3 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥
−1 −1 −1 0
2 0 1
𝑥4
= | + 𝑥| = ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ (𝑥 3 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
4 −1
−1 0
0 1
2 4 (−1)4 𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥2
= ( + 2) − ( + (−1)) =| − | −| − |
4 4 4 2 −1 4 2 0
4 (0) 2
1 0
= (4 + 2) − ( − 1) = [( − )
4 4 2
1−4 −3 3 (−1)4 (−1)2
= (6) − ( )=6− =6+ −( − )]
4 4 4 4 2
24 + 3 27
= = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. (1)4 (1)2
4 4 − [( − )
𝑸. 𝟖: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 4 2
𝒙𝟑 − 𝟒𝒙, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔. (0)4 (0)2
−( − )]
4 2
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1 1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑦 = 0 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 = 0
𝑥(𝑥 2 − 4) = 0
= [(0 − 0) − ( − )]
4 2
𝑥(𝑥 − 2)(𝑥 + 2) = 0 1 1
𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 − 2 = 0 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 + 2 = 0 − [( − ) − (0 − 0)]
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 𝑥 = 0 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = 2 , 𝑜𝑟 𝑥 = −2 4 2
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 ≥ 1 1 1 1
=0− + − + +0
0 𝑖𝑛 [−2,0], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 4 2 4 2
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 4𝑥 ≤ −1 + 2 − 1 + 2 1
= =
0 𝑖𝑛 [0,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 4 2
0 2
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 − ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒂𝒃𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔,
−2 0
0 𝒃𝒐𝒖𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒅 𝒃𝒚 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚𝟐 = 𝟑 − 𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎
= ∫ (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝒙 = −𝟏 𝒕𝒐 𝒙 = 𝟐
−2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2
− ∫ (𝑥 3 − 4𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 2 = 3 − 𝑥 ⟹ 𝑦 = √3 − 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 =
0
0 2
√3 − 𝑥 ≥
𝑥4 𝑥2 𝑥4 𝑥2 0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,2], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
=| −4 | −| −4 | 2 2
4 2 −2 4 2 0
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫ √3 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
04 −1 −1
= [( − 2(0)2 ) 2 1
4
= − ∫ (3 − 𝑥)2 (−1) 𝑑𝑥
(−2)4 −1
−( − 2(−2)2 )] 1 2
4 +1
(3 − 𝑥)2
(2)4 = −| |
− [( − 2(2)2 ) 1
4 2+1 −1
(0)4 2 3 2
−( − 2(0)2 )] = − |(3 − 𝑥)2 |
4 3 −1
= [(0 − 0) − (4 − 8)] 2 3
= − [((3 − 2)2 )
− [(4 − 8) − (0 − 0)] 3
=0+4+4+0 3
=8 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡. − ((3 − (−1))2 )]
𝑸. 𝟗: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝒙(𝒙 − 2 3 2
𝟏)(𝒙 + 𝟏), 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔. = − [1 − ((4)2 )] = − [1 − 8]
3 3
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 14
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = 𝑥(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 1) = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡
3
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ≥ 𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 −
0 𝑖𝑛 [−1,0], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝟏
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝟐 𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 =
𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = 𝑥 3 − 𝑥 ≤
0 𝑖𝑛 [0,1], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 −𝝅 𝒕𝒐 𝝅.
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:

40 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
1 1 𝑎 2 𝜋+𝑎 2 𝜋 2𝑎 2 𝜋 𝑎2 𝜋
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 ≥ = = = 𝑠𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡.
2 2 4 4 2
0 𝑖𝑛 [−𝜋, 𝜋], 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫−𝜋 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫−𝜋 cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
2 𝐴𝑛 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑓
1 𝜋 𝑎 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑛
sin 2 𝑥 1 1
=| | = 2 [(sin ( 𝜋)) − (sin ( − 𝜋))] 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
1 2 2
2 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛. 𝑒. 𝑔.
−𝜋
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
= 2[1 − (−1)] = 4 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑥 + 𝑑𝑥 − 2𝑥 = 0
𝑑𝑥 2
𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − 𝑶𝒓𝒅𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝝅
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝟐𝒙 𝒇𝒓𝒐𝒎 𝒙 = 𝟎 𝒕𝒐 𝟑 . 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝑑𝑦
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 ≥ 0 𝑦 + 2𝑥 = 0 (1𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑑𝑥
𝜋 𝑑2𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑖𝑛 [0, 3 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 2
+
𝑑𝑥
− 2𝑥 =
𝜋 𝜋
0(2𝑛𝑑 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 sin 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 3 3
𝑫𝒆𝒈𝒓𝒆𝒆 𝒐𝒇 𝑫𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝜋
−cos 2𝑥 3 1 2𝜋 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
= | 2 | = − 2 [(cos 3 ) − (cos 2(0))] 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
0
1 1 3 4
= − 2 [− 2 − 1] = 4 𝑠𝑞. 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑑4𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4
+ 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0
𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝒃𝒆𝒕𝒘𝒆𝒆𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒙 − (1𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒔 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒄𝒖𝒓𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = √𝟐𝒂𝒙 − 𝒙𝟐 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒂 > 𝑑4 𝑦
3
𝑑𝑦 𝑑2 𝑦
4
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 4 ) + 𝑑𝑥 − 𝑥 (𝑑𝑥 2 ) + 𝑑𝑥 + 2𝑥 = 0
𝟎.
(3𝑟𝑑 𝑑𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑮𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠
𝐺𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 𝐴𝑠 𝑦 = sin 2𝑥 ≥ 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
𝜋
0 𝑖𝑛 [0, 3 ] , 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑏𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑦
2𝑎 2𝑎 𝑎𝑝𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟
𝑅𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = ∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = ∫0 √2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 =
2𝑎
𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛.
∫0 √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 + 2𝑎𝑥 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑰𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒗𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒊𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔:
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
2𝑎
= ∫0 √𝑎2 − (𝑎2 − 2𝑎𝑥 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑜𝑓 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑏𝑦 𝑡ℎ𝑒
𝑠𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠. 𝑠𝑢𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑟𝑒 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑑 𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑐
2𝑎 𝑻𝑰𝑻 𝑩𝑰𝑻: 𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙
= ∫0 √𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 𝑑𝑥
𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑟𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑠 𝑛 𝑎𝑟𝑏𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑟𝑦 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝑈𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎 ∫ √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑐𝑎𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒𝑠
𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠.
𝑎2 𝑥 𝑥
= sin−1 ( ) + √𝑎2 − 𝑥 2 + 𝑐
2 𝑎 2

𝑎2 𝑥−𝑎 𝑥−𝑎
2𝑎 Exercise 3.8
−1
=[ sin ( )+( ) √𝑎2 − (𝑥 − 𝑎)2 ] 𝑸. 𝟏: 𝑪𝒉𝒆𝒄𝒌 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒆𝒂𝒄𝒉 𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏𝒔
2 𝑎 2 0
𝒘𝒓𝒊𝒕𝒕𝒆𝒏 𝒂𝒈𝒂𝒊𝒏𝒔𝒕 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒔 𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝑎2 −1 2𝑎 − 𝑎 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
=( sin ( ) 𝒅𝒚
2 𝑎 𝒊) 𝒙 =𝟏+𝒚
𝒅𝒙
2𝑎 − 𝑎 𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒙 − 𝟏
+( ) √𝑎2 − (2𝑎 − 𝑎)2 )
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑎2 0−𝑎 𝑑𝑦
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 1 + 𝑦
− ( sin−1 ( )
2 𝑎 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
0−𝑎 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = (1 + 𝑦)𝑑𝑥
+( ) √𝑎2 − (0 − 𝑎)2 )
2 1
𝑑𝑦
1
= 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
1+𝑦
𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
=( sin−1(1) + ( ) √𝑎2 − 𝑎2 ) − ( sin−1 (−1) +
2 2 2 1 1
−𝑎 2 2 𝑎2 𝜋 𝑎2 𝜋 ∫ 1+𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
( 2 ) √𝑎 − 𝑎 ) = ( 2 . 2 + 0) − ( 2 (− 2 ) − 0) =
𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑥| + 𝑙𝑛|𝑐|
𝑎2 𝜋 𝑎2𝜋
4
+ 4
𝑙𝑛|1 + 𝑦| = 𝑙𝑛|𝑐𝑥|
1 + 𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥
41 | P a g e
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𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 − 1 1
1+𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝟐 (𝟐𝒚 𝒅𝒚
𝒊𝒊) 𝒙 + 𝟏) −𝟏=𝟎
𝒅𝒙 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝟐 𝟏 1
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚 + 𝒚 = 𝒄 − ∫ 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑒 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
2 (2𝑦 𝑑𝑦 tan−1 𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐
𝑥 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 −1=0 𝑦 = tan(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑐)
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑸. 𝟐:
𝒅𝒚
= −𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝒅𝒙
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 =1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 𝑑𝑦
(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦
𝑥2 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
∫(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 1
𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥 −2+1 𝑦
2 2
+𝑦= −2+1 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
2 𝑥 −1 1
𝑦 +𝑦 = +𝑐 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
−1
1
𝑦2 + 𝑦 = − +𝑐 ln 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐1
𝑥
𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑐1
𝒅𝒚 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑐1
𝒊𝒊𝒊) 𝒚 −𝟏=𝟎
𝒅𝒙
𝟏
𝑦 = 𝑐 𝑒 −𝑥
𝒑𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒚 = 𝒄 − 𝑸. 𝟑: 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎
𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑦
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 − 1 = 0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑥 2 (2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑥 = 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 𝑑𝑥
1 1
1 𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑑𝑥
(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 𝑥
𝑥2
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 1 1
∫(2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦2 𝑥 −2+1 ln 𝑦 = − ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐
2 2
+𝑦= −2+1
𝑥 −1
ln 𝑦 + ln 𝑥 = + ln 𝑐
2
𝑦 +𝑦 = −1
+𝑐 ln(𝑥𝑦) = + ln 𝑐
1 𝑥𝑦 = 𝑐
𝑦2 + 𝑦 = −𝑥 + 𝑐
𝒅𝒚 𝟏−𝒙
𝒊𝒗)
𝟏 𝒅𝒚
− 𝟐𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑸. 𝟒: =
𝒅𝒙 𝒚
𝒙 𝒅𝒙
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝒚 = 𝒄𝒆𝒙
𝟐 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑦 1−𝑥
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥
= 𝑦
1 𝑑𝑦
= 2𝑦 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = (1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫(1 − 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥
1 𝑦2 𝑥2
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 2𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥− + 𝑐1
2 2

𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 2
𝑥2
+ 𝑐1 𝑦 = 2𝑥 − 𝑥 2 + 2𝑐1
2
2
2 𝑦 2 = 𝑥(2 − 𝑥) + 𝑐
𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝒅𝒚 𝒚
2 𝑸. 𝟓: =
𝑒 𝑙𝑛|𝑦| = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑐1 𝒅𝒙 𝒙𝟐
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 𝑐1 𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥2
=
𝑦=𝑒 +𝑐 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2

𝒅𝒚 𝒚𝟐 +𝟏
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝒗) 𝒅𝒙
= 𝒆−𝒙
1 1
𝑑𝑦 = 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
𝑷𝒓𝒐𝒗𝒆 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧(𝒆𝒙 + 𝒄) 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑦 2 +1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 −2 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 −2+1
𝑑𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥
ln 𝑦 = + 𝑐1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: −2+1
−1
1 1 𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ln 𝑦 = −1
+ 𝑐1
𝑦 2 +1

42 | P a g e
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1 𝑦 𝑥2
ln 𝑦 = − 𝑥 + 𝑐1 𝑒
ln( )
𝑥𝑐 = 𝑒 2 −𝑦
1
𝑥2
𝑒 ln 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥+𝑐1 𝑦
= 𝑒 2 𝑒 −𝑦
1 𝑥𝑐
𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑒 𝑐1 𝑦 𝑥2

−
1 = 𝑥𝑐 𝑒 2
𝑒 −𝑦
𝑦=𝑐𝑒 𝑥
𝑥2
𝒅𝒚 𝑦
𝑸. 𝟔: 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒚 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 =𝟏 𝑦 𝑒 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑒 2
𝒅𝒙 𝟏 𝒅𝒚 𝟏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑸. 𝟗: 𝒙 𝒅𝒙
= 𝟐 (𝟏 + 𝒚𝟐 )
𝑑𝑦
sin 𝑦 csc 𝑥 =1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑑𝑥 1 𝑑𝑦 1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
= 2 (1 + 𝑦 2 )
1 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
sin 𝑥 1 1
sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1+𝑦 2
𝑑𝑦 = 2 (𝑥)𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
1 1
∫ sin 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sin 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫ 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
− cos 𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 + 𝑐1 1 𝑥2
− cos 𝑦 = −(cos 𝑥 − 𝑐1 ) tan−1 𝑦 = 2 2
+𝑐
cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 − 𝑐1 𝑥2
𝑦 = tan ( 4 + 𝑐)
cos 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 + 𝑐 𝒅𝒚
𝑸. 𝟕: 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 + 𝒚(𝒙 − 𝟏)𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎 𝑸. 𝟏𝟎: 𝟐𝒙𝟐 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 + 𝑦(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 = 0 𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 2𝑥 2 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥 2 − 1
𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦(𝑥 − 1)𝑑𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
1
𝑑𝑦 = − (
𝑥−1
) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥 2 −1
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑥 2
𝑑𝑥
1 1 2
𝑑𝑦 = − (1 − ) 𝑑𝑥 1 𝑥 −1
𝑦 𝑥 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ( 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
2 𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
1 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ −1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ (1 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
1

ln 𝑦 = −𝑥 + ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐 1
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ (1 − 𝑥 −2 ) 𝑑𝑥
ln 𝑦 = ln(𝑥𝑐) − 𝑥 𝑦2 1 𝑥 −1
ln 𝑦 − ln(𝑥𝑐) = −𝑥 = (𝑥 − )+ 𝑐
2 2 −1
𝑦 2 1
ln ( ) = −𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑥+ +𝑐
𝑥𝑐 𝑥
𝑦 𝒅𝒚 𝟐𝒙𝒚
ln( ) 𝑸. 𝟏𝟏: + 𝟐𝒚+𝟏 =𝒙
𝑒 𝑥𝑐 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝒅𝒙
𝑦 −𝑥
𝑥𝑐
=𝑒 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
−𝑥 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
𝑦 = 𝑐𝑥 𝑒 + 2𝑦+1 = 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝒙𝟐 +𝟏 𝒙 𝒅𝒚
𝑸. 𝟖: = . 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝒚+𝟏 𝒚 𝒅𝒙
𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑𝑥
= 𝑥 − 2𝑦+1
𝑥 2 +1 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑥(2𝑦+1)−2𝑥𝑦
𝑦+1
= 𝑦 . 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑑𝑦 2𝑥𝑦+𝑥−2𝑥𝑦
=
(𝑥2 + 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑥(𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+1
𝑑𝑦 𝑥
𝑥(𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = (𝑥2 + 1)𝑦 𝑑𝑥 =
𝑑𝑥 2𝑦+1
𝑦+1 𝑥 2 +1
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 (2𝑦 + 1)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥
1 1 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
1 + 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ∫(2𝑦 + 1) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑦2 𝑥2
1 1
2 2
+𝑦 = 2
+𝑐
∫ (1 + 𝑦) 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 𝑥2
𝑥2
𝑦(𝑦 + 1) = 2 + 𝑐
𝑦 + ln 𝑦 = + ln(𝑥) + ln 𝑐 𝒅𝒚
2
𝑥2
𝑸. 𝟏𝟐: (𝒙𝟐 − 𝒚𝒙𝟐 ) 𝒅𝒙 + 𝒚𝟐 + 𝒙𝒚𝟐
𝑦 + ln 𝑦 = + ln(𝑥𝑐)
2 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑥2 𝑑𝑦
ln 𝑦 − ln(𝑥𝑐) = 2 − 𝑦 (𝑥 2 − 𝑦𝑥 2 ) + 𝑦 2 + 𝑥𝑦 2
𝑑𝑥
𝑦 𝑥2 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
ln (𝑥𝑐) = 2 − 𝑦
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𝑑𝑦 𝑦
𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑦) 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥) ln (2𝑦−1) = ln 𝑐(𝑥 + 2)
𝑦
𝑥 2 (1 − 𝑦)𝑑𝑦 = −𝑦 2 (1 + 𝑥)𝑑𝑥 = 𝑐(𝑥 + 2)
1−𝑦 1+𝑥 2𝑦−1
𝑑𝑦 = − 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒚
𝑦2 𝑸. 𝟏𝟓: 𝟏 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 =𝟎
1 𝑦 1 𝑥 𝒅𝒙
𝑦2
− 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
1 1 1 1 𝑑𝑦
− 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑥 2 + 𝑥) 𝑑𝑥 1 + cos 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = 0
𝑦2
1 1 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
(𝑦 −2 − ) 𝑑𝑦 = − (𝑥 −2 + ) 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 𝑥 cos 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = −1
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 1
−2 1 −2 1 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − cos 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
∫ (𝑦 − 𝑦
) 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ (𝑥 + 𝑥
) 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝑦 −2+1 𝑥 −2+1
− ln 𝑦 = − ( + ln 𝑥) + 𝑐1 ∫
− sin 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
−2+1 −2+1 cos 𝑦
𝑦 −1 𝑥 −1
−1
− ln 𝑦 = − ( −1 + ln 𝑥) + 𝑐1 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + ln 𝑐
1 1 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln[𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)]
− − ln 𝑦 = − (− + ln 𝑥) + 𝑐1 cos 𝑦 = 𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
𝑦 𝑥
1 1 𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚
ln 𝑦 + 𝑦 = (− 𝑥 + ln 𝑥) − 𝑐1 𝑸. 𝟏𝟔: 𝒚 − 𝒙 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟑 (𝟏 + 𝒙 𝒅𝒙)
1 1 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
ln 𝑦 + = ln 𝑥 − + 𝑐
𝑦 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑸. 𝟏𝟑: 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 + 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝟐 𝒚 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 𝒅𝒚 = 𝟎 𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 3 (1 + 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 )
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 + sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 0 𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦−𝑥 = 3 + 3𝑥
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
sec 2 𝑦 tan 𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = sec 2 𝑥 tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 − 3 = 3𝑥 + 𝑥
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
sec2 𝑦 sec2 𝑥 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥 𝑦−3= 4𝑥 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 4𝑥 =𝑦−3
𝑑𝑥
sec2 𝑦 sec2 𝑥 1 1
∫ tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑦 = 𝑑𝑥
tan 𝑥 𝑦−3 4𝑥
ln (tan 𝑦) = − ln (tan 𝑥) + ln 𝑐 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
ln (tan 𝑦) + ln (tan 𝑥) = ln 𝑐 1 1 1
∫ 𝑦−3 𝑑𝑦 = 4 ∫ 𝑥
𝑑𝑥
ln(tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥) = ln 𝑐
1
tan 𝑦 tan 𝑥 = 𝑐 ln (𝑦 − 3) = 4
ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐
𝒅𝒚 𝒅𝒚 1
𝑸. 𝟏𝟒: (𝒚 − 𝒙 ) = 𝟐 (𝒚𝟐 + ) ln (𝑦 − 3) = ln 𝑥 + ln 𝑐 4
𝒅𝒙 𝒅𝒙
1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ln (𝑦 − 3) = ln (𝑐𝑥 4 )
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
(𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 ) = 2 (𝑦 2 + 𝑑𝑥 ) 1
𝑦 − 3 = 𝑐𝑥 4
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 1
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦
𝑦 − 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 + 2 𝑑𝑥 𝑦 = 3 + 𝑐𝑥 4
𝒅𝒚
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 𝑸. 𝟏𝟕: 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 + 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒚 𝒅𝒙 = 𝟎
−𝑥 𝑑𝑥 − 2 𝑑𝑥 = 2𝑦 2 − 𝑦
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑀𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑦𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑏𝑦 − 1 𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑦 𝑑𝑦 sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑦 =0
𝑥 𝑑𝑥 + 2 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
(𝑥 + 2) 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑦 − 2𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑥 = − sec 𝑥
(𝑥 + 2)𝑑𝑦 = 𝑦(1 − 2𝑦) 𝑑𝑥
1 1
tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1−2𝑦)
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 ∫ tan 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 = − ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
(1−2𝑦)+2𝑦 1 − sin 𝑦
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 ∫ cos 𝑦
𝑑𝑦 = ∫ sec 𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝑦(1−2𝑦) 𝑥+2
(1−2𝑦) 2𝑦 1 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln (sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥) + ln 𝑐
∫ [𝑦(1−2𝑦) + 𝑦(1−2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥
𝑥+2 ln (cos 𝑦) = ln [𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)]
1 2 1
∫ [𝑦 + (1−2𝑦)] 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥+2
𝑑𝑥 cos 𝑦 = 𝑐(sec 𝑥 + tan 𝑥)
𝒅𝒚
1 2 1 𝑸. 𝟏𝟖: (𝒆𝒙 + 𝒆−𝒙 ) = 𝒆𝒙 − 𝒆−𝒙
∫ 𝑦 𝑑𝑦 − ∫ 2𝑦−1 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥+2 𝑑𝑥 𝒅𝒙
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
ln (𝑦) + ln (2𝑦 − 1) = ln (𝑥 + 2) + ln (𝑐) 𝑑𝑦
(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 −𝑥 ) = 𝑒 𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝑑𝑥

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𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥 𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒇 𝒔 = 𝟒𝒆
𝑑𝑦 = 𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 𝑑𝑥
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎
𝑒 𝑥 −𝑒 −𝑥
∫ 1 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑑𝑥 𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵:
𝑒 𝑥 +𝑒 −𝑥 ds
𝑦 = ln(𝑒 𝑥 + 𝑒 +𝑐 −𝑥 )
dt
+ 2𝑠𝑡 = 0
𝑸. 𝟏𝟗: 𝑭𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒈𝒆𝒏𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒍 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:
𝒐𝒇 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒇𝒐𝒍𝒍𝒐𝒘𝒊𝒏𝒈 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 ds
= −2𝑠𝑡
𝐝𝐲 dt
− 𝒙 = 𝒙𝒚𝟐 . 𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆 1
𝐝𝐱
𝑠
ds = −2𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑷𝒂𝒓𝒕𝒊𝒄𝒖𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 𝒊𝒇 𝒚 = 𝟏
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠
𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒙 = 𝟎 1
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: ∫ 𝑠 ds = − ∫ 2𝑡 𝑑𝑥
dy 𝑡2
dx
− 𝑥 = 𝑥𝑦 2 ln 𝑠 = −2
2
+ 𝑐1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠: 2
ln 𝑠 = −𝑡 + 𝑐1
dy 2
= 𝑥𝑦 2 + 𝑥 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 +𝑐1
dx 2
dy
= 𝑥(𝑦 2 + 1) 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑒 𝑐1
dx 2
1 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑒 −𝑡 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 𝑐1 = 𝑐
dy = 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 (𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (1)
𝑦 2 +1
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝐴𝑡 𝑠 = 4𝑒 , 𝑡 = 0
1 2
∫ 1+𝑦2 𝑑𝑦 = ∫ 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 4𝑒 = 𝑐𝑒 −(0)
𝑥2 4𝑒 = 𝑐𝑒 0
Tan−1 𝑦 = 2
+𝑐 4𝑒 = 𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1) ∵ 𝑒0 = 1
(𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (1) 𝑠 = 4𝑒 . 𝑒 −𝑡
2

𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 0 , 𝑦 = 1 2
𝑠 = 4 𝑒 1−𝑡
(0)2
tan−1 (1) = +𝑐 (𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
2
π Q22. In a culture, bacteria increase number of
= 𝑐 (𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 1)
4
𝑥2 π bacteria present. If bacteria are 200 initially and are
tan−1 𝑦 = 2
+4 doubled in 2 hours, find the number of bacteria
(𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) present four hours later.
𝑸. 𝟐𝟎: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 Solution:
𝐝𝐱
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 = 𝟐𝒙 𝒈𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏 𝒕𝒉𝒂𝒕 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑃 𝑏𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑎 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛
𝐝𝐭
𝒙 = 𝟒 𝒘𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒕 = 𝟎 𝑑𝑃
∝𝑃
𝑺𝑶𝑳𝑼𝑻𝑰𝑶𝑵: 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑃
dx  𝑑𝑡 = 𝑘𝑃
= 2𝑥
dt 1
𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠:  𝑃
𝑑𝑃 = 𝑘𝑑𝑡
dx = 2𝑥 𝑑𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑙
1 1
𝑥
dx = 2 𝑑𝑡  ∫ 𝑃 𝑑𝑃 = 𝑘 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝐼𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑠  𝑙𝑛𝑃 = 𝑘𝑡 + 𝑙𝑛𝑐
1  𝑙𝑛𝑝 − 𝑙𝑛𝑐 = 𝑘𝑡
∫ 𝑑𝑦 = 2 ∫ 1 𝑑𝑥
𝑥 𝑝
ln 𝑥 = 2𝑡 + 𝑐1  ln 𝑐 = 𝑘𝑡
𝑃
𝑒 ln 𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡+𝑐1  = 𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑐
𝑥 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑒 𝑐1  𝑝 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → (𝑖)
𝑥 = 𝑐𝑒 2𝑡 𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑒 𝑐1 = 𝑐 𝑝𝑢𝑡 p=200 , t=0 (condition1)
(𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) (1)
200 = 𝑐𝑒 𝑘(0) = 𝑐𝑒 0
𝐴𝑡 𝑥 = 4 , 𝑡 = 0
 𝑐 = 200 ∵ 𝑒 0 = 1
4 = 𝑐𝑒 2(0)
So (𝑖)𝑝 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡 → (𝑖𝑖)
4 = 𝑐𝑒 0
Put𝑝 = 400 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡 = 2 (𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝐼𝐼)
4 = 𝑐 𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑖𝑛 (1) ∵ 𝑒0 = 1
𝑠𝑜(𝑖) ⇒ 400 = 200𝑒 𝑘𝑡
𝑥 = 4𝑒 2𝑡
 2 = 𝑒 ⇒ 𝑙𝑛2 = 𝑙𝑛𝑒 2𝑘
𝑘𝑡
(𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
 2𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛2
𝑸. 𝟐𝟏: 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒅𝒊𝒇𝒇𝒆𝒓𝒆𝒏𝒕𝒊𝒂𝒍 1
𝐝𝐬
 𝑘 = 𝑙𝑛2
2
𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏 + 𝟐𝒔𝒕 = 𝟎. 𝑨𝒍𝒔𝒐 𝒇𝒊𝒏𝒅 𝒕𝒉𝒆
𝐝𝐭

45 | P a g e
Class 12 Chapter 3 www.notes.pk.com
1
So (𝑖𝑖) ⇒ 𝑝 = 200𝑒 2𝑙𝑛2
𝑙𝑛2
(4)
 𝑝 = 200𝑒 2 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡 = 4
2𝑙𝑛2 2
 𝑝 = 200 = 200𝑒 𝑙𝑛2 = 200𝑒 𝑙𝑛4
 𝑝 = 200(4) ⇒ 𝑝 = 800
Which is required number of bacteria present
four latter.
Q.23 a ball is thrown vertically upward with a
velocity of 2450cm/sec neglecting air resistance,
find
i. Velocity of ball at any time t
ii. Distance traveled in any time t
iii. Maximum height attained by the ball
Solution:
Let 𝑣 𝑖𝑠 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑔 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛, 𝑠𝑜
𝑑𝑣
𝑖) = −𝑔 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑢𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑔𝑑𝑡
 ∫ 𝑑𝑣 = −𝑔 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
 𝑣 = −𝑔𝑡 + 𝑐1
𝑃𝑢𝑡 𝑣 = 2450 , 𝑡 = 0 𝑠𝑜
2450 = −𝑔(0) + 𝑐1 ⇒ 𝑐1 = 2450
𝑣 = −𝑔𝑡 + 2450 ∵ 𝑔 = 9.8𝑚/𝑠𝑒𝑐
Thus 𝑣 = −980𝑡 + 2450 ⇒ 𝑔 = 980𝑐𝑚/
𝑠𝑒𝑐
ii) 𝑙𝑒𝑡 ℎ 𝑏𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑠𝑜
𝑑ℎ
𝑣=
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
 =𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑ℎ
 = −980 + 2450
𝑑𝑡
 𝑑ℎ = −980𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 2450𝑑𝑡
 ∫ 𝑑ℎ = −980 ∫ 𝑡𝑑𝑡 + 2450 ∫ 𝑑𝑡
𝑡2
 ℎ = −980 2
+ 2450𝑡 + 𝑐2
𝑝𝑢𝑡 ℎ = 0 , 𝑡 = 0
0 = −490(0)2 + 2450(0) + 𝑐2
⇒ 𝑐2 = 0
𝑠𝑜 ℎ = −490𝑡 2 + 2450
(𝑖𝑖𝑖) 𝐹𝑜𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑥. ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑣 = 0
So 0 = −980𝑡 2 + 2450 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 (𝑖)
2450
 980𝑡 =
980
5
 𝑡=2
5 5 2
So ℎ = 2450 ( ) − 490 ( )
2 2
= 6125 − 30625
⇒ ℎ = 3062.5
𝑆𝑜 𝑚𝑎𝑥. ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 3062.5𝑐𝑚
max ℎ𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 30.6𝑚 (÷ 𝑏𝑦 100)

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